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30 years of high-intensity negative ion sources for accelerators (open access)

30 years of high-intensity negative ion sources for accelerators

Thirty years ago, July 1, 1971, significant enhancement of negative ion emission from a gas discharge following an admixture of cesium was observed for the first time. This observation became the basis for the development of Surface Plasma Sources (SPS) for efficient production of negative ions from the interaction of plasma particles with electrodes on which adsorbed cesium reduced the surface work-function. The emission current density of negative ions increased rapidly from j {approximately} 10 mA/cm{sup 2} to 3.7 A/cm{sup 2} with a flat cathode and up to 8 A/cm{sup 2} with an optimized geometrical focusing in the long pulse SPS, and to 0.3 A/cm{sup 2} for DC SPS, recently increased up to 0.7 A/cm{sup 2}. Discovery of charge-exchange cooling helped decrease the negative ion temperature T below 1 eV, and increase brightness by many orders to a level compatible with the best proton sources, B = j/T> 1 A/cm{sup 2} eV. The combination of the SPS with charge-exchange injection improved large accelerators operation and has permitted beam accumulation up to space-charge limit and overcome this limit several times. The early SPS for accelerators have been in operation without modification for {approximately} 25 years. Advanced version of the SPS for …
Date: July 25, 2001
Creator: Dudnikov, Vadim
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Achieving closure at Fernald (open access)

Achieving closure at Fernald

When Fluor Fernald took over the management of the Fernald Environmental Management Project in 1992, the estimated closure date of the site was more than 25 years into the future. Fluor Fernald, in conjunction with DOE-Fernald, introduced the Accelerated Cleanup Plan, which was designed to substantially shorten that schedule and save taxpayers more than $3 billion. The management of Fluor Fernald believes there are three fundamental concerns that must be addressed by any contractor hoping to achieve closure of a site within the DOE complex. They are relationship management, resource management and contract management. Relationship management refers to the interaction between the site and local residents, regulators, union leadership, the workforce at large, the media, and any other interested stakeholder groups. Resource management is of course related to the effective administration of the site knowledge base and the skills of the workforce, the attraction and retention of qualified a nd competent technical personnel, and the best recognition and use of appropriate new technologies. Perhaps most importantly, resource management must also include a plan for survival in a flat-funding environment. Lastly, creative and disciplined contract management will be essential to effecting the closure of any DOE site. Fluor Fernald, together with …
Date: February 25, 2001
Creator: Bradburne, John & Patton, Tisha C.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
ADVANCED DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES FOR THREE-PHASE SLURRY BUBBLE COLUMN REACTORS (SBCR) (open access)

ADVANCED DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES FOR THREE-PHASE SLURRY BUBBLE COLUMN REACTORS (SBCR)

This report summarizes the accomplishment made during the second year of this cooperative research effort between Washington University, Ohio State University and Air Products and Chemicals. The technical difficulties that were encountered in implementing Computer Automated Radioactive Particle Tracking (CARPT) in high pressure SBCR have been successfully resolved. New strategies for data acquisition and calibration procedure have been implemented. These have been performed as a part of other projects supported by Industrial Consortium and DOE via contract DE-2295PC95051 which are executed in parallel with this grant. CARPT and Computed Tomography (CT) experiments have been performed using air-water-glass beads in 6 inch high pressure stainless steel slurry bubble column reactor at selected conditions. Data processing of this work is in progress. The overall gas holdup and the hydrodynamic parameters are measured by Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA) in 2 inch slurry bubble column using Norpar 15 that mimic at room temperature the Fischer Tropsch wax at FT reaction conditions of high pressure and temperature. To improve the design and scale-up of bubble column, new correlations have been developed to predict the radial gas holdup and the time averaged axial liquid recirculation velocity profiles in bubble columns.
Date: July 25, 2001
Creator: Al-Dahhan, M.H.; Dudukovic, M.P. & Fan, L.S.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Advanced Method of Inspecting Tubular Goods and Refinery Process Piping: Inventions and Innovation Petroleum Project Fact Sheet (open access)

Advanced Method of Inspecting Tubular Goods and Refinery Process Piping: Inventions and Innovation Petroleum Project Fact Sheet

Project fact sheet written for the Inventions and Innovation Program about an advanced analysis method that provides complete on-line ultrasonic inspection of tubular materials.
Date: January 25, 2001
Creator: Wogsland, J.
Object Type: Book
System: The UNT Digital Library
Agricultural Trade Issues in the 107th Congress (open access)

Agricultural Trade Issues in the 107th Congress

The 107th Congress will consider and seek to influence trade issues with implications for the U.S. agricultural sector. Trade in agricultural commodities and food products affects farm income and rural employment, and it also generates economic activity beyond the farm gate. With agricultural export sales accounting for one-quarter of farm income, policymakers view U.S. efforts to develop market opportunities overseas as vital to the sector's financial health. Decisions taken by the Bush Administration, and actions taken by Congress, thus will affect the outlook for agricultural trade.
Date: May 25, 2001
Creator: Hanrahan, Charles E.; Jurenas, Remy & Becker, Geoffrey S.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Air Pollution: Air Quality and Respiratory Problems in and Near the Great Smoky Mountains (open access)

Air Pollution: Air Quality and Respiratory Problems in and Near the Great Smoky Mountains

A briefing report issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "Concerns have been growing about the air quality, visibility, and respiratory illnesses around the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, which straddles the border between North Carolina and Tennessee. This report analyzes recent trends in and contributing factors to (1) visibility impairments, (2) ground-level ozone, and (3) respiratory illnesses. This report also examines the Tennessee Valley Authority's (TVA) plans to reduce its emission of regulated pollutants from generating electricity. Visibility impairments and ozone are largely attributable to the following three types of emissions: sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic compounds. The counties that border the park generally have slightly higher mortality rates from two types of respiratory illness. The three types of emissions interact in the atmosphere to form ozone gas and sulfate particles, which are linked to respiratory illnesses. In response to federal laws and other factors, TVA is making substantial environment-related investments and expects to reduce its annual emissions of sulfur dioxide by 40 percent and its "ozone-season"' emissions of nitrogen oxides by 70 percent between 1999 and 2005."
Date: May 25, 2001
Creator: United States. General Accounting Office.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Air Pollution: Air Quality and Respiratory Problems in and Near the Great Smoky Mountains (open access)

Air Pollution: Air Quality and Respiratory Problems in and Near the Great Smoky Mountains

Testimony issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "Concerns have been growing about the air quality, visibility, and respiratory illnesses around the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, which straddles the border between North Carolina and Tennessee. This testimony analyzes recent trends in and contributing factors to (1) visibility impairments, (2) ground-level ozone, and (3) respiratory illnesses. This testimony also examines the Tennessee Valley Authority's (TVA) plans to reduce its emission of regulated pollutants. Visibility impairments and ozone are largely attributable to the following three types of emissions: sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic compounds. The counties that border the park generally have slightly higher mortality rates from two types of respiratory illness. The three types of emissions interact in the atmosphere to form ozone gas and sulfate particles, which are linked to respiratory illnesses. In response to federal laws and other factors, TVA is making substantial environment-related investments and expects to reduce its annual emissions of sulfur dioxide by 36 percent and its "ozone-season" emissions of nitrogen oxides by 68 percent between 1999 and 2005. This testimony summarizes a May report, (GAO-01-658)."
Date: May 25, 2001
Creator: United States. General Accounting Office.
Object Type: Text
System: The UNT Digital Library
The Alabama School Prayer Case: Chandler v. Siegelman (open access)

The Alabama School Prayer Case: Chandler v. Siegelman

This report considers the events of Chandler v. James in 1997. The case was a federal district court ruling in Alabama holding up a statute to violate the establishment of religion of the First amendment. The Governor attempted to appeal the court's position to both the Supreme Court and the circuit court but was denied.
Date: June 25, 2001
Creator: Ackerman, David M.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
The Albany News (Albany, Tex.), Vol. 125, No. 35, Ed. 1 Thursday, January 25, 2001 (open access)

The Albany News (Albany, Tex.), Vol. 125, No. 35, Ed. 1 Thursday, January 25, 2001

Weekly newspaper from Albany, Texas that includes local, county, and state news along with extensive advertising.
Date: January 25, 2001
Creator: Lucas, Melinda L.
Object Type: Newspaper
System: The Portal to Texas History
The Albany News (Albany, Tex.), Vol. 126, No. 22, Ed. 1 Thursday, October 25, 2001 (open access)

The Albany News (Albany, Tex.), Vol. 126, No. 22, Ed. 1 Thursday, October 25, 2001

Weekly newspaper from Albany, Texas that includes local, county, and state news along with extensive advertising.
Date: October 25, 2001
Creator: Lucas, Melinda L.
Object Type: Newspaper
System: The Portal to Texas History
Altus Times (Altus, Okla.), Vol. 101, No. 271, Ed. 1 Thursday, January 25, 2001 (open access)

Altus Times (Altus, Okla.), Vol. 101, No. 271, Ed. 1 Thursday, January 25, 2001

Daily newspaper from Altus, Oklahoma that includes local, state, and national news along with advertising.
Date: January 25, 2001
Creator: Bush, Michael
Object Type: Newspaper
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Altus Times (Altus, Okla.), Vol. 101, No. 297, Ed. 1 Sunday, February 25, 2001 (open access)

Altus Times (Altus, Okla.), Vol. 101, No. 297, Ed. 1 Sunday, February 25, 2001

Daily newspaper from Altus, Oklahoma that includes local, state, and national news along with advertising.
Date: February 25, 2001
Creator: Bush, Michael
Object Type: Newspaper
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Altus Times (Altus, Okla.), Vol. 102, No. 9, Ed. 1 Sunday, March 25, 2001 (open access)

Altus Times (Altus, Okla.), Vol. 102, No. 9, Ed. 1 Sunday, March 25, 2001

Daily newspaper from Altus, Oklahoma that includes local, state, and national news along with advertising.
Date: March 25, 2001
Creator: Bush, Michael
Object Type: Newspaper
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Altus Times (Altus, Okla.), Vol. 102, No. 36, Ed. 1 Wednesday, April 25, 2001 (open access)

Altus Times (Altus, Okla.), Vol. 102, No. 36, Ed. 1 Wednesday, April 25, 2001

Daily newspaper from Altus, Oklahoma that includes local, state, and national news along with advertising.
Date: April 25, 2001
Creator: Bush, Michael
Object Type: Newspaper
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Altus Times (Altus, Okla.), Vol. 102, No. 62, Ed. 1 Friday, May 25, 2001 (open access)

Altus Times (Altus, Okla.), Vol. 102, No. 62, Ed. 1 Friday, May 25, 2001

Daily newspaper from Altus, Oklahoma that includes local, state, and national news along with advertising.
Date: May 25, 2001
Creator: Bush, Michael
Object Type: Newspaper
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Altus Times (Altus, Okla.), Vol. 102, No. 88, Ed. 1 Monday, June 25, 2001 (open access)

Altus Times (Altus, Okla.), Vol. 102, No. 88, Ed. 1 Monday, June 25, 2001

Daily newspaper from Altus, Oklahoma that includes local, state, and national news along with advertising.
Date: June 25, 2001
Creator: Bush, Michael
Object Type: Newspaper
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Altus Times (Altus, Okla.), Vol. 102, No. 124, Ed. 1 Wednesday, July 25, 2001 (open access)

Altus Times (Altus, Okla.), Vol. 102, No. 124, Ed. 1 Wednesday, July 25, 2001

Daily newspaper from Altus, Oklahoma that includes local, state, and national news along with advertising.
Date: July 25, 2001
Creator: Bush, Michael
Object Type: Newspaper
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Altus Times (Altus, Okla.), Vol. 102, No. 177, Ed. 1 Tuesday, September 25, 2001 (open access)

Altus Times (Altus, Okla.), Vol. 102, No. 177, Ed. 1 Tuesday, September 25, 2001

Daily newspaper from Altus, Oklahoma that includes local, state, and national news along with advertising.
Date: September 25, 2001
Creator: Bush, Michael
Object Type: Newspaper
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Altus Times (Altus, Okla.), Vol. 102, No. 203, Ed. 1 Thursday, October 25, 2001 (open access)

Altus Times (Altus, Okla.), Vol. 102, No. 203, Ed. 1 Thursday, October 25, 2001

Daily newspaper from Altus, Oklahoma that includes local, state, and national news along with advertising.
Date: October 25, 2001
Creator: Bush, Michael
Object Type: Newspaper
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Altus Times (Altus, Okla.), Vol. 102, No. 229, Ed. 1 Sunday, November 25, 2001 (open access)

Altus Times (Altus, Okla.), Vol. 102, No. 229, Ed. 1 Sunday, November 25, 2001

Daily newspaper from Altus, Oklahoma that includes local, state, and national news along with advertising.
Date: November 25, 2001
Creator: Bush, Michael
Object Type: Newspaper
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Altus Times (Altus, Okla.), Vol. 103, No. 255, Ed. 1 Tuesday, December 25, 2001 (open access)

Altus Times (Altus, Okla.), Vol. 103, No. 255, Ed. 1 Tuesday, December 25, 2001

Daily newspaper from Altus, Oklahoma that includes local, state, and national news along with advertising.
Date: December 25, 2001
Creator: Bush, Michael
Object Type: Newspaper
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
The Alvin Advertiser (Alvin, Tex.), Ed. 1 Wednesday, April 25, 2001 (open access)

The Alvin Advertiser (Alvin, Tex.), Ed. 1 Wednesday, April 25, 2001

Weekly newspaper from Alvin, Texas that includes local, state, and national news along with advertising.
Date: April 25, 2001
Creator: unknown
Object Type: Newspaper
System: The Portal to Texas History
The Alvin Advertiser (Alvin, Tex.), Ed. 1 Wednesday, July 25, 2001 (open access)

The Alvin Advertiser (Alvin, Tex.), Ed. 1 Wednesday, July 25, 2001

Weekly newspaper from Alvin, Texas that includes local, state, and national news along with advertising.
Date: July 25, 2001
Creator: Schwind, Jim & Holton, Kathleen
Object Type: Newspaper
System: The Portal to Texas History
Alvin Sun-Advertiser (Alvin, Tex.), Vol. 110, No. 16, Ed. 1 Sunday, February 25, 2001 (open access)

Alvin Sun-Advertiser (Alvin, Tex.), Vol. 110, No. 16, Ed. 1 Sunday, February 25, 2001

Weekly newspaper from Alvin, Texas that includes local, state, and national news along with advertising.
Date: February 25, 2001
Creator: Schwind, Jim & Holton, Kathleen
Object Type: Newspaper
System: The Portal to Texas History