We study inclusive heavy quark and exclusive heavy quark pair production in pp, pA and AA interactions. Intrinsic transverse momentum is introduced in pp interactions. Nuclear effects, limited to k{sub T} broadening and nuclear shadowing, are introduced in pA and AA interactions. The nuclear dependence is studied over a range of energies, both in fixed target and collider setups.

Article on canopy gaps and understory light spectrum in a Venezuelan Andean cloud forest.

A technique to convert reflection elastic recoil detection analysis spectra to depth profiles, the channel-depth conversion, was introduced by Verda, et al [1]. But the channel-depth conversion does not correct for energy spread, the unwanted broadening in the energy of the spectra, which can lead to errors in depth profiling. A work in progress introduces a technique that corrects for energy spread in elastic recoil detection analysis spectra, the energy spread correction [2]. Together, the energy spread correction and the channel-depth conversion comprise an accurate and convenient hydrogen depth profiling method.

Selenocarbonyls that are housed in a chiral environment have been found to play a pivotal role aldol reactions. We have found that, in general,, the aldol reaction affords the non-Evans aldol syn products. However, the use of glycolate donors with glycoaldehydes, under proper conditions, gave rise to predominately the anti aldol.

We present an adaptive control loop that synthesizes fs-pulses that are self-correcting for higher order nonlinear effects when launched in a conventional single-mode fiber, nearly preserving the initial (t{approx}200 fs) pulse duration.

The Accelerator Driven Test Facility (ADTF) is being developed as a reactor concepts test bed for transmutation of nuclear waste. A 13.3 mA continuous-wave (CW) proton beam will be accelerated to 600 MeV and impinged on a spallation target. The subsequent neutron shower is used to create a nuclear reaction within a subcritical assembly of waste material that reduces the waste half-life from the order of 10{sup 5} years to 10{sup 2} years. Additionally, significant energy is produced that can be used to generate electrical power. The ADTF proton accelerator consists of room-temperature (RT) structures that accelerate the beam to 6.7-MeV and superconducting (SC) elements that boost the beam's energy to 600-MeV. Traditional SC elliptical cavities experience structural difficulties at low energies due to their geometry. Therefore, stiff-structured SC spoke cavities have been adopted for the energy range between 6.7 and 109 MeV. Elliptical cavities are used at the higher energies. This paper describes a multi-spoke-cavity cryomodule concept for ADTF.

We present here computer modeling efforts to describe the time-dependent pressurization and gas-phase mole fractions inside sealed canisters containing actinide materials packaged with small (0.12 - 0.5 wt. %) amounts of water. The model is run using Chemkin software, and the chemical reaction mechanism includes gas generation due to radiolysis of adsorbed water, interfacial chemical reactions, and adsorption/desorption kinetics of water on PuO2 materials. The ultimate goal is to provide a verifiable computer model that can be used to predict problematic gas generation in storage forms and assure design criteria for short-term storage and transportation of less than well-characterized (with respect to gas generation) material classes. Our initial efforts are intended to assess pressurization and gas-phase mole fractions using well-defined 3013 container test cases. We have modeled gas generation on PuO2 with water loading up to 0.5 wt. %, at 300 and 525 K, for time frames of 3 years. Estimates of the initial H2 generation rates were determined using RadCalc and employed in the Chemkin model to assess time- and coverage-dependent system behavior. Results indicate that canister pressurization due to radiolysis is a relatively slow process, with pressure increases at 300 K of approximately 1.5 atm. for 5000 g …

The Albany Research Center of the U.S. Department of Energy has been investigating a means to form useful wrought products by direct and continuous casting of titanium bars using cold-wall induction melting rather than current batch practices such as vacuum arc remelting. Continuous ingots produced by cold-wall induction melting, utilizing a bottomless water-cooled copper crucible, without slag (CaF2) additions had minor defects in the surface such as ''hot tears''. Slag additions as low as 0.5 weight percent were used to improve the surface finish. Therefore, a slag melted experimental Ti-6Al-4V alloy ingot was compared to a commercial Ti-6Al-4V alloy ingot in the areas of physical, chemical, mechanical, and corrosion attributes to address the question, ''Are any detrimental effects caused by slag addition''?

A hybrid particle/continuum algorithm is formulated for Fickian diffusion in the fluctuating hydrodynamic limit. The particles are taken as independent random walkers; the fluctuating diffusion equation is solved by finite differences with deterministic and white-noise fluxes. At the interface between the particle and continuum computations the coupling is by flux matching, giving exact mass conservation. This methodology is an extension of Adaptive Mesh and Algorithm Refinement to stochastic partial differential equations. A variety of numerical experiments were performed for both steady and time-dependent scenarios. In all cases the mean and variance of density are captured correctly by the stochastic hybrid algorithm. For a non-stochastic version (i.e., using only deterministic continuum fluxes) the mean density is correct, but the variance is reduced except within the particle region, far from the interface. Extensions of the methodology to fluid mechanics applications are discussed.

Enhancements have been made to the log-ratio analog front-end electronics based on the Analog Devices 8307 logarithmic amplifier as used on the LEDA accelerator. The dynamic range of greater than 85 dB, has been extended to nearly the full capability of the AD8307 from the previous design of approximately 65 dB through the addition of a 350 MHz band-pass filter, careful use of ground and power plane placement, signal routing, and power supply bypassing. Additionally, selection of high-isolation RF switches (55dB) has been an integral part of a new calibration technique, which is fully described in another paper submitted to this conference. Provision has also been made for insertion of a first-stage low-noise amplifier for using the circuit under low-signal conditions.

Developing a predictive model for cook-off is a difficult task. Recent experiments with PBX 9501 have shown that under certain heating and confinement conditions it is possible to generate large regions of almost uniform temperature in an explosive. Such regions react violently in a coherent fashion and may have the potential to produce unusually symmetric detonation waves in certain geometries. These results were unexpected before the experiments and have generated considerable additional activity both experimentally and in model building. At this time, there is no unambiguous explanation for the observed behavior, and therefore, there is a considerable number of fledgling models in existence. These models suggest varying and possibly contradictory mechanisms to explain the thermal profiles and wave behavior data. In this paper, we present an approach to model development for cook-off of PBX 9501 based on logic models called process trees. Process trees are well-suited to the task of describing causal sequences and delineating alternative descriptions of observed phenomenology. Therefore, they provide a valuable basis for constructing physical models and integrating them.

The Zeus experiments have been designed to test the adequacy of {sup 235}U cross sections in the intermediate energy range. The first Zeus experiment achieved initial criticality on April 26, 1999 with 10 HEU platters and 79 platters of graphite. The second experiment reached a critical condition on October 24, 2000, with 9 HEU platters and 54 platters of graphite. The first experiment, which has been described and analyzed previously, had a C/{sup 235}U ratio of approximately 52:1. The corresponding ratio for the second experiment was approximately 40:1. This summary describes the analysis of the second Zeus critical experiment.

CCL cavities are figures of revolution about the beam axis. An automated tuning program sets up the geometry for a symmetric accelerating cavity and runs SUPERFISH repetitively, varying the geometry to tune each cavity to the desired frequency for the electromagnetic fields. SUPERFISH solves Maxwell's equations in 2-D. A large portion of the RF power (60-80%) applied to accelerate protons is a waste heat deposited on the inside of the copper cavity. This waste heat is removed most efficiently with water circulating through cooling passages. The waste heat needs to be removed in order to minimize thermal deformations and with it control the resonance of the cavities. A slot between the main cavity and coupled cavity receives additional heating that is not captured in the 2-D analysis. This heating causes deformation of the region and with it frequency shift. This paper covers the estimation of the slot heating and three-dimensional thermal and structural analysis of the CCL cavity.

Cylinder test data is reported for commercially available prilled ANFO (ammonium-nitrate/fuel-oil) at 0.93 ,g/cc density and ambient temperature. The tests were four-inch inner diameter, with wall-thickness and length scaled from the standard one-inch test (0.4 inch and 48 inch, respectively). The wall expansion was measured with a rotating mirror streak camera and the velocity was measured by fine-wire pin switches, in the standard manner. The wall expansion trajectory is much smoother than for conventional explosives, which show a pronounced jump-off with subs uent ring-up. This observation is consistent with a broadened detohation shock in the granular bed. ?he data is analyzed for equation-of-state information and JWL parameters are given.

The effect of MnS inclusion orientation on damage evolution and fracture toughness in HYlOO steel is investigated in the context of anisotropic damage modeling at the continuum level. Experimental notched-bar data sets are analyzed and modeled using finite element calculations with constitutive behavior that assumes isotropic elastoplastic behavior in conjunction with anisotropic damage.

This Recommendation/International Standard uses a transformation of tile components. In this Annex and all of its sub clauses, the flow charts and tables are normative only in the sense that they are defining an output that alternative implementations shall duplicate.

Hydrodynamic gas-lubricated foil bearings are ideal for machinery that operates at high speed or in extreme-temperature environments. As motors and generators run at higher speeds with more torque capacity, the need for commonly available, robust, high-speed, low-loss foil bearings is clear. This paper presents an application example of the successful replacement of a tape-type bearing for a bump-type bearing in a helium turbocompressor. Both bearing types are described, as are the steps involved in design and fabrication of the bump bearing, and results of comparison tests between the original and replacement bearings. Methods to analyze bump-type foil bearings with commercially available software are reviewed to further emphasize the inherent simplicity of these bearings. By providing the engineering community with the understanding needed to successfully apply foil bearings, the authors hope that the benefits and true potential of this technology will finally be realized.

Understanding the evolution of the universe from Big Bang to its present state requires an understanding of the evolution of the abundances of the elements and isotopes in galaxies, stars, the interstellar medium, the Sun and the heliosphere, planets and meteorites. Processes that change the state of the universe include Big Bang nucleosynthesis, star formation and stellar nucleosynthesis, galactic chemical evolution, propagation of cosmic rays, spallation, ionization and particle transport of interstellar material, formation of the solar system, solar wind emission and its fractionation (FIP/FIT effect), mixing processes in stellar interiors, condensation of material and subsequent geochemical fractionation. Here, we attempt to compile some major issues in cosmochemistry that can be addressed with a better knowledge of the respective element or isotope abundances. Present and future missions such as Genesis, Stardust, Interstellar Pathfinder, and Interstellar Probe, improvements of remote sensing instrumentation and experiments on extraterrestrial material such as meteorites, presolar grains, and lunar or returned planetary or cometary samples will result in an improved database of elemental and isotopic abundances. This includes the primordial abundances of D, 3He, 4He, and 7Li, abundances of the heavier elements in stars and galaxies, the composition of the interstellar medium, solar wind and comets …

A new class of hand-held, portable spectrometers based on large area (lcm2) CdTe detectors of thickness up to 3mm has been demonstrated to produce energy resolution of between 0.3 and 0.5% FWHM at 662 keV. The system uses a charge loss correction circuit for improved efficiency, and detector temperature stabilization to ensure consistent operation of the detector during field measurements over a wide range of ambient temperature. The system can operate continuously for up to 8hrs on rechargeable batteries. The signal output from the charge loss corrector is compatible with most analog and digital spectroscopy amplifiers and multi channel analyzers. Using a detector measuring 11.2 by 9.1 by 2.13 mm3, we have recently been able to obtain the first wide-range plutonium gamma-ray isotopic analysis with other than a cryogenically cooled germanium spectrometer. The CdTe spectrometer is capable of measuring small plutonium reference samples in about one hour, covering the range from low to high burnup. The isotopic analysis software used to obtain these results was FRAM, Version 4 from LANL. The new spectrometer is expected to be useful for low-grade assay, as well as for some in-situ plutonium gamma-ray isotopics in lieu of cryogenically cooled Ge.

Photosynthesis and respiration are the largest fluxes into and out of the biosphere (Molles 1999). Consequently, small changes in these fluxes can potentially produce large changes in the storage of carbon in the biosphere. Terrestrial carbon fluxes account for more than half of the carbon transferred between the atmosphere and the earth's surface (about 120 GigaTons/year), and current stores of carbon in terrestrial ecosystem are estimated at 2060 GigaTons. Increasing attention is being focused on the role of managing and sequestering carbon in the terrestrial biosphere as a means for addressing global climate change (IGBP, 1998; U.S. Department of Energy, 1999). Terrestrial ecosystems are widely recognized as a major biological scrubber for atmosphereic CO{sub 2} and their ability to finction as such can be increased significantly over the next 25 years through careful manipulation. The potential for terrestrial carbon gains has been the subject of much attention (Dixon et al., 1994; Masera et al. 1997; Cao and Woodward, 1998; DeLucia et al. 1999). In contrast to other strategies for reducing net carbon emissions, terrestrial sequestration has the potential for rapid implementation. Strategies that focus on soil carbon are likely to be effective because in addition to being a storage pool …

Materials samples were irradiated in the Los Alamos Radiation Effects Facility (LASREF) at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) to provide data for the Accelerator Production of Tritium (APT) project on the changes in mechanical and physical properties of materials in a spallation target environment. The targets were configured to expose samples to a variety of radiation environments including high-energy protons, mixed protons and neutrons, and predominantly neutrons. The irradiation was driven by an 800 MeV 1 mA proton beam with a circular Gaussian shape of approximately 2{sigma} = 3.5 cm. Two irradiation campaigns were conducted in which samples were exposed for approximately six months and two months, respectively. At the end of this period, the samples were extracted and tested. Activation foils that had been placed in proximity to the materials samples were used to quantify the fluences in various locations. The STAYSL2 code was used to estimate the fluences by combining the activation foil data with calculated data from the LAHET Code System (LCS) and MCNPX. The exposure for each sample was determined from the estimated fluences using interpolation based on a mathematical fitting to the fluence results. The final results included displacement damage (dpa) and gas …

We present preliminary results of orbital and physical measurements of a small selection of meteoroids observed at UHF frequencies by the ALTAIR radar on Kwajalein Island on November 17, 1998. The head echoes observed by ALTAIR allowed precise determination of velocities and decelerations from which orbits and masses of individual meteoroids derived from numerical modelling have been measured. During these observations, the ALTAIR radar detected average head echo rates of 1665 per hour.

The mechanisms of dislocation-defect interactions are of practical importance for developing quantitative structure-property relationships, mechanistic understanding of plastic flow localization and predictive models of mechanical behavior in metals under irradiation. In copper and other face centered cubic metals, high-energy particle irradiation produces hardening and shear localization. Post-irradiation microstructural examination in Cu reveals that irradiation has produced a high number density of nanometer sized stacking fault tetrahedra. Thus, the resultant irradiation hardening and shear localization is commonly attributed to the interaction between stacking fault tetrahedra and mobile dislocations, although the mechanism of this interaction is unknown. In this work, we present a comprehensive molecular dynamics simulation study that characterizes the interaction and fate of moving dislocations with stacking fault tetrahedra in Cu using an EAM interatomic potential. This work is intended to produce atomistic input into dislocation dynamics simulations of plastic flow localization in irradiated materials.

The asymptotic behavior of the energy-momentum tensor for a free quantized scalar field with mass m and curvature coupling {zeta} in de Sitter space is investigated. It is shown that for an arbitrary, homogeneous and isotropic, fourth order adiabatic state for which the two-point function is infrared finite, <T{sub ab}> approaches the Bunch-Davies de Sitter invariant value at late times if m{sup 2} + {zeta}R > 0. In the case m = {zeta} = 0, the energy-momentum tensor approaches the de Sitter invariant Allen-Folacci value for such a state. For m{sup 2} + {zeta}R = 0, but m and {zeta} not separately zero it is shown that at late times <T{sub ab}> grows linearly in terms of cosmic time leading to an instability of de Sitter space. The asymptotic behavior is again independent of the state of the field. For m{sup 2} + {zeta}R < 0, it is shown that, for most values of m and {zeta}, <T{sub ab}> grows exponentially in terms of cosmic time at late times in a state dependent manner.