We discuss the form of the chiral anomaly on an S1/Z2 orbifold with chiral boundary conditions. We find that the 4-divergence of the higher-dimensional current evaluated at a given point in the extra dimension is proportional to the probability of finding the chiral zero mode there. Nevertheless the anomaly, appropriately defined as the five dimensional divergence of the current, lives entirely on the orbifold fixed planes and is independent of the shape of the zero mode. Therefore long distance four dimensional anomaly cancellation ensures the consistency of the higher dimensional orbifold theory.

The National Ignition Facility (NIF) laser focuses 1.8 megajoules of ultraviolet light (wavelength 351 nanometers) from 192 beams into a 600-micrometer-diameter volume. Effective use of this output in target experiments requires that the power output from all of the beams match within 8% over their entire 20-nanosecond waveform. The scope of NIF beam diagnostics systems necessary to accomplish this task is unprecedented for laser facilities. Each beamline contains 110 major optical components distributed over a 510-meter path, and diagnostic tolerances for beam measurement are demanding. Total laser pulse energy is measured with 2.8% precision, and the interbeam temporal variation of pulse power is measured with 4% precision. These measurement goals are achieved through use of approximately 160 sensor packages that measure the energy at five locations and power at three locations along each beamline using 335 photodiodes, 215 calorimeters, and 36 digitizers. Successful operation of such a system requires a high level of automation of the widely distributed sensors. Computer control systems provide the basis for operating the shot diagnostics with repeatable accuracy, assisted by operators who oversee system activities and setup, respond to performance exceptions, and complete calibration and maintenance tasks.

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Results on soft and hard diffraction obtained by the CDF Collaboration in Run I of the Fermilab Tevatron {bar p}p collider are reviewed and compared with results from the DESY ep collider HERA and with theoretical expectations. In addition, the CDF program for diffractive studies in Run II is briefly reviewed with emphasis on the relevant detector upgrades and physics goals.

The CKM experiment is a proposal to measure the branching ratio of the rare decay K{sup +} {r_arrow} {pi}{sup +} {nu}{bar {nu}} at the Main Injector at Fermilab using a decay in flight technique. The goal is to observe {approx}100 events, for a Standard Model branching ratio of 1 x 10{sup {minus}10} with a background of less than 10 events.

Coherent Synchrotron Radiation (CSR) effects in bunch compressors are analyzed. Schemes for reducing the CSR effects are presented.

This Workshop was extremely useful in fleshing out many of the details related to the VLLC. For example, at the workshop it became very clear that the large machine could not provide high luminosity polarized beams at both the Z0 pole and at high energy, and it would be best to provide the Z0 factory function in the injector. In addition, the workshop identified a number of topics for further R and D. A list of some of these topics follows: What is the lower limit on {beta}{sub y}* in the high energy collider? What is a reasonable upper limit on the beam-beam parameter at 183 GeV? Is there a way to coalesce electron bunches at high energy to finesse the TMCI current limit at injection, allowing a smaller beam pipe aperture to be used? Can feedback systems be useful to combat the TMCI instability at injection? In the 45 GeV Z{sup 0} factory, are two rings essential? Are wigglers essential for polarization in the Z{sup 0} factory? How can polarization at high energies be optimized? What is the optimum method of pumping the long vacuum chamber sections? How much cost and power minimization is possible in the complete design? …

A major goal of experimental particle physics over the next decade is to measure the sides and angles of the Unitarity triangle redundantly, and as precisely as possible. Overconstraining the triangle will test the Cabbibo-Kobayashi-Maskawa model of quark mixing. The CDF collaboration, due to begin a second run in March 2001 with major upgrades to both the accelerator and the detector, will study the angle {beta} using B{sup 0} decays, the angle {gamma} using B{sup 0} and B{sub s}{sup 0} decays, and a side of the triangle through the observation of B{sub s}{sup 0}--{bar B}{sub s}{sup 0} mixing. Projected sensitivities are driven mostly by previous measurements using data from the first run. One highlight of the Run I B physics program is a measurement of the CP violating parameter sin 2{beta} = 0.79{sub {minus}0.44}{sup +0.41}, based on a tagged sample of 400 B{sup 0} decays in the mode B{sub 0}/{bar B}{sup 0} {r_arrow} J/{psi}K{sub s}{sup 0}. The technology of flavor tagging, used here as well as in numerous B{sup 0}-{bar B}{sup 0} mixing analyses in run I, is crucial and will be augmented in Run II with better particle identification capabilities. Exclusive all-hadronic final states will enter the data sample …

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This paper describes the development of a comprehensive flow and salinity monitoring system and application of a decision support system (DSS) to improve management of seasonal wetlands in the San Joaquin Valley of California. The Environmental Protection Agency regulates salinity discharges from non-point sources to the San Joaquin River using a procedure known as the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) to allocate the assimilative capacity of the River for salt among watershed sources. Management of wetland sources of salt load will require the development of monitoring systems, more integrative management strategies and coordination with other entities. To obtain local cooperation the Grassland Water District, whose primary function is to supply surface water to private duck clubs and managed wetlands, needs to communicate to local landowners the likely impacts of salinity regulation on the long term health and function of wildfowl habitat. The project described in this paper will also provide this information. The models that form the backbone of the DSS develop salinity balances at both a regional and local scale. The regional scale concentrates on deliveries to and exports from the Grasland Water District while the local scale focuses on an individual wetland unit where more intensive monitoring is …

We describe a proposed femtosecond synchrotron radiation x-ray source based on a flat-beam RF gun and a recirculating superconducting linac that provides beam to an array of undulators and bend magnets. X-ray pulse durations of <100 fs at a 10 kHz repetition rate are obtained by a combination of electron pulse compression, transverse temporal correlation of the electrons, and x-ray pulse compression.

To achieve the required damping time in the main damping rings for the Next Linear Collider (NLC), a wiggler will be required in each ring with integrated squared field strength up to 110 T{sup 2}m. There are concerns that nonlinear components of the wiggler field will damage the dynamic aperture of the ring, leading to poor injection efficiency. Severe effects from an insertion device have been observed and corrected in SPEAR 2. In this paper, we describe a model that we have developed to study the effects of the damping wiggler, compare the predictions of the model with actual experience in the case of the SPEAR 2 wiggler, and consider the predicted effects of current damping wiggler design on the NLC main damping rings.

The effects of structural defects on the electrical activity of S doped GaN{sub x}As{sub 1-x} layers formed by S and N coimplantation in GaAs are reported. S and N ions were implanted to the depth of about 0.4 {micro}m. Electrochemical capacitance voltage measurements on samples annealed at 945 C for 10s show that in a thin (<0.1 {micro}m) surface layer the concentration of active shallow donors is almost an order of magnitude larger in S and N co-implanted samples than in samples implanted with S alone. The activation efficiency of S donors also shows a broad minimum at a depth of about 0.2 {micro}m below the surface. The results of these electrical measurements are correlated with the distribution of structural defects revealed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The TEM micrographs show that in addition to a band of dislocation loops commonly found in ion implanted GaAs, an additional band of small voids is observed in samples co-implanted with S and N. The location of this band correlates well with the region of reduced electrical activation of S donors, suggesting that formation of the voids through N accumulation results in a lower concentration of active, substitutional N atoms.

Multiresolution texture-based volume visualization is an excellent technique to enable interactive rendering of massive data sets. Interactive manipulation of a transfer function is necessary for proper exploration of a data set. However, multiresolution techniques require assessing the accuracy of the resulting images, and re-computing the error after each change in a transfer function is very expensive. They extend their existing multiresolution volume visualization method by introducing a method for accelerating error calculations for multiresolution volume approximations. Computing the error for an approximation requires adding individual error terms. One error value must be computed once for each original voxel and its corresponding approximating voxel. For byte data, i.e., data sets where integer function values between 0 and 255 are given, they observe that the set of error pairs can be quite large, yet the set of unique error pairs is small. instead of evaluating the error function for each original voxel, they construct a table of the unique combinations and the number of their occurrences. To evaluate the error, they add the products of the error function for each unique error pair and the frequency of each error pair. This approach dramatically reduces the amount of computation time involved and allows …

Maximum practically achievable intensities are required for research with accelerated radioactive ion beams (RIBs). Time delays due to diffusion of radioactive species from solid or liquid target materials and their effusive-flow transport to the ion source can severely limit intensities of short-lived radioactive beams, and therefore, such delays must be minimized. An analytical formula has been developed that can be used to calculate characteristic effusive-flow times through tubular transport systems, independent of species, tube material, and operational temperature for ideal cases. Thus, the equation permits choice of materials of construction on a relative basis that minimize transport times of atoms or molecules moving through the system, independent of transport system geometry and size. In this report, we describe the formula and compare results derived by its use with those determined by use of Monte-Carlo techniques.

Electron-capture delayed fission was observed in {sup 244}Es produced via the {sup 237}Np({sup 12}C,5n){sup 244}Es reaction at 81 MeV (on target) with a production cross section of 0.31{+-}0.12 {micro}b. The mass-yield distribution of the fission fragments is highly asymmetric. The average preneutron-emission total kinetic energy of the fragments was measured to be 186{+-}19 MeV. Based on the ratio of the number of fission events to the measured number of {alpha} decays from the electron-capture daughter {sup 244}Cf (100% {alpha} branch), the probability of delayed fission was determined to be (1.2{+-}0.4) x 10{sup -4}. This value for the delayed fission probability fits the experimentally observed trend of increasing delayed fission probability with increasing Q value for electron-capture.

This is one of two companion papers that describe the ENERGY-10 PV design-tool computer simulation program. The other paper is titled ''Hourly Simulation of Grid-Connected PV Systems Using Realistic Building Loads.'' While this paper focuses on the implementation method, the companion paper focuses on the PV aspects of the program. The case study in this paper is a residential building application, whereas the case study in the companion paper is a commercial application with an entirely different building load characteristic. Together, they provide a balanced view.

Chemical detection devices are very effective; however, their bulkiness makes them undesirable for portable applications. The next generation of chemical detectors is microscopic mechanical devices capable of measuring trace amounts of chemical vapor within the environment. The chemicals do not react directly with the detector, instead intermolecular forces cause chemicals to adhere to the surface. This surface adhesion of the chemical creates surface stress on the detectors leading to measurable movement. Modifications to the structural design of these microstructures have resulted in signal enhancement to over seven hundred percent.

The authors update the current status for the measurement of the direct-CP violation parameters {epsilon}{prime}/{epsilon} in the KTeV experiment at Fermilab. Substantial statistics have been accumulated during the 1996-7 run and 1999 run for both {epsilon}{prime}/{epsilon} and rare K{sub L} decay searches. The first KTeV result on {epsilon}{prime}/{epsilon} published last year was Re({epsilon}{prime}/{epsilon}) = (28.0 {+-} 4.1) x 10{sup {minus}4} based on the 23% data from 1996-7 run. Combining with the previous E731, NA31 and the recent preliminary NA48 results, the grand average is Re({epsilon}{prime}/{epsilon}) = (19.3 {+-} 3.6) x 10{sup {minus}4} (with S = 1:49), more than 5{sigma} above zero. More data from both KTeV and NA48 after completing the analysis will further improve the precision of this measurement in the near future and hopefully further improve the agreement. New results on the branching ratio and form factor measurements of K{sub L} {r_arrow} {mu}{sup +} {mu}{sup {minus}} {gamma} using 1997 data are also presented. We find that BR(K{sub L} {r_arrow} {mu}{sup +} {mu}{sup {minus}} {gamma}) = (3.66 {+-} 0.04{sub stat} {+-} 0.07{sub syst}) x 10{sup {minus}7}. The form factor parameter {alpha}{sub K}* is measured to be {alpha}{sub K}* = {minus}0.157{sub {minus}0.027}{sup +0.025}. We make the first measurement of the …

IN THE EVALUATION OF ODH, THE CALCULATION OF THE SPILL RATE FROM THE PRESSURIZED VESSEL IS THE CENTRAL TASK. THE ACCURACY OF THE ENGINEERING ESTIMATION BECOMES ONE OF THE SAFETY DESIGN ISSUES. THIS PAPER SUMMARIZES THE EQUATIONS FOR THE OXYGEN CONCENTRATION CALCULATION IN DIFFERENT CASES, AND DISCUSSES THE EQUATIONS FOR THE GAS RELEASE PROCESS CALCULATION BOTH FOR THE HIGH-PRESSURE GAS TANK AND THE LOW-TEMPERATURE LIQUID CONTAINER.

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In this paper, we present a detailed analysis of the modes of a dielectric-loaded rectangular waveguide accelerating structure. In general, the acceleration field in a synchronous acceleration mode is non-uniform in the two transverse dimensions. However, we could use an array of these structures rotated alternatively by 90 degrees to get a focusing-defocusing force continuously as a simple FODO lattice, while maintaining uniform energy gain. The expressions of characteristic parameters such as R/Q, group velocity and attenuation constant are given. The longitudinal wake field experienced by a relativistic charged particle beam in the structure is also presented. These analytical results are also compared with numerical calculations using the MAFIA code suite demonstrating the validity of our analytic approach.

A five-watts G-M/J-T refrigerator was built and installed for the high-energy physics research at Brookhaven National Laboratory in 2001. A liquid helium target of 8.25 liters was required for an experiment in the proton beam line at the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS) of BNL. The large radiation heat load towards the target requires a five-watts refrigerator at 4.2 K to support a liquid helium flask of 0.2 meter in diameter and 0.3 meter in length which is made of Mylar film of 0.35 mm in thickness. The liquid helium flask is thermally exposed to the vacuum windows that are also made of 0.35 mm thickness Mylar film at room temperature. The refrigerator uses a two-stage Gifford-McMahon cryocooler for precooling the Joule-Thomson circuit that consists of five Linde-type heat exchangers. A mass flow rate of 0.8 {approx} 1.0 grams per second at 17.7 atm is applied to the refrigerator cold box. The two-phase helium flows between the liquid target and liquid/gas separator by means of thermosyphon. The paper presents the system design as well as the test results including the control of thermal oscillation.