In March 2001, the Fermilab Tevatron will start a new physics run of p{bar p} collisions at {radical}s = 2.0 TeV. The CDF experiments will collect a data sample of 2 fb{sup {minus}1} in the first two years. In this paper the authors describe the B physics prospects at CDF during the upcoming run.

The authors report recent results of D*{sup {+-}} meson, J/{psi} and {Upsilon} production at the Fermilab Tevatron. They observe about 8,000 D*{sup {+-}} mesons reconstructed in the decay chain of D* {r_arrow} D{sub {pi}}{sup 0}, D{sup 0} {r_arrow} K{mu}+X. They measure the integrated D*{sup +} production cross section to be 347 {+-} 65(stat.) {+-} 58(sys.) nb for the rapidity range {vert_bar}{eta}(D*{sup +}){vert_bar} < 1.0 and the transverse momentum range p{sub T} (D*{sup +}) > 10 GeV/c. The measurement is slightly higher than the theoretical prediction, especially at lower pT range. We also measure the polarization of J/{psi} at production and find that the measured transverse polarization is not well explained by the color-octet model proposed to explain the anomalously high J/{psi} production cross section. We also present a new result on {Upsilon} production and polarization. Production of the {Upsilon} is consistent with being unpolarized.

The synthesis, structure and some properties of C{sub 2}H{sub 7}N{sub 4}O {center_dot} ZnPO{sub 4} (guanylurea zinc phosphate) are reported. The cationic template was prepared in situ by partial hydrolysis of the neutral 2-cyanoguanidine starting material. The resulting structure contains a new, unprotonated, zincophosphate layer topology as well as unusual N-H-O template-to-template hydrogen bonds which help to stabilize a ''double sandwich'' of templating cations between the inorganic sheets. Crystal data: C{sub 2}H{sub 7}N{sub 4}O {center_dot} ZnPO{sub 4}, M{sub r} = 229.44, monoclinic, P2{sub 1}/c, a = 13.6453 (9) {angstrom}, b = 5.0716 (3) {angstrom}, c = 10.6005 (7) {angstrom}, {beta} = 95.918 (2){sup 0}, V = 729.7 (1) {angstrom}{sup 3}, R(F) = 0.034, wR(F) = 0.034.

Laser conditioning by raster scanning KDP and DKDP crystals using Nd:YAG and XeCl excimer laser systems was demonstrated. The laser systems were evaluated to determine their respective feasibility of improving the damage thresholds of the harmonic materials for use on the National Ignition Facility (NIF). Crystals were first evaluated using an Nd:YAG laser (355 nm, 7.6 ns) by scanning 2 x 2 cm2 areas with sub-damage threshold fluences and then performing unconditioned (SA) damage tests at 355-nm in the respectively scanned regions. Subsequently, five KDP and DKDP samples of various damage quality were raster scanned in a similar fashion at MicroLas GmbH (Goettingen, Germany) using a commercial Lambda Physik Excimer system (XeCl, {lambda} = 308 nm, 20 ns). The samples treated in Germany were then tested at Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) at 355 nm to demonstrate the excimer's potentia1 as an alternative conditioning source. The excimer scan results suggest that crystals can be treated at high fluence (50 Ycm2, 308-nm, 204s) levels without noticeable bulk damage. In addition, comparable conditioning is possible even with the fluence set at 30% of the 308-nm damage threshold. The laser damage tests with 355-nrn on the majority of the excimer laser-treated crystals demonstrates the …

The Plutonium Immobilization Program requires development of the process and plant prototypic equipment to immobilize surplus plutonium in ceramic for long-term storage. Because of the hazardous nature of plutonium, it was necessary to develop a remotely operable materials transfer system which can function within the confines of a glovebox. In support of this work at LLNL, such a material transfer system (MTS) was developed. This paper presents both the mechanical and controls parts making up this system, and includes photographs of the key components and diagrams of their assemblies, as well as a description of the control sequence used to validate the MTS capabilities.

Laboratory experiments utilizing different near-infrared (NIR) sensitive imaging techniques for LADAR range gated imaging at eye-safe wavelengths are presented. An OPO/OPA configuration incorporating a nonlinear crystal for wavelength conversion of 1.56 micron probe or broadcast laser light to 807 nm light by utilizing a second pump laser at 532 nm for gating and gain, was evaluated for sensitivity, resolution, and general image quality. These data are presented with similar test results obtained from an image intensifier based upon a transferred electron (TE) photocathode with high quantum efficiency (QE) in the 1-2 micron range, with a P-20 phosphor output screen. Data presented include range-gated imaging performance in a cloud chamber with varying optical attenuation of laser reflectance images.

Research is presented on infrared (IR) and near infrared (NIR) sensitive sensor technologies for use in a high speed shuttered/intensified digital video camera system for range-gated imaging at ''eye-safe'' wavelengths in the region of 1.5 microns. The study is based upon nonlinear crystals used for second harmonic generation (SHG) in optical parametric oscillators (OPOS) for conversion of NIR and IR laser light to visible range light for detection with generic S-20 photocathodes. The intensifiers are ''stripline'' geometry 18-mm diameter microchannel plate intensifiers (MCPIIS), designed by Los Alamos National Laboratory and manufactured by Philips Photonics. The MCPIIS are designed for fast optical shattering with exposures in the 100-200 ps range, and are coupled to a fast readout CCD camera. Conversion efficiency and resolution for the wavelength conversion process are reported. Experimental set-ups for the wavelength shifting and the optical configurations for producing and transporting laser reflectance images are discussed.

For the past several years, the CDF collaboration has been upgrading its detector to accommodate the higher luminosity and beam energy expected during Run II (2001-2006) at the Tevatron p{bar p} collider. Accelerator improvements include increasing the instantaneous luminosity by an order of magnitude with respect to Run I to 2 x 10{sup 32} cm{sup {minus}2} s{sup {minus}1} and increasing the center of mass energy from 1.8 TeV to 2.0 TeV. The detector upgrades include replacing the entire tracking volume, extending the muon coverage, adding a time of flight system, and improving the selection capabilities of the trigger. The partially instrumented detector underwent a commissioning run during September/October 2000 in preparation for starting data taking in Spring 2001 with the full detector. Now that Run II has been extended through 2006, we expect to collect an integrated luminosity of 2 fb{sup {minus}1} during the first two years of running and up to a total of 15 fb{sup {minus}1} by the end of Run II.

The Cretaceous strata that fill the San Juan Basin of northwestern New Mexico and southwestern Colorado were shortened in a generally N-S to NN13-SSW direction during the Laramide orogeny. This shortening was the result of compression of the strata between southward indentation of the San Juan Uplift at the north edge of the basin and northward to northeastward indentation of the Zuni Uplift from the south. Right-lateral strike-slip motion was concentrated at the eastern and western basin margins of the basin to form the Hogback Monocline and the Nacimiento Uplift at the same time, and small amounts of shear may have been pervasive within the basin as well. Vertical extension fractures, striking N-S to NNE-SSW with local variations (parallel to the Laramide maximum horizontal compressive stress), formed in both Mesaverde and Dakota sandstones under this system, and are found in outcrops and in the subsurface of the San Juan Basin. The immature Mesaverde sandstones typically contain relatively long, irregular, vertical extension fractures, whereas the quartzitic Dakota sandstones contain more numerous, shorter, sub-parallel, closely spaced, extension fractures. Conjugate shear planes in several orientations are also present locally in the Dakota strata.

A new method for in vitro and possibly in vivo ultrahigh-resolution colocalization and distance measurement between biomolecules is described, based on semiconductor nanocrystal probes. This ruler bridges the gap between FRET and far-field (or near-field scanning optical microscope) imaging and has a dynamic range from few nanometers to tens of micrometers. The ruler is based on a stage-scanning confocal microscope that allows the simultaneous excitation and localization of the excitation point-spread-function (PSF) of various colors nanocrystals while maintaining perfect registry between the channels. Fit of the observed diffraction and photophysics-limited images of the PSFs with a two-dimensional Gaussian allows one to determine their position with nanometer accuracy. This new high-resolution tool opens new windows in various molecular, cell biology and biotechnology applications.

The release of radioactive elements from the stainless steel-15 wt% zirconium (SS-15Zr) metal waste form will be governed by the corrosion behavior of ZrFe{sub 2}-type intermetallics phases present in the alloy. In this article, oxidation products that formed on a ZrFe{sub 2}-type intermetallic sample exposed to 200 C steam were characterized by Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The data revealed two oxide layers on the sample surface: an outer crystalline iron-oxide layer and an inner amorphous zirconium-rich layer believed to be zirconium oxide. Thermodynamic considerations indicate that the zirconium-rich layer formed first. The iron-oxide layer appears to have resulted from the diffusion of iron through the zirconium-rich layer to the oxide-vapor interface.

Oxo-bridged manganese polynuclear complexes have applications in a variety of technologies, such as single-molecule nanomagnets, catalysis and photosynthetic redox chemistry. The reason that these types of compounds are capable of such important and varied technologies is thought to be because they possess ground states with large spin values. However, the electronic, structural and magnetochemical relationships are not well understood and need to be thoroughly investigated to adequately explain why Mn is such an integral part of so many useful processes. X-ray photoemission spectroscopy was used to study the Mn 3p, 3s and valence band electronic behavior as a function of Mn cluster structural properties, where the cluster size and nuclearity are systematically varied. Results show a chemical shift of the Mn 3p{sub 3/2,1/2} spin-orbit pair related to the cluster size and nuclearity. Also, the Mn 3s {sup 7}S and {sup 5}S final state multiplet components shift since it involves the binding energy of a ligand valence electron. In addition, the branching ratio of the {sup 7}S:{sup 5}S states is related to the 3s-3d electron correlation. Specifically, in the {sup 7}S state, the remaining 3s electron is well correlated with 3d electrons of parallel spin, while in the {sup 5}S state …

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This article presents an implementation of periodic boundary conditions (PBC) for Dislocation Dynamics (DD) simulations in three dimensions (3D). We discuss fundamental aspects of PBC development, including preservation of translational invariance and line connectivity, the choice of initial configurations compatible with PBC and a consistent treatment of image stress. On the practical side, our approach reduces to manageable proportions the computational burden of updating the long-range elastic interactions among dislocation segments. The timing data confirms feasibility and practicality of PBC for large-scale DD simulations in 3D.

We consider two software packages that interact with each other as components: Overture and PETSc. An interface between these two packages could be of tremendous value to application developers in that Overture provides a simple mechanism for generating the large, sparse systems of linear equations that correspond to discretizations of a PDE, and PETSc provides a powerful collection of methods for solving these systems. Two types of interfaces are discussed: the internal interface between components, and the external interface for the application developer. We compare three basic approaches to developing the internal interface between Overture and PETSc, the final one of which is a peer-to-peer model.

Classical methods of constrained optimization are often based on the assumptions that projection onto the constraint manifold is routine but accessing second-derivative information is not. Both assumptions need revision for the application of optimization to systems constrained by partial differential equations, in the contemporary limit of millions of state variables and in the parallel setting. Large-scale PDE solvers are complex pieces of software that exploit detailed knowledge of architecture and application and cannot easily be modified to fit the interface requirements of a blackbox optimizer. Furthermore, in view of the expense of PDE analyses, optimization methods not using second derivatives may require too many iterations to be practical. For general problems, automatic differentiation is likely to be the most convenient means of exploiting second derivatives. We delineate a role for automatic differentiation in matrix-free optimization formulations involving Newton's method, in which little more storage is required than that for the analysis code alone.

The performance of NIF target designs is simulated in three dimensions using the HYDRA multiphysics radiation hydrodynamics code. In simulations of a cylindrical NIF hohlraum that include an imploding capsule, the motion of the wall material inside the hohlraum shows a high degree of axisymmetry. Laser radiation is able to propagate through the entrance hole for the required duration of the pulse. Gross hohlraum energetics in the simulation mirror the results from an axisymmetric simulation. A simulation of a copper-doped beryllium ablator NIF capsule carried out over large solid angle resolved the full spectrum of the most dangerous modes that grow from surface roughness. Hydrodynamic instabilities evolve into the weakly nonlinear regime. There is no evidence of low mode jetting driven by nonlinear mode coupling.

The thermal-hydrologic (TH) and coupled process models describe the evolution of a potential geologic repository as heat is released from emplaced waste. The evolution (thermal, hydrologic, chemical, and mechanical) of the engineered barrier and geologic systems is heavily dependent on the heat released by the waste packages and how the heat is transferred from the emplaced wastes through the drifts and through the repository host rock. The essential elements of this process are extracted (or abstracted) from the process-level models that incorporate the basic energy and mass conservation principles and applied to the total system models used to describe the overall performance of the potential repository. The process of total system performance assessment (TSPA) abstraction is the following. First is a description of the parameter inputs used in the process-level models. A brief description is given hereof past inputs for the viability assessment (e.g., for TSPA-VA) and current inputs for the site recommendation (TSPA-SR). This is followed by a highlight of the process-level models from which the abstractions are made. These include descriptions of TH, thermal-hydrologic-chemical (THC), and thermal-mechanical (TM) processes used to describe the performance of individual waste packages and waste emplacement drifts as well as the repository as …

Jefferson Lab, Hampton University and the Riverside Regional Medical Center are collaborating in a clinical study employing a dual modality imaging system utilizing scintimammography and digital radiography. The purpose of the study is to obtain clinical data on the reliability of scintimammography in predicting the malignancy of suspected breast lesions with the ultimate goal to reduce the number of false positives associated with conventional x-ray mammography. The scintimammography gamma camera is a custom built mini gamma camera with an active area of 5.3 cm x 5.3 cm based on a 2x2 array of Hamamatsu R7600-C8 position sensitive photomultiplier tubes. The spatial resolution of the gamma camera at the collimator surface is <4 mm FWHM and the sensitivity is 4000 cps/mCi. Preliminary results are that of the six cases that indicated a lesion with high uptake of MiraLuma ({sup 99m}Tc-sestamibi) five were positive for cancer. Out of a total of 25 patients in the study, all cases negative for MiraLuma uptake were confirmed negative via the biopsy pathology. The scintimammography results indicate that the lesions become visible with the mini gamma camera within 3 minutes post injection of MiraLuma.

This article describes the design rationale, a C implementation, and conformance testing of a subset of the new Standard for the BLAS (Basic Linear Algebra Subroutines): Extended and Mixed Precision BLAS. Permitting higher internal precision and mixed input/output types and precisions allows us to implement some algorithms that are simpler, more accurate, and sometimes faster than possible without these features. The new BLAS are challenging to implement and test because there are many more subroutines than in the existing Standard, and because we must be able to assess whether a higher precision is used for internal computations than is used for either input or output variables. We have therefore developed an automated process of generating and systematically testing these routines. Our methodology is applicable to languages besides C. In particular, our algorithms used in the testing code will be valuable to all other BLAS implementors. Our extra precision routines achieve excellent performance--close to half of the machine peak Megaflop rate even for the Level 2 BLAS, when the data access is stride one.

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In this paper a two pronged approach is taken to investigating the energy required for ignition of inertial confinement fusion capsules. A series of one dimensional LASNEX simulations is performed to create a database of barely ignited capsules that span the parameter regime Of interest. This database is used to develop scaling laws for the ignition energy in terms of both the stagnated capsule parameters and the inflight capsule parameters, and explore the connection between these two parameter sets. The second part of this paper examines how much extra energy is required to overcome the effect of the inevitable surface imperfections that are amplified during the implosion process and can lead to capsule break up in flight or to mix of cold fuel into the hotspot, both of which can cause the capsule to fail to ignite. By means of an example, the optimization of a capsule with fixed adiibat, drive pressure, and absorbed energy is performed; the capsule that is maximally robust to these failure modes is found.

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