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Pay-As-You-Go Rules in the Federal Budget Process
The pay-as-you-go (PAYGO) rules in the federal budget process require that new direct spending and revenue legislation be deficit neutral. The net effect of all such legislation enacted during a session must not cause a net increase in the budget deficit (or a net decrease in the budget surplus). If direct spending or revenue legislation causes an increase in the deficit, it must be offset by an equivalent amount of direct spending reductions, revenue increases, or a combination of both.
Date:
February 15, 1999
Creator:
Heniff, Bill, Jr.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Sequestration Process
Sequestration is the cancellation of budgetary resources for the purpose of enforcing statutory budget limits and pay-as-you-go (PAYGO) requirements. This process is triggered automatically when these statutory limits or PAYGO rules have been violated as a result of legislative actions.
Date:
February 25, 1999
Creator:
Heniff, Bill, Jr.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Discretionary Spending Limits
Discretionary spending limits are statutory caps on the level of budget authority and outlays determined through the annual appropriations process. They were initially established by the Budget Enforcement Act (BEA) of 1990 (Title XIII of P.L. 101-508) as part of an agreement between Congress and President George Bush to reduce the deficit. Twice since, they were extended to enforce agreements between Congress and President Bill Clinton, most recently to achieve a surplus.
Date:
February 25, 1999
Creator:
Heniff, Bill, Jr.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Surpluses and Federal Debt
None
Date:
March 1, 1999
Creator:
Winters, Philip D.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Executive Budget Process Timetable
The executive budget process is a complex set of activities that includes formulation of the President’s budget, interaction with Congress, and execution of the budget. Table 1 provides a timetable of the major steps in the year and a half process. The initial development of the President’s budget begins in the individual federal agencies approximately 10 months before the President submits it to Congress (17 or 18 months before the start of the fiscal year).
Date:
April 8, 1999
Creator:
Heniff, Bill, Jr.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Role of the Office of Management and Budget in Budget Development
The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) assists the President in carrying out his budgetary duties. Originally created by the 1921 Budget and Accounting Act as the Bureau of the Budget, it was reconstituted as OMB in 1970. Its primary function is to oversee the development and implementation of the federal budget.
Date:
April 21, 1999
Creator:
Heniff, Bill, Jr.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Overview of the Executive Budget Process
The executive budget process consists of three main phases: development of the President's budget; interaction with Congress; and execution of the budget. This fact sheet provides a brief overview of each of these phases.
Date:
April 26, 1999
Creator:
Heniff, Bill, Jr.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Role of the President in Budget Development
The Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 established the executive budget process, which requires the President to prepare and submit a comprehensive federal budget to Congress each year for the fiscal year that begins on October 1. The President sets out his national priorities and proposes policy initiatives in the federal budget submitted to Congress soon after Congress convenes in January. The President's budget submission provides him the opportunity to influence the agenda for the upcoming budget and policy debate in Congress.
Date:
April 27, 1999
Creator:
Heniff, Bill, Jr.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Role of Departments and Agencies in Budget Development
Federal departments and agencies play an integral role in the development of the President's budget. The Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 requires the President to prepare and submit a comprehensive federal budget to Congress each year. Due to the size and complexity of the federal budget, however, the President relies on departments and agencies to bear the primary responsibility for formulating their budget requests.
Date:
May 17, 1999
Creator:
Heniff, Bill, Jr.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Federal Funding Gaps: A Brief Overview
This report briefly discusses federal funding gaps. The routine activities of most federal agencies are funded annually by one or more of the 13 regular appropriations bills. When action on the regular appropriations bills is delayed, a continuing resolution (CR) is used to provide interim funding. During the past 48 years, CRs have been enacted for all but four fiscal years (FY1953, 1989, 1995, and 1997). For some fiscal years, a series of as many as six CRs have been enacted.
Date:
October 18, 1999
Creator:
Keith, Robert
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Overview of the Authorization-Appropriation Process
A PRIMARY AVENUE FOR EXERCISING CONGRESS'S POWER OF THE purse is the authorization and appropriation of federal spending to carry out government activities. While the power over appropriations is granted to Congress by the U.S. Constitution, the authorization-appropriation process is derived from House and Senate rules. The formal process consists of two sequential steps:
Date:
October 22, 1999
Creator:
Heniff, Bill, Jr.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Advanced Technology Program
The Advanced Technology Program (ATP) was created by P.L. 100-418, the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988, to encourage public-private cooperation in the development of pre-competitive technologies with broad application across industries. This activity has been targeted for elimination as a means to cut federal spending. This report discusses the ATP and related issues of federal appropriations (or the lack thereof).
Date:
August 10, 1999
Creator:
Schacht, Wendy H.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Small Business Innovation Research Program
In 1982, the Small Business Innovation Development Act (P.L. 97-219) established small business innovation research (SBIR) programs within the major federal research and development (R&D) agencies. The intent of the effort was to increase government funding of small, high technology companies for the performance of R&D with commercial potential. Each federal department with an R&D budget of $100 million or more is required to set aside part of this amount to finance the SBIR activity. From its inception in FY1983 through FY1998, approximately $8.6 billion in awards have been made for 50,468 projects. The original program has been extended several times and is now scheduled to sunset October 1, 2000. H.R. 2392, as reported from the House Committee on Small Business and discharged from the House Committee on Science, would reauthorize the SBIR activity through September 30, 2007.
Date:
September 27, 1999
Creator:
Schacht, Wendy H.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Manufacturing, Technology, and Competitiveness
This report discusses increases in the productivity of American firms to maintain competitiveness in the international marketplace.
Date:
January 12, 1999
Creator:
Schacht, Wendy H.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement (1998): Overview, Implementation by States, and Congressional Issues
On November 23, 1998, attorneys general representing 46 states, the District of Columbia, and the five U.S. territories signed an agreement with the major cigarette companies to settle all the state lawsuits seeking to recover the Medicaid costs of treating smokers. The Master Settlement Agreement, or MSA, contractually imposes some restrictions on tobacco advertising, marketing, and promotion and requires the manufacturers to make annual payments totaling about $206 billion through 2025. It follows earlier individual settlements with four states--Mississippi, Florida, Texas, and Minnesota--totaling more than $40 billion over the first 25 years. Cigarette price increases have passed on those settlement costs to smokers.
Date:
November 5, 1999
Creator:
Redhead, C. Stephen
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Electricity Restructuring Background: Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 (PUHCA)
This report provides background information on PUHCA, including its history and impact. It also discusses how PUHCA reform fits into the current electric utility industry restructuring debate. This report will be updated as events warrant. For related information on electricity restructuring, see the CRS Electronic Briefing Book.
Date:
January 7, 1999
Creator:
Abel, Amy
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Monopoly and Monopolization - Fundamental But Separate Concepts in U.S. Antitrust Law
This report illustrates the difference between the concepts of “monopoly” and “monopolization” by touching on the monopoly/monopolization thinking in the Antitrust Division of the Department of Justice (DoJ) and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), as illustrated in (1) statements on merger enforcement made by recent antitrust enforcement officials (generally indicative of the agencies’ concerns about competitive conditions and the effect of various market transactions), (2) the 1992 Horizontal Merger Guidelines 2 and (3) some observations on the Government actions against the Microsoft and Intel Corporations.
Date:
June 28, 1999
Creator:
Rubin, Janice E.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Federal Regulatory Structure for Egg Safety: Fact Sheet
This report discusses the federal role in regulating egg safety. Although the egg industry is primarily responsible for ensuring the safety of its products, four federal agencies hold statutory responsibilities for egg safety.
Date:
September 21, 1999
Creator:
Vogt, Donna U.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Online Privacy Protection: Issues and Developments
It is routinely acknowledged that the success of the Internet and electronic commerce depends upon the resolution of issues related to the privacy of online personal information. This paper discusses some potential threats to the privacy of online personal information, and efforts by businesses, governments, and citizens to respond to them. The paper also provides an overview of the legal framework for the protection of personal information. Individuals and businesses increasingly rely upon computers to transact business and to access the Internet. Online users may voluntarily disclose personal information, such information is often collected by Web sites for commercial purposes. The proliferation of online personal information has focused the attention of citizens, businesses, and governments on the issue.
Date:
September 28, 1999
Creator:
Stevens, Gina Marie
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Staff Depositions in Congressional Investigations
None
Date:
December 3, 1999
Creator:
Shampansky, Jay R.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
House Rules Affecting Committees
House Rules, especially Rules X-XIII, govern the authority and operations of its committees and subcommittees. This report identifies and summarizes these and other rules and directives affecting committee powers, authority, activities, and operations.
Date:
February 22, 1999
Creator:
Bach, Stanley & Hardy-Vincent, Carol
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Congressional Appropriations Process: An Introduction
This report describes the annual appropriations cycle from the President’s submission of his annual budget through enactment of the appropriations measures. It describes the three types of appropriations measures—regular appropriations bills, continuing resolutions, and supplemental bills. It explains the spending ceilings for appropriations bills that are associated with the budget resolution and the sequestration process, including a description of the mechanisms used to enforce the ceilings. It also explains the authorization appropriations process, which prohibits certain provisions in some of the appropriations bills.
Date:
August 3, 1999
Creator:
Streeter, Sandy
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Points of Order in the Congressional Budget Process
None
Date:
April 15, 1999
Creator:
Saturno, James V.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
House Committee Markup: Preparation
Markups provide Members on a committee an opportunity to change parts of a bill prior to its consideration by the full House. A number of administrative, procedural, and substantive steps must be undertaken in preparation for a markup, and other steps could or should be undertaken. Generally, the markup should be strategically planned to minimize controversy, provide Members with political dividends, and position the committee for future action. This report is intended as a guide for various tasks that could be accomplished by committee staff in order to prepare a smooth committee markup.
Date:
January 11, 1999
Creator:
Schneider, Judy
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library