In this work the design and initial fabrication results are reported for the components of a compact optical-MEMS laser scanning system. This system integrates a silicon MEMS laser scanner, a Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL) and passive optical components. The MEMS scanner and VCSEL are mounted onto a fused silica substrate which serves as an optical interconnect between the devices. Two Diffractive Optical Elements (DOEs) are etched into the fused silica substrate to focus the VCSEL beam and increase the scan range. The silicon MEMS scanner consists of an actuator that continuously scans the position of a large polysilicon gold-coated shuttle containing a third DOE. Interferometric measurements show that the residual stress in the 500 {micro}m x 1000 {micro}m shuttle is extremely low, with a maximum deflection of only 0.18{micro}m over an 800 {micro}m span for an unmetallized case and a deflection of 0.56{micro}m for the metallized case. A conservative estimate for the scan range is {approximately}{+-}4{degree}, with a spot size of about 0.5 mm, producing 50 resolvable spots. The basic system architecture, optical and MEMS design is reported in this paper, with an emphasis on the design and fabrication of the silicon MEMS scanner portion of the system.

The diffusive behavior of penetrants in simple polymer melts was investigated by molecular dynamics simulation. For the case where the polymer melt consisted of pearl-necklace chains, the diffusive behavior of the loose pearl penetrants was seen to be qualitatively different than would be expected in realistic models of polymer melts. In particular, there was little or no ''non-Fickiano'' region; the variation of the diffusion coefficient with the penetrant diameter was what one would expect for diffusion through small molecular liquids; and, finally, the long time tail of the velocity auto correlation displayed a ''-3/2'' power law form, also as in the small molecular liquid case. When the chains' backbone motion was further constrained by the introduction of a bond angle potential, the qualitative nature of the penetrant diffusion became more ''polymer-like''. A non-Fickian region developed; the diffusion coefficient varied more rapidly with penetrant diameter; and the velocity autocorrelation function developed a ''-5/2'' power law tail as would be expected for the diffusion of particles with a wide distribution of trapping times.

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A Federal Radiological Monitoring and Assessment Center (FRMAC) is established in response to the Lead Federal Agency (LFA) or state request when a major radiological emergency is anticipated of has occurred. The FRMAC becomes a coalition of federal off-site monitoring and assessment activities to assist the LFA, state(s), local, and tribal authorities. State, local, and tribal authorities are invited to co-locate and prioritize monitoring and assessment efforts in the FRMAC. The Department of Energy is tasked by the Federal Radiological Emergency Response Plan to coordinate the FRMAC.

The U.S. Department of Energy's Remote Sensing Laboratory developed the geometric correction system (GCS) as a state-of-the-art solution for removing distortions from multispectral line scanner data caused by aircraft motion. The system operates on Daedalus AADS-1268 scanner data acquired from fixed-wing and helicopter platforms. The aircraft attitude, altitude, acceleration, and location are recorded and applied to the data, thereby determining the location of the earth with respect to a given datum and projection. The GCS has yielded a positional accuracy of 0.5 meters when used with a 1-meter digital elevation model. Data at this level of accuracy are invaluable in making precise areal estimates and as input into a geographic information system. The combination of high-spatial resolution and accurate geo-rectification makes the GCS a unique tool in identifying and locating environmental conditions, finding targets of interest, and detecting changes as they occur over time.

A thin film of liquid metal is suggested as a grazing incident liquid metal mirror (GILMM) for robust final optics of a laser inertial fusion energy (IFE) power plant. The amount of laser light the mirror can withstand, called the damage limit, of a sodium film 85{sup o} from normal is calculated to be 57 J/cm{sup 2} normal to the beam for a 20 ns pulse and 1.3 J/cm{sup 2} for a 10 ps pulse of 0.35 {micro}m light (2 m{sup 2} and 90 m{sup 2} of mirror area per 100 kJ of laser energy at 20 ns and 10 ps, respectively). Feasibility relies on keep the liquid surface flat to the required accuracy by a combination of polished substrate, adaptive (deformable) optics, surface tension and low Reynolds number, laminar flow in the film. The film's substrate must be polished to {+-} 0.015 pm. Then surface tension keeps the surface smooth over short distances (<10 mm) and low Reynolds number laminar flow keeps the surface smooth by keeping the film thickness constant to less than + 0.01 w over long distance >10 mm. Adaptive optics techniques keep. the substrate flat to within {+-} 0.06 pm over 100 mm distance and …

This informal workshop was organized to bring together scientists and engineers from St0 and LLNL with a common interest in using and developing new in-situ measurement techniques for studying the coastal ocean, particularly near-surface waters in the biologically active photic layer. Much of the discussion focused on the current and potential capabilities of the LLNL ''IMEEDS'' ocean observation capability (Integrated Marine Environmental Element Detection System), and ways to complement and process the data that can be obtained from the system. Two important goals of the workshop were to identify the range of current activities that could be usefully integrated with the capabilities of the LLNL system, and to explore additional scientific problems of the coastal ocean that could be addressed through collaborative LLNL - SIO efforts. A short summary of the issues addressed follows, with lead discussants identified. A series of action items developed during the course of the workshop, a list of participants, and a conference agenda conclude this report.

In conjunction with ongoing high-current experiments on Sandia National Laboratories' Z accelerator we have revisited a problem first described in detail by Heinz Knoepfel. MITLs of previous pulsed power accelerators have been in the 1-Tesla regime. Z's disc transmission line (downstream of the current addition) is in a 100-1200 Tesla regime, so its conductors cannot be modeled simply as static infinite conductivity boundaries. Using the MHD code MACH2 we have been investigating conductor hydrodynamics, characterizing the joule heating, magnetic field diffusion, and material deformation, pressure, and velocity over a range of current densities, current rise-times, and conductor materials. Three purposes of this work are ( 1) to quantify power flow losses owing to ultra-high magnetic fields, (2) to model the response of VISAR diagnostic samples in various configurations on Z, and (3) to incorporate the most appropriate equation of state and conductivity models into our MHD computations. Certain features are strongly dependent on the details of the conductivity model. Comparison with measurements on Z will be discussed.

A 2-D, lattice-Monte Carlo approach was developed to simulate ferroelectric domain structure. The model currently utilizes a Hamiltonian for the total energy based only upon electrostatic terms involving dipole-dipole interactions, local polarization gradients and the influence of applied electric fields. The impact of boundary conditions on the domain configurations obtained was also examined. In general, the model exhibits domain structure characteristics consistent with those observed in a tetragonally distorted ferroelectric. The model was also extended to enable the simulation of ferroelectric hysteresis behavior. Simulated hysteresis loops were found to be very similar in appearance to those observed experimentally in actual materials. This qualitative agreement between the simulated hysteresis loop characteristics and real ferroelectric behavior was also confirmed in simulations run over a range of simulation temperatures and applied field frequencies.

Neutron scattering studies have played a fundamental role in understanding solid-solid phase transformations, particularly in studying the lattice dynamical behavior associated with precursor effects. A review of the studies performed on solids exhibiting Martensitic transformations is given below. The mode softening and associated elastic diffuse scattering, previously observed in NiAl alloys, will be discussed as well as more recent work on Ni{sub 2}MnGa, a system exhibiting magnetic order as well as a Martensitic transformation. Also, new results on the precursor effects in ordered and disordered FePt alloys will be presented.

Real-time measurements of island coarsening during SiGe/Si (001) deposition reveal unusual kinetics. In particular, the mean island volume increases superlinearly with time, while the areal density of islands decreases at a faster-than-linear rate. Neither observation is consistent with standard considerations of Ostvvald ripening. We attribute our observed kinetics to the effect of elastic interactions in the densely growing island array. Island coalescence likely plays an important role as well.

The effect of Inductively Coupled Plasma H{sub 2} or Ar discharges on the breakdown voltage of p-GaN diodes was measured over a range of ion energies and fluxes. The main effect of plasma exposure is a decrease in net acceptor concentration to depths of 400-550{angstrom}. At high ion fluxes or energies there can be type conversion of the initially p-GaN surface. Post etch annealing at 900 C restores the initial conductivity.

The optical constants {epsilon}(E)[={epsilon}{sub 1}(E)+i{epsilon}{sub 2}(E)] of single-crystal GaSb at 300K have been measured using spectral ellipsometry in the range of 0.3-5.3 eV. The {epsilon}(E) spectra displayed distinct structures associated with critical points (CPs) at E{sub 0} (direct gap), spin-orbit split E{sub 0}+{Delta}{sub 0} component, spin-orbit split (E{sub 1}, E{sub 1}+{Delta}{sub 1}) and (E{sub 0}{prime}, E{sub 0}{prime}+{Delta}{sub 0}{prime}) doublets, as well as E{sub 2}. The experimental data over the entire measured spectral range (after oxide removal) has been fit using the Holden model dielectric function based on the electronic energy-band structure near these CPs plus excitonic and band-to-band Coulomb enhancement effects at E{sub 0}, E{sub 0}+{Delta}{sub 0} and the E{sub 1}, E{sub 1}+{Delta}{sub 1} doublet. In addition to evaluating the energies of these various band-to-band CPs, information about the binding energy (R{sub 1}) of the two-dimensional exciton related to the E{sub 1}, E{sub 1}+{Delta}{sub 1} CPs was obtained. The value of R{sub 1} was in good agreement with effective mass/k{sup {rightharpoonup}}{center_dot}p{sup {rightharpoonup}} theory. The ability to evaluate R{sub 1} has important ramifications for recent first-principles band structure calculations which include exciton effects at E{sub 0}, E{sub 1}, and E{sub 2}. The experimental results were compared to other evaluations of the …

The field of microfluidics is undergoing rapid growth in terms of new device and system development. Among the many methods of fabricating microfluidic devices and systems, surface micromachining is relatively underrepresented due to difficulties in the introduction of fluids into the very small channels produced, packaging problems, and difficulties in device and system characterization. The potential advantages of using surface micromachining including compatibility with the existing integrated circuit tool set, integration of electronic sensing and actuation with microfluidics, and fluid volume minimization. In order to explore these potential advantages we have developed first generation surface micromachined microfluidic devices (channels) using an adapted pressure sensor fabrication process to produce silicon nitride channels, and the SUMMiT process to produce polysilicon channels. The channels were characterized by leak testing and flow rate vs. pressure measurements. The fabrication processes used and results of these tests are reported in this paper.

A variety of nondestructive evaluation techniques were utilized to document the damage characteristics of a Si{sub 3}N{sub 4}-BN fibrous monolith. The techniques included X-ray radiography, infrared thermography, ultrasonic C-scanning, and acoustic emission detection. The focus of this paper is the nondestructive evaluation results from a modified single-edge notched tensile specimen inspected before and after testing. Of the techniques performed, the thermography and ultrasonic methods were the most successful at identifying the predominant types of damage incurred in the fibrous monolith material. Polished cross-sections of the specimen revealed that hairline cracks had developed along inter- and intra-laminar BN cell bundle boundaries. Neither type of crack could be identified from the X-ray radiograph. The delaminated zones were matched with results from the thermography and C-scans. The acoustic emissions correlated well with changes in the load-displacement data and provided source locations consistent with the thermal and C-scan images.

Two-particle correlations between pions in Au+Au collisions have been measured at beam kinetic energies of 6, 8, and 10.6 GeV/u at the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS) over a wide range of rapidities using a magnetic spectrometer. The data have been analyzed in the Hanbury-Brown and Twiss (HBT) framework to extract source parameters as functions of the reaction plane as well as beam energy.

Experimental results on hard diffraction from CDF and D0 at the Tevatron are reviewed and compared with results from H1 and ZEUS at HERA and with theoretical expectations.

Very low power, short-range microwave ''radar-like'' sensors can measure the motions and vibrations of internal human speech articulators as speech is produced. In these animate (and also in inanimate acoustic systems) microwave sensors can measure vibration information associated with excitation sources and other interfaces. These data, together with the corresponding acoustic data, enable the calculation of system transfer functions. This information appears to be useful for a surprisingly wide range of applications such as speech coding and recognition, speaker or object identification, speech and musical instrument synthesis, noise cancellation, and other applications.

Detection of molecular ions in mass spectrometry is typically accomplished by an ion colliding with a surface and then amplifying the emitted secondary electrons. It is well established that the secondary electron yield decreases as the mass of the primary ion increases [1-3], thus limiting the detection efficiency of large molecular ions. One way around this limitation is to use secondary ion detectors because the emission efficiency of secondary ions does not seem to decrease for increasing primary ion mass [1]. However this technique has limitations in timing resolution because of the mass spread of the emitted secondary ions. To find other ways around high mass detection limitations it is important to understand existing mechanisms of detection and to explore alternative detector types. To this end, a superconducting tunnel junction (STJ) detector was used in measuring the secondary electron emission efficiency, se, for a MCP detector. STJ detectors are energy sensitive and do not rely on secondary emission to produce a signal. Using a linear MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer, a STJ detector is mounted directly behind the hole in an annular MCP detector. This mounting arrangement allows ions to be detected simultaneously by each detector. The STJ detector sits in a …

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The hadroproduction of lepton pairs with mass Q and transverse momentum Q{sub T} can be described in perturbative QCD by the same partonic subprocesses as prompt photon production. They demonstrate that, like prompt photon production, lepton pair production is dominated by quark-gluon scattering in the region Q{sub T} > Q/2. This leads to sensitivity to the gluon density in kinematical regimes that are accessible both at collider and fixed target experiments while eliminating the theoretical and experimental uncertainties present in prompt photon production.

Fibrous monoliths (FMs) of Si{sub 3}N{sub 4}/BN ({approx}85 vol% Si{sub 3}N{sub 4}/15 vol% BN) with three different cell architectures (unidirectional, 0{degree}/90{degree}, and {+-}45{degree}) were tested in four-point-bend mode under ambient conditions. The FM constituents (hot-pressed monolithic Si{sub 3}N{sub 4} and BN) were also characterized. The unidirectional Si{sub 3}N{sub 4}/BN FM demonstrated the best properties, with ultimate strength of 476 {+-} 30 MPa and work-of-fracture of 12.6 {+-} 1.9 kJ/m{sup 2}, while Si{sub 3}N{sub 4}/BN FM with {+-}45{degree} cell architecture had the lowest strength (175 {+-} 13 MPa) and work-of-fracture (2.7 {+-} 1.7 kJ/m{sup 2}). The 0{degree}/90{degree} FM had intermediate values of 379 {+-} 86 MPa and 4.9 {+-} 2.2 kJ/m{sup 2}. High work-of-fracture for the unidirectional Si{sub 3}N{sub 4}/BN was correlated to toughening mechanisms such as extensive delamination and crack deflection. Predictions for the elastic moduli of the Si{sub 3}N{sub 4}/BN FMs based on laminate theory correlated well with the observed elastic moduli for the unidirectional and 0{degree}/90{degree} Si{sub 3}N{sub 4}/BN FMs. However, large discrepancies were observed between predictions and observed values for the {+-}45{degree} Si{sub 3}N{sub 4}/BN FMs, possibly due to the increasing role of the BN phase on mechanical properties in these FMs. Mechanical properties of monolithic Si{sub …

The CDF and D0 Collaborations obtain new measurements of the W boson mass using data taken between 1994 and 1996. CDF updates the previous result obtained from W {yields} {mu}{nu} decays, reducing many systematic uncertainties, and performs a new measurement using a high statistics sample of W {yields} e{nu} events; combining these measurements with the previous ones yields M_W^CDF =80.433 ± 0.079 GeV/c ². D0 also extends the previous result, based on central electron events, by including events with electrons landed in the forward calorimeters; the combined D0 result is M_W^D0 = 80.474 ± 0.093 GeV/c &sup 2;. The numbers obtained by the two experiments can be combined together with the older UA2 one (M_W^UA2 = 80.36 ± 0.37 GeV/c ²), by assuming a 25 MeV/c ² common error, to yield a hadron collider average of M_W =80.448 ± 0.062 GeV/c ².

New measurements of the W boson mass from the two Tevatron experiments, CDF and D0 are presented. The results are from the 1994-1995 Tevatron run, and based on integrated luminosities of 82 pb_-1 (D0) and 90 pub_-1 (CDF), from p{anti p} collisions at {radical}s=1.8 TeV. These new measurements when combined with previous published measurements yield a Tevatron W mass value of 80.450 ± 0.063 GeV.