If battery packs for electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are to operate effectively in all climates, thermal management of the packs is essential. In this paper, we will review a systematic approach for designing and evaluating battery pack thermal management systems. A thermal management system using air as the heat transfer medium is less complicated than a system using liquid cooling/heating. Generally, for parallel HEVs, an air thermal management system is adequate, whereas for EVs and series HEVs, liquid-based systems may be required for optimum thermal performance. Further information on battery thermal management can be found on the Web site www.ctts.nrel.gov/BTM

(B204) The meeting will bring together observers and theorists in a highly interactive format, to further connect the local and cosmological star formation communities. Forward looking talks, aimed at the other communities, will survey terminology, achievements, problems and aspirations. Discussion will focus on the definition of the key questions, how the different communities can help each other, and preparations for the incorporation of realistic star formation into cosmological simulations.

ITOUGH2 is an optimization code that allows estimation of any input parameter of the nonisothermal, multiphase flow simulator TOUGH2. ITOUGH2 inversions are computationally intensive because the so-called forward problem, i.e., the simulation of fluid and heat flow through the geologic formation, must be solved many times for different parameter combinations to evaluate the misfit criterion or to numerically calculate sensitivity coefficients. Most of these forward runs am independent from each other and can therefore be performed in parallel. Message passing based on the Parallel Virtual Machine (PVM) system has been implemented into ITOUGH2 to enable parallel processing of forward simulations on a heterogeneous network of Unix workstations or networked PCs that run under the Linux operating system. This paper describes the PVM system and its implementation into ITOUGH2. Examples are discussed, demonstrating the use, efficiency, and limitations of ITOUGH2-PVM.

In the adiabatic approximation, most of the effects of quark-antiquark loops on spectroscopy can be absorbed into a static interquark potential. The author develops a formalism which can be used to treat the residual nonadiabatic effects associated with the presence of nearby hadronic thresholds for heavy quarks. He then defines a potential which includes additional high energy corrections to the adiabatic limit which would be present for finite quark masses. This improved potential allows a systematic low energy expansion of the impact of thresholds on hadronic spectra.

We present results on bottom hadron production asymmetries at the LHC within both the Lund string fragmentation model and the intrinsic bottom model. The main aspects of the models are summarized and specific predictions for pp collisions at 14 TeV are given. Asymmetries are found to be very small at central rapidities increasing to a few percent at forward rapidities. At very large rapidities intrinsic production could dominate but this region is probably out of reach of any experiment.

The National Renewable Energy Laboratory, a U.S. Department of Energy national laboratory, is collaborating with U.S. automotive manufacturers to develop innovative techniques to reduce national fuel consumption and vehicle tailpipe emissions by reducing vehicle climate control loads. A new U.S. emissions test, the Supplemental Federal Test Procedure (SFTP), will soon begin measuring tailpipe emissions with the air conditioning system operating. Modeled results show that emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO) more than double during the air conditioning part of the SFTP. Reducing the transmittance of the glazing can have a greater impact on the cabin soak temperature than ventilating the vehicle during a hot soak. Reducing the amount of outside air can decrease cooling and heating loads but requires that the recirculated air be cleaned. We discuss a photocatalytic oxidation air-cleaning process for removing volatile organic compounds and bioareosols. We conclude with an example of modeling the thermal comfort of the occupants. An auxiliary load increase of only 400 Watts (W) results in a 0.4 km/L (1 mpg) decrease for a conventional 11.9-L/100-km (28-mpg) vehicle. If every vehicle in the United States were to save only 0.4 km/L (1 mpg), $4 billion (U.S. dollars) would be …

We have been developing the optical components for a source-routed wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) computer interconnect fabric that uses multi-mode fiber ribbon cable as the transmission medium. We are developing wavelength selectable VCSEL transmitters, interference filters, and a compact broadcast element. Here we report on key results from our interference filter development activities. Our WDM filter approach is based upon post-market machining of the commercially available molded plastic �MT� fiber ribbon connector. We use III-IV semiconductors grown by MBE or MOCVD as the filter materials. The high indices of our thin film materials enable us to use multimode fiber and maintain narrow passbands without the need for micro-optics. We have fabricated both 2-port and 3-port devices based upon this approach. Our current work focuses on 2-port WDM filters suitable for a broadcast and select architecture. Our single-cavity Fabry- Perot (FP) filters have demonstrated insertion losses of < 2 dB for 4 nm passbands. The maximum crosstalk suppression for the single-cavity FP filters is 18dB To improve crosstalk suppression beyond that attainable with the Lorentzian lineshapes of the single-cavity FP we have investigated some multiple-cavity Fabry-Perot (MC-FP) designs which have a spectral response with a flatter top and sharper passband edges. …

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Article on a comparison of analytical methods and a direct emission versus first-derivative fluorometric methods for quinine determination in tonic waters.

This article discusses the load transfer mechanism between logical processes and migration of of logical processes between several pairs of physical processors.

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Several computer codes have been developed to perform nuclear burnup calculations over the past few decades. In addition, because of advances in computer technology, it recently has become more desirable to use Monte Carlo techniques for such problems. Monte Carlo techniques generally offer two distinct advantages over discrete ordinate methods: (1) the use of continuous energy cross sections and (2) the ability to model detailed, complex, three-dimensional (3-D) geometries. These advantages allow more accurate burnup results to be obtained, provided that the user possesses the required computing power (which is required for discrete ordinate methods as well). Several linkage codes have been written that combine a Monte Carlo N-particle transport code (such as MCNP^TM) with a radioactive decay and burnup code. This paper describes one such code that was written at Los Alamos National Laboratory: monteburns. Monteburns links MCNP with the isotope generation and depletion code ORIGEN2. The basis for the development of monteburns was the need for a fully automated code that could perform accurate burnup (and other) calculations for any 3-D system (accelerator-driven or a full reactor core). Before the initial development of monteburns, a list of desired attributes was made and is given below. o The code …

The US conducted a series of nuclear tests from 1946 to 1958 at Bikini, a coral atoll, in the Marshall Islands (MI). The aquatic and terrestrial environments of the atoll are still contaminated with several long-lived radionuclides that were generated during testing. The four major radionuclides found in terrestrial plants and soils are Cesium-137 ({sup 137}Cs), Strontium-90 ({sup 90}Sr), Plutonium-239+240 ({sup 239+240}Pu) and Americium-241 ({sup 241}Am). {sup 137}Cs in the coral soils is more available for uptake by plants than {sup 137}Cs associated with continental soils of North America or Europe. Soil-to-plant {sup 137}Cs median concentration ratios (CR) (kBq kg{sup {minus}1} dry weight plant/kBq kg{sup {minus}1} dry weight soil) for tropical fruits and vegetables range between 0.8 and 36, much larger than the range of 0.005 to 0.5 reported for vegetation in temperate zones. Conversely, {sup 90}Sr median CRs range from 0.006 to 1.0 at the atoll versus a range from 0.02 to 3.0 for continental silica-based soils. Thus, the relative uptake of {sup 137}Cs and {sup 90}Sr by plants in carbonate soils is reversed from that observed in silica-based soils. The CRs for {sup 239+240}Pu and {sup 241}Am are very similar to those observed in continental soils. Values range …

In DIII-D tokamak plasmas with an internal transport barrier (ITB), the comparison of gyrokinetic linear stability (GKS) predictions with experiments in both low and strong negative magnetic shear plasmas provide improved understanding for electron thermal transport within the plasma. Within a limited region just inside the ITB, the electron temperature gradient (ETG) modes appear to control the electron temperature gradient and, consequently, the electron thermal transport. The increase in the electron temperature gradient with more strongly negative magnetic shear is consistent with the increase in the ETG mode marginal gradient. Closer to the magnetic axis the T{sub e} profile flattens and the ETG modes are predicted to be stable. With additional core electron heating, FIR scattering measurements near the axis show the presence of high k fluctuations (12 cm{sup {minus}1}), rotating in the electron diamagnetic drift direction. This turbulence could impact electron transport and possibly also ion transport. Thermal diffusivities for electrons, and to a lesser degree ions, increase. The ETG mode can exist at this wavenumber, but it is computed to be robustly stable near the axis. Consequently, in the plasmas the authors have examined, calculations of drift wave linear stability do not explain the observed transport near the …

Environmental measurements are significantly enhanced by a complement of field-worthy spectrosopic instrumentation. These improvements can result in rapid turn around time, more representative sampling of larger areas, and lower overall costs. The qualities that make instrumentation field-worthy include real-time analysis, ruggedness, size/portability, analyte selectivity or specificity, detectability and, of course, sufficient accuracy and precision. The Characterization, Monitoring & Sensor Technology Crosscutting Program (CMST-CP) within the U.S. Department of Energy Environmental Management supports a wiede range of spectroscopic applications directly related to accelerating their cleanup efforts. Examples include tunable near infrared diode laser, laser-induced breakdown, imaging, beta, and mass spectroscopic technologies. Awarness of new technologies is crucial. An overview of these technologies will be presented.

Numerous glazing technologies are under development worldwide to improve the performance of building facades. High-performance glazings can provide substantial energy and related environmental benefits, but often at greatly increased first cost when compared to conventional design solutions. To increase market viability, we discuss strategies to reduce the actual and owner-perceived costs associated with developing and producing advanced window systems, specifically switchable electrochromic glazings, and we also suggest marketing strategies designed to appeal to early adopter and mainstream purchasers. These strategies may be applicable to a broad range of advanced glazing materials.

A slide-together compression package and microfluidic interconnects for microfabricated devices requiring fluidic and electrical connections is presented. The package assembles without tools, is reusable, and requires no epoxy, wirebonds, or solder, making chip replacement fast and easy. The microfluidic interconnects use standard HPLC PEEK tubing, with the tip machined to accept either an o-ring or custom molded ring which serves the dual function of forming the seal and providing mechanical retention strength. One design uses a screw to compress the o-ring, while others are simply plugged into a cartridge retained in the package. The connectors are helium leak-tight, can withstand hundreds of psi, are easy to connect and disconnect, are low dead volume, have a small footprint, and are adaptable to a broad range of microfabricated devices.

The Goldberger-Treiman discrepancy in SU(3) is analyzed in the framework of heavy baryon chiral perturbation theory (HBChPT). It is shown that the discrepancy at leading order is entirely given by counterterms from the order p{sup 3} Lagrangian, and that the first subleading corrections are suppressed by two powers in the HBChPT expansion. These subleading corrections include meson-loop contributions as well as counterterms from the order p{sup 5} Lagrangian. Some one-loop contributions are calculated and found to be small. Using the three discrepancies ({pi}NN, KN{Lambda} and KN{Sigma}) which can be extracted from existing experimental data, the authors find that the HBChPT calculation favors the smaller g({pi}NN) values obtained in recent partial wave analyses.

In this paper, the authors extend an upper bound result of Cocks [1989] to obtain a formula for porosity growth in ductile metals. Pressure and deviatoric stress are included. The matrix plasticity model involves the plastic strain rate as a power of the deviatoric stress, with a yield stress. The results show that the deviatoric stress cannot be neglected in calculating the porosity growth, even for high triaxialities.

Over the last ten years, LLNL has been developing Microtechnology for instrumentation with applications in the biosciences and environment. In order to build and field high-performance instruments, they have often had to alter their original premises and assumptions, significantly. This meant that they were forced to abandon materials and dimensions that were appealing to them when they began the R and D. Examples include work on silicon-based electrophoresis systems, etched-fluidics for sample/sheath flow nozzles in flow cytometers, and polymerase-chain-reaction thermal-cycling chambers based on silicon-nitride. This presentation discusses these and their work on other devices and instruments.

In order to increase the DNA sequencing throughput of the Joint Genome Institute, we have developed a microchannel electrophoresis system. The critical new and unique elements of this system include 1) a process for the production of arrays of 96 and 384 microchannels on bonded glass substrates up to 14 x 58 cm and 2) new sieving media for high resolution and high speed separations. With custom fabrication apparatus, microchannels are etched in a borosilicate substrate, and then fusion bonded to a top substrate 1.1 mm thick that has access holes formed in it. SEM examination shows a typical microchannel to be 40 micrometers deep x 180 micrometers wide by 46 cm long. This technology offers significant advantages over discrete capillaries or conventional slab-gel approaches. High throughput DNA sequencing with over 550 base pairs resolution has been achieved in roughly half the time of conventional sequencers. In February 1999, we begin a pre-production evaluation protocol for the microchannel and for three glass capillary electrophoresis systems (two from industry and one developed by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory for the Joint Genome Institute). In order to utilize these instruments for DNA production sequencing, we have been evaluating and implementing software to convert …

This paper discusses results of experimental research and a model implementation of the hot deformation process in the two-phase region under high strain rate. Hot compression tests were employed to determine the behavior of deformed microalloyed steel over a range of strain rates (1 x 10{sup -3} s{sup -1} - 2.5 x 10{sup 3} s{sup -1}) and temperatures (650 C - 850 C). The thermomechanical history of the material is consequently integrated in the simulation and compared with the experimental results.

Compact intracloud discharges (CIDS) represent a distinct class of electrical discharges that occur within intense regions of thunderstorms. They are singular discharges that produce brief (typically 3 &micro;s in duration) broadband RF emissions that are 20 to 30 dB more powerful than radiation from all other recorded lightning processes in the HF and VHF radio spectrum. Far field electric field change recordings of CIDS consist of a single, large-amplitude bipolar pulse that begins to rise during the RF-producing phase of the CID and typically lasts for 20 &micro;s. During the summer of 1998 we operated a 4-station array of electric field change meters in New Mexico to support FORTE satellite observations of transient RF and optical sources and to learn more about the phenomenology and physical characteristics of CIDS. Over 800 CIDS were detected and located during the campaign. The events were identified on the basis of their unique field change waveforms. CID source heights determined using the relative delays of ionospherically reflected source emissions were typically between 4 and 11 km above ground level. Events of both positive and negative polarity were observed with events' of initially- negative polarity (indicative of discharges occurring between underlying positive and overlying negative …

Flow and transport through fractured porous media occurs in many subsurface systems and has received considerable attention in recent years due to the importance in the areas of underground natural resource recovery, waste storage, and environmental remediation scheme. Among the methods of handling fracture/matrix flow and transport through geological media, the effective continuum method (ECM) has been widely used, and misused in some cases, because of its simplicity in terms of data requirements and computational efficiency. This paper presents a rigorous, generalized effective continuum formulation, which has been implemented into the TOUGH2 code (Pruess, 1991) for modeling multiphase, multicomponent, non-isothermal flow and transport in fractured rocks. Also included in the paper are discussions of the conditions under which the ECM approach applies and the procedures for evaluating the effective parameters for both flow and transport simulations. Three application examples, one multiphase flow, one heat flow and one chemical transport problem, are given to demonstrate the usefulness of the ECM method.