Quality Process Plan for the Restart of Cell Hot-Work. Addition of Table 4.

Quality Process Plan for the Restart of Cell Hot-Work. Addition of Table 5a.

Ohmic contacts to thin-film CdS/CdTe photovoltaic devices have been formed using a two-layer contact interface of undoped ZnTe (ZnTe) and Cu-doped ZnTe (ZnTe:Cu), followed by Ni or Ti as an outer metallization. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) is used to study Cu diffusion within this back-contact structure, and also, to monitor Cu diffusion from the contact into the CdTe. When Ni metallization is used, the ZnTe:Cu layer becomes increasingly depleted of Cu, and Ni diffusion into the ZnTe:Cu increases as the contact deposition temperature increases from 100 C to 300 C. Cu depletion is not observed when Ni is replaced with Ti. Diffusion of Cu from the ZnTe:Cu layer into the ZnTe layer also increases with contact deposition temperature, and produces a buildup of Cu at the ZnTe/CdTe interface. High-mass resolution SIMS indicates that, although Cu levels in the CdTe remain low, Cu diffusion from the contact proceeds into the CdTe layer and toward the CdTe/CdS junction region.

Existing thermal hydraulics computer codes can account for variations in power and temperature in the axial and thickness directions but variations across the width of the plate cannot be accounted for. In the case of fuel plates in an annular core this can lead to significant errors which are accentuated by the presence of an oxide layer that builds up on the aluminum cladding with burnup. This paper uses a three dimensional SINDA model to account for the transverse variations in power. The effect of oxide thickness on these differences is studied in detail. Power distribution and fuel conductivity are also considered. The lower temperatures predicted with the SINDA model result in a greater margin to clad and fuel damage.

The National Institute of Justice has tasked their Satellite Facility at Sandia National Laboratories and their Southeast Regional Technology Center in Charleston, South Carolina to devise new procedures and tools for helping correctional facilities to assess their security vulnerabilities. Thus, a team is visiting selected correctional facilities and performing vulnerability assessments. A vulnerability assessment helps to identi~ the easiest paths for inmate escape, for introduction of contraband such as drugs or weapons, for unexpected intrusion fi-om outside of the facility, and for the perpetration of violent acts on other inmates and correctional employees, In addition, the vulnerability assessment helps to quantify the security risks for the facility. From these initial assessments will come better procedures for performing vulnerability assessments in general at other correctional facilities, as well as the development of tools to assist with the performance of such vulnerability assessments.

In a recent Letter Anderson et al. report some very intriguing radio observations flom various interplanetary spaceprobes over the past 18 years. They interpret this data as an anomalous deceleration of the spaceprobes. Here I offer a different interpretation: that the anomaly is related to the cosmological red shift.

The authors present the design parameters of a high gain harmonic generation (HGHG) FEL experiment to be carried out at the accelerator test facility (ATF) at BNL, in collaboration with APS. This experiment is a proof-of-principle experiment for the DUV-FEL at BNL. In the HGHG experiment they plan to double the frequency of a CO{sub 2} seed laser by utilizing a 0.76 m long 9 period undulator (named the Mini Undulator), a 2 m long 60 period undulator (named the Cornell Undulator A), and a 0.3 m electromagnet chicane (the dispersive section). The first undulator will be used in conjunction with the CO{sub 2} seed laser to generate a ponderomotive force that will bunch the electron beam. The bunching will then be enhanced by the dispersion section. The second undulator, the Cornell Undulator A, tuned to the second harmonic of the seed laser will serve as the radiator. In the beginning of the radiator the bunched beam will produce coherent emission (characterized by a quadratic growth of the radiated power), then the radiation will be amplified exponentially. They plan to study the evolution of the various radiation growth mechanisms as well as the coherence of the doubled, exponentially amplified radiation.

Even though theoretical estimates predict response times for the photo emission process of electrons from a negative electron affinity GaAs photo emitter in excess of hundreds of picoseconds, recent measurements found electron bunch durations of 40 ps or less. This work presents precise measurements of picosecond electron bunches from a negative affinity bulk GaAs photo cathode and develops a model which explains the measured bunch durations as well as the observed bunch shapes. The bunch shape turns out to be independent from the quantum efficiency of the photo emitter.

This semi-annual technical progress report describes work performed under DOE Grant No. DE-FG22-96PC96224 during the period March 24, 1998 to September 23, 1998 which covers the fourth six months of the project. Existing laser heating set-up at the Single Particle Laboratory, Federal Energy Technology Center, Morgantown, WV would work only in the range of 10 to 10 4 5 K/s. During this reporting period, appropriate changes were made to the laser heating system to heat particles in the range of 10 to 10 K/s. Also, calibration for all the components of the 4 7 electrodynamic balance measurement system including single-color pyrometer and heating laser was successfully completed. Following the calibration, a large number of single coal particles were caught in the electrodynamic balance and their volume, external surface area, mass, and density were measured. The same single particles were then heated bidirectionally with a pulsed (10 ms pulse width) Nd:YAG laser beams of equal intensity. The temporal power variation in the laser pulse was monitored for use in the heat transfer analysis by an ultra-fast fiber optic uv light transmitter included in the beam path and coupled to a silicon photodiode. Measurements of changes in particle size that accompanied rapid …

A hybrid photovoltaic system provides Pinnacles National Monument with electrical services in an environmentally sensitive area. This quite, unobtrusive system provides the Chapparral area with clean, reliable electricity. Installing renewable energy projects at Federal facilities provides Federal agencies an opportunity to fulfill their mandate for responsible stewardship of national resources with cost-effective environmentally benign technologies.

In a fire involving fissile material, the mixture of the fissile material ash with fire fighting water may lead to a criticality excursion if there are nearby sumps that permit a critical geometry. The severity of the resulting energy release and pressure pulse is dependent on the rate at which the mixing occurs. To calculate these excursions, a non-equilibrium equation of state for the water ash mixture or slurry is needed that accounts for the thermal non-equilibrium that occurs due to finite heat transfer rates. We are developing the slurry EOS as well as a lumped neutronic and hydrodynamic model to serve as a testing ground for the non-equilibrium EOS before its incorporation into more sophisticated neutronic-hydrodynamics codes. Though the model lacks spatial dependence, it provides estimates of energy release and pressure pulses for various mixture assembly rates. We are also developing a non-equilibrium EOS for critical solution systems in which the fissile material is dissolved in water, which accounts for chemical non-equilibrium due to finite mass transfer rates. In contrast to previously published solution EOS, our solution EOS specifically accounts for mass diffusion of dissolved radiolytic gas to bubble nucleation sites. This EOS was developed to check our overall …

Studies in which selective chemical markers have been used to explore the mechanisms by which biocatalysts interact with heavy crude oils have shown that the biochemical reactions follow distinct trends. The term biocatalyst refers to a group of extremophilic microorganisms which, under the experimental conditions used, interact with heavy crude oils to (1) cause a redistribution of hydrocarbons, (2) cause chemical changes in oil fractions containing sulfur compounds and lower the sulfur content, (3) decrease organic nitrogen content, and (4) decrease the concentration of trace metals. Current data indicate that the overall effect is due to simultaneous reactions yielding products with relatively higher concentration of saturates and lower concentrations of aromatics and resins. The compositional changes depend on the microbial species and the chemistry of the crudes. Economic analysis of a potential technology based on the available data indicate that such a technology, used in a pre-refinery mode, may be cost efficient and promising. In the present paper, the background of oil biocatalysis and some recent results will be discussed.

We have used studies of single grain boundaries in YBCO thin films and bulk bicrystals to study the influence of vortex pinning along a grain boundary on dissipation. The critical current density for transport across grain boundaries in thin films is typically more than an order of magnitude larger than that measured for transport across grain boundaries in bulk samples. For low disorientation angles, the difference in critical current density within the grains that form the boundary can contribute to the substantial differences in current density measured across the boundary. However, substantial differences exist in the critical current density across boundaries in thin film compared to bulk bicrystals even in the higher angle regime in which grain boundary dissipation dominates. The differences in critical current density in this regime can be understood on the basis of vortex pinning along the boundary.

The Arrhenius methodology has been utilized for many years to NOV 171998 predict polymer lifetimes in various applications. Unfortunately, there are numerous potential limitations associated with this methodology, o ST I many of which can lead to non-Arrhenius behavior. This paper will review several of these limitations, including a brief mention of diffusion-limited oxidation (DLO) effects and a more extensive discussion of the implication of changes in the effective Arrhenius activation energy E. or in the dominant reactions as the temperature changes. Changes in Ea or in the dominant reactions with temperature can happen for any material, making extrapolations beyond the experimental temperature range problematic. Unfortunately, when mechanistic changes occur, they invariably result in a reduction in effective Arrhenius activation energy, leading to lower than expected material lifetimes. Thus it is critically important to derive methods for testing the Arrhenius extrapolation assumption. One approach that we have developed involves ultrasensitive oxygen consumption measurements. Results from the application of this approach will be reviewed.

This report is a primer for industry (inventors and corporations) on how to license technology.

Researchers at Sandia have recently designed and built several research prototypes, which demonstrate that truly complex mechanical systems can now be realized in a surface micromachined technology. These MicroElectro- Mechanical Systems (MEMS) include advanced actuators, torque multiplying gear tmins, rack and pinion assemblies, positionable mirrors, and mechanical discriminators. All of tile mechanical components are batch fabricated on a single chip of silicon using the infrastructure origimdly developed to support today's highly reliabk; and robust microelectronics industry. Sand ia is also developing the technology 10 integrate microelectronic circuits onto the s,ime piece of silicon that is used to fabricate the MEMS devices. This significantly increases sensitivity and reliability, while fhrther reducing package size and fabrication costs. A review of the MEMS technology and capabilities available at Sandia National Laboratories is presented.

This paper presents a simple methodology for quickly predicting and optimizing computer run time for the Barnes-Hut multipole method for boundary element electromagnetic scattering problems. The methodology is easily extended to other multipole methods (e.g., Greengard-Rokhlin) and to other physics. The idea is to simply COZM t the number of element-cell interactions, number of direct element- element interactions, and the number of cell multipole expansion creations (each expansion weighted by the number of elements in the cell), and then finally combine these three results with the associated unit costs to obtain the total computer :un-time to perform a single matrix-vector multiply. By counting operations instead of actually performing them, the time to predict the computer run time is orders of magnitude smaller than the time to actually perform the associated calculations. This allows for very quick optimization of parameters, such as the maximum number of elements in a final generation cell of the tree. Numerical examples are presented herein in which the rate of return (time saved over time spent finding optimal parameter values) is significantly more than two orders of magnitude.

The effect of columnar defects on the critical dynamics of superconducting Tl{sub 2}Ba{sub 2}CaCu{sub 2}O{sub 8}(Tl-2212) film has been investigated. The Tl-2212 film was irradiated at 0 C by 1.3 GeV U-ions along the normal of the film surface. The dose of 6.0 x 10{sup 10} ions/cm{sup 2} of the U-ion irradiation corresponds to a matching field of 1.2 T. The in-plane longitudinal resistivity of the irradiated Tl-2212 has been measured as a function of magnetic field H and temperature T. The extracted fluctuation part of the conductivity {sigma}{sub xx}(T, H) of the unirradiated sample exhibits 3D-XY scaling behavior that reveals dynamic critical exponent z = 1.8 {+-} 0.1 and static critical exponent v {approx} 1.338. The results indicate that the weak interlayer coupling along the c-axis of Tl-2212 significantly influences static critical exponent v and does not change dynamical critical exponent. After the irradiation, the fluctuation conductivities are enhanced by the strong pinnings and do not exhibit the same 3D-XY scaling behavior as for the unirradiated Tl-2212. Particularly at the low magnetic field values near the matching field of 1.2 T, the fluctuation conductivities show a clear deviation from the critical dynamics, suggesting that the pinning effect on the …

This report provides a summary of the radiological surveys performed in support of near-facility environmental monitoring at the Hanford Site. The Third Quarter 1998 survey results and the status of actions required are summarized: (1) All of the eighty-five environmental radiological surveys scheduled during July, August and September were performed as planned. Fifty-one of the surveys were conducted at Project Hanford Management Contractors (PHMC) sites and thirty-four at Environmental Restoration Contractor (ERC) sites. Contamination above background levels was found at seventeen of the PHMC waste sites and two of the ERC waste sites. Contamination levels as high >1,000,000 disintegrations per minute (dpm) per 100 cm{sup 2} were reported. Of these contaminated surveys nine were in Underground Radioactive Material (URM) areas, three were in unposted areas and seven were in contamination areas. The contamination found within four of the URM and three of the CA areas was immediately cleaned up and no further action was required. The remaining five URM and two unposted sites were posted and along with the five CA sites will require remediation. Radiological Problem Reports (RPR's) were issued and the sites were turned over to the landlord for further action as required. (2) During the second quarter …

It has become increasingly important to address the issues of operational reliability and availability of an accelerator complex early in its design and construction phases. In this context, reliability addresses the mean time between failures and the failure rate, and availability takes into account the failure rate as well as the length of time required to repair the failure. Methods to reduce failure rates include reduction of the number of components and over-design of certain key components. Reduction of the on-line repair time can be achieved by judiciously designed hardware, quick-service spare systems, and redundancy. In addition, provisions for easy inspection and maintainability are important for both reduction of the failure rate as well as reduction of the time to repair. The radiation safety exposure principle of ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) is easier to comply with when easy inspection capability and easy maintainability are incorporated into the design. Discussions of past experience in improving accelerator availability, some recent developments, and potential R and D items are presented.

The structural and magnetic properties of the two-layered Ruddlesden-Popper phase SrO(La{sub 1{minus}x}Sr{sub x}MnO{sub 3}){sub 2} with x = 0.3 and x = 0.4 are investigated. These naturally layered manganites exhibit a colossal magnetoresistance, a magnetic anisotropy which is strongly composition-dependent, almost no remanence, and a non-vanishing magnetization in an extended temperature range above the Curie temperature (T{sub c}). The magnetization in this temperature range is not intrinsic to the crystal, but is attributed to intergrowths. These two-dimensional lattice imperfections consist of additional or missing SrO layers and have been observed in transmission electron micrographs. The magnetic properties of the intergrowths differ from the bulk crystal which results in unusual magnetic behavior.

An electrostatic kicker has been constructed for use in the Low-Energy Undulator Test Line (LEUTL) at the Advanced Photon Source (APS). The function of the kicker is to limit the amount of beam current to be accelerated by the APS linac. Two electrodes within the kicker create an electric field that adjusts the trajectory of the beam. This paper will explore the static fields that are set up between the offset electrode plates and determine the reaction of the beam to this field. The kicker was numerically simulated using the electromagnetic solver package MAFIA [1].

Tunneling measurements are reported for superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) break junctions on underdoped, optimally-doped, and overdoped single crystals of Bi{sub 2}Sr{sub 2}CaCu{sub 2}O{sub 8+{delta}} (Bi-2212). The junction I-V characteristics exhibit well-defined quasiparticle current jumps at eV = 2A as well as hysteretic Josephson currents. The quasiparticle branch has been analyzed in the framework of d{sub x{sup 2}-y{sup 2}} (d-wave) superconductivity and indicates that there is preferential tunneling along the lobe directions of the d-wave gap. For overdoped Bi-2212 with T{sub c} = 62 K, the Josephson current is measured as a function of junction resistance, R{sub n}, which varied by two orders of magnitude (1 k{Omega} to 100 k{Omega}). I{sub c}R{sub n} product is proportional to the 0.47 power of I{sub c} and displays a maximum of 7.0 mV. When the hole doping is decreased from overdoped (T{sub c} = 62 K) to the underdoped regime (T{sub c} = 70 K), the average I{sub c}R{sub n} product increases as does the quasiparticle gap. The maximum I{sub c}R{sub n} is {approximately} 40% of the {Delta}/e at each doping level, with a value as high as 25 mV in underdoped Bi-2212.

QCD motivated polarized parton distributions, evolved directly in x-space, are used to predict rates for prompt photon and jet production at RHIC and HERA-N center of mass energies. Various scenarios for the polarized gluon distributions are considered and compared, and the possibility of using large p{sub T} processes in polarized pp collision experiments to choose between them is analyzed.