High sensitivity acoustic wave chemical microsensors are being developed on GaAs substrates. These devices take advantage of the piezoelectric properties of GaAs as well as its mature microelectronics fabrication technology and nascent micromachining technology. The design, fabrication, and response of GaAs SAW chemical microsensors are reported. Functional integrated GaAs SAW oscillators, suitable for chemical sensing, have been produced. The integrated oscillator requires 20 mA at 3 VK, operates at frequencies up to 500 MHz, and occupies approximately 2 mmz. Discrete GaAs sensor components, including IC amplifiers, SAW delay lines, and IC phase comparators have been fabricated and tested. A temperature compensation scheme has been developed that overcomes the large temperature dependence of GaAs acoustic wave devices. Packaging issues related to bonding miniature flow channels directly to the GaAs substrates have been resolved. Micromachining techniques for fabricating FPW and TSM microsensors on thin GaAs membranes are presented and GaAs FPW delay line performance is described. These devices have potentially higher sensitivity than existing GaAs and quartz SAW sensors.

Due to the stringent surface figure requirements for the multilayer-coated optics in an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) projection lithography system, it is desirable to minimize deformation due to the multilayer film stress. However, the stress must be reduced or compensated without reducing EUV reflectivity, since the reflectivity has a strong impact on the throughput of a EUV lithography tool. In this work we identify and evaluate several leading techniques for stress reduction and compensation as applied to Mo/Si and Mo/Be multilayer films. The measured film stress for Mo/Si films with EUV reflectances near 67.4% at 13.4 nm is approximately - 420 MPa (compressive), while it is approximately +330 MPa (tensile) for Mo/Be films with EUV reflectances near 69.4% at 11.4 nm. Varying the Mo-to-Si ratio can be used to reduce the stress to near zero levels, but at a large loss in EUV reflectance (> 20%). The technique of varying the base pressure (impurity level) yielded a 10% decrease in stress with a 2% decrease in reflectance for our multilayers. Post-deposition annealing was performed and it was observed that while the cost in reflectance is relatively high (3.5%) to bring the stress to near zero levels (i.e., reduce by 1 00%), …

Scan of an article clipping from the 'New York Times' titled "The Fire Next Time" by Frank Rich. The piece covers the words of Reverend Pat Robertson and Republican leaders against gay people. It also mentions the "Rally for Liberty" held by the Log Cabin Republicans of Texas in Fort Worth during the Republican Convention.

The CDF experiment at the Fermilab Tevatron has proven to be well suited for precision studies of b physics. Thanks to the excellent performance of the Tevatron Collider and the detector, CDF has accumulated very large data samples and roughly a decade of experience with b physics in p{bar p} collisions. With the much higher luminosities expected for the Main Injector era, the next decade promises to be an even more fruitful period for CDF. Here we offer a brief overview of issues in hadron-collider b physics and a summary of CDF's accomplishments and future plans.

In this report the authors calculate the effective delayed neutron fraction equation for reflected reactors using the Rossi-{alpha} technique. They determine that the equation for the delayed neutron fraction is just as valid for reflected systems as it is for unreflected systems.

As part of the DOE Geothermal Energy Program, BNL's Advanced Biochemical Processes for Geothermal Brines (ABPGB) project is aimed at the development of cost-efficient and environmentally acceptable technologies for the disposal of geothermal wastes. Extensive chemical studies of high and low salinity brines and precipitates have indicated that in addition to trace quantities of regulated substances, e.g., toxic metals such as arsenic and mercury, there are significant concentrations of valuable metals, including gold, silver and platinum. Further chemical and physical studies of the silica product have also shown that the produced silica is a valuable material with commercial potential. A combined biochemical and chemical technology is being developed which (1) solubilizes, separates, and removes environmentally regulated constituents in geothermal precipitates and brines (2) generates an amorphous silica product which may be used as feedstock for the production of revenue generating materials, (3) recover economically valuable trace metals and salts. Geothermal power resources which utilize low salinity brines and use the Stretford process for hydrogen sulfide abatement generate a contaminated sulfur cake. Combined technology converts such sulfur to a commercial grade sulfur, suitable for agricultural use. The R and D activities at BNL are conducted jointly with industrial parties in an …

This paper presents a novel idea of storage ring for the accumulation of intense beams of light and heavy ions at low energy. The new concept is a natural development of the combined features used in a conventional storage ring and an ion trap, and is basically a linear RFQ bend on itself. In summary the advantages are: smaller beam dimensions, higher beam intensity, and a more compact storage device.

Backstreaming ions emitted from an x-ray converter hit by a tightly focused intense electron beam can form an ion focusing channel and over-focus the electron beam. As the ions move upstream in time, the net focusing strength increases. The final beam spot size on the target would then change in time and typically be larger than intended. We have developed a model to estimate the backstreaming ions� neutralization factor in a potential sheath near the target surface and away from the sheath. Performance of high resolution x-ray radiography facilities requires high current electron beams to be focused to a millimeter spot size on an x-ray converter through out the entire current pulse. We have studied the possibility of maintaining a constant final spot size for the entire pulse by using either a time varying final focusing solenoid field or beam energy variation to compensate the time varying ion focusing effects

Though a final version of the software is pending the 8800PC operating system host computer is a welcomed change from the old Digital (DEC) host computer. The 8800PC host computer uses the Windows NT operating system and has proven to be very user friendly. Descriptive window messages replace the cryptic coding of the DEC host. Though numerous electrical components were replaced, system calibration remained constant. Calibrated Thermoluminescent (TL) output from a randomly selected 8815 field card was measured before and after the upgrade. The % difference, when comparing calibrated output from an upgraded reader to the non upgraded reader, ranged from 0.2 to 3%. The most disappointing aspect of the upgrade experience was the lag time between hardware installation and software completion.

For the CTBT Knowledge Base to be useful as a tool for improving U.S. monitoring capabilities, the contents of the Knowledge Base must be subjected to a well-defined set of procedures to ensure integrity and relevance of the con- stituent datasets. This paper proposes a possible set of procedures for datasets that are delivered to Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) for inclusion in the Knowledge Base. The proposed procedures include defining preliminary acceptance criteria, performing verification and validation activities, and subjecting the datasets to approvrd by domain experts. Preliminary acceptance criteria include receipt of the data, its metadata, and a proposal for its usability for U.S. National Data Center operations. Verification activi- ties establish the correctness and completeness of the data, while validation activities establish the relevance of the data to its proposed use. Results from these activities are presented to domain experts, such as analysts and peers for final approval of the datasets for release to the Knowledge Base. Formats and functionality will vary across datasets, so the procedures proposed herein define an overall plan for establishing integrity and relevance of the dataset. Specific procedures for verification, validation, and approval will be defined for each dataset, or for each type …

We have measured the mean and standard deviation of the solution concentrations of B, Na, and Si attained in replicate dissolution tests conducted at temperatures of 20, 40, and 70 C, for durations of 3 and 7 days, and at glass/water mass ratios of 1:10 and 1:1. These and other tests were conducted to evaluate the adequacy of the test methods specified in privatization contracts and to develop a data base that can be used to evaluate the reliability of reported results for tests performed on the waste products. Tests were conducted with a glass that we formulated to be similar to low-activity waste products that will be produced during the remediation of Hanford tank wastes. Statistical analyses indicated that, while the mean concentrations of B, Na, and Si were affected by the values of test parameters, the standard deviation of replicate tests was not. The precision of the tests was determined primarily by uncertainties in the analysis of the test solutions. Replicate measurements of other glass properties that must be reported for Hanford low-activity waste products were measured to evaluate the possible adoption of the glass used in these tests as a standard test material for the product acceptance …

The DOE Knowledge Base is a library of detailed information whose purpose is to improve the capability of the United States National Data Center (USNDC) to monitor compliance with the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT). Much of the data contained by the Knowledge Base is spatial in nature, and some of it is used to improve the accuracy with which seismic locations are determined while maintaining or improving current calculational perfor- mance. In this presentation, we define and describe the methodology used to create spatial tessellations of seismic data which are utilized with a gradient-modified natural-neighbor interpolation method to evaluate travel-time corrections. The goal is to interpolate a specified correction surface, or a group of them, with prescribed accuracy and surface smoothness requirements, while minimizing the number of data points necessary to represent the surface. Maintain- ing accuracy is crucial toward improving the precision of seismic origin location. Minimizing the number of nodes in the tessellation improves calculational and data access efficiency and performance. The process requires two initialization steps and an iterated 7 step algorithm for inserting new tessellation nodes. First, M residual data from ground truth events are included in the tessellation. These data remain fixed throughout the …

The U.S. National Laboratories, under the auspices of the Department of Energy, have been tasked with improv- ing the capability of the United States National Data Center (USNDC) to monitor compliance with the Comprehen- sive Test Ban Trea~ (CTBT). One of the most important services which the USNDC must provide is to locate suspicious events, preferably as accurately as possible to help identify their origin and to insure the success of on-site inspections if they are deemed necessary. The seismic location algorithm used by the USNDC has the capability to generate accurate locations by applying geographically dependent travel time corrections, but to date, none of the means, proposed for generating and representing these corrections has proven to be entirely satisfactory. In this presentation, we detail the complete DOE model for how regional calibration travel time information gathered by the National Labs will be used to improve event locations and provide more realistic location error esti- mates. We begin with residual data and error estimates from ground truth events. Our model consists of three parts: data processing, data storage, and data retrieval. The former two are effectively one-time processes, executed in advance before the system is made operational. The last step …

This booklet familiarizes the reader with DOE's Quality Assurance Rule and Order. Underlying this Training Briefing is the premise that the Rule and Order have antecedents going back to the original Quality Assurance Programs that were written when nuclear power was just being developed for commercial purposes. While a lot has changed since then, much has not.

In a number of plasmas of practical interest, including the scrape-off layer of a tokamak with a divertor or toroidal limiter, some gas discharge devices, and in the vicinity of spacecraft, magnetic field lines intersect bounding surfaces at shallow angles. Under these circumstances a number of interesting and important effects arise. Drifts can compete with parallel flows in establishing the boundary conditions for plasma mass-flow and current (sheath current-voltage characteristics). We derive the mass-flow constraints including both poloidal and radial drifts, review the current boundary conditions, and survey the consequences, including along-field density and heat-flux asymmetries, convection created by a wavy surface, generation of electric fields and surface currents associated with shadows from surface structures, and modification of instability growth.

Laboratory experiments were performed to investigate the effects of spatial variation in porosity on matrix-diffusion processes. Four centimeter-scale slabs of Culebra dolomite taken from the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant site were used in the tests. Experiments involved the simple diffusion of iodine into a single edge of each rock slab while X ray absorption imaging was used to measure the resulting two-dmensional solute concentration field as a function of time. X ray imaging was also used to quantify the two-dimensional porosity field of each rock slab. Image analysis provided a unique opportunity to both visuake and quantifj the effects of the spatially variable porosi~ on matrixdMusion. Four key results were obtained. First, significant variation in rates of diffusion were realized over the relatively small length (centimeter) and time scales (months) investigated. Second, clear evidence of diffusion preferentially following zones of relatively higher porosity was noted. Third, rate of difhion was found to vary as tracer diffused into the rock slabs encountering changing porosity conditions. Fourth, strong correlation between porosi~ and the calculated diffusion coefficients was found. In fact, the nature of the correlation can be related to the geometry, position, and orientation of the heterogeneous porosity features populating each rock …

Phosphate-based chemically bonded ceramics were formed from magnesium potassium phosphate (MKP) binder and either industrial fly ash or steel slag. The resulting ceramics were subjected to solid-particle erosion by a stream of either angular Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} particles or rounded SiO{sub 2} sand. Particle impact angles were 30 or 90{degree} and the impact velocity was 50 m/s. Steady-state erosion rates, measured as mass lost from a specimen per mass of impacting particle, were dependent on impact angle and on erodent particle size and shape. Material was lost by a combination of fracture mechanisms. Evolution of H{sub 2}O from the MKP phase appeared to contribute significantly to the material loss.

A high current kicker has been designed and tested on the ETA-II beam line. A bias dipole which surrounds the kicker acts to deflect the beam in the DC mode. High voltage pulsers (10kV) with fast rise times (10ns) are connected to the internal strip lines of the kicker. They are used to manipulate beams dynamically. Camera photos which show the switching of the beam from one position to another will be presented. Beam bug measurements of beam-induced as well as active steering will be shown. These will be compared with theoretical predictions.

The Federal Aviation Administration's Airworthiness Assurance NDI Validation Center (AANC) is currently characterizing low cycle fatigue specimens that will support the needs of penetrant manufacturers, commercial airline industry and the Federal Aviation Administration. The main focus of this characterization is to maintain and enhance the evaluation of penetrant inspection materials and apply resources to support the aircraft community needs. This paper discusses efforts to-date to document the Wright Laboratory penetrant evaluation process and characterize penetrant brightness readings in the initial set of sample calibration panels using Type 1 penetrant.

The work in the past 6 months has involved three areas of magnetic thin films: (1) amorphous rare earth-transition metal alloys, (2) epitaxial Co-Pt and Ni-Pt alloy thin films, and (3) collaborative work on heat capacity measurements of magnetic thin films, including nanoparticles and CMR materials. A brief summary of work done in each area is given.

Dyson-Schwinger equation (DSE) studies show that the b-quark mass-function is approximately constant, and that this is true to a lesser extent for the c-quark. This observation provides the basis for a study of the leptonic and semileptonic decays of heavy pseudoscalar mesons using a ''heavy-quark'' limit of the DSES, which, when exact, reduces the number of independent form factors. Semileptonic decays with light mesons in the final state are also accessible because the DSES provide a description of light-quark propagation characteristics and light-meson structure. A description of B-meson decays is straightforward, however, the study of decays involving the D-meson indicates that c-quark mass-corrections are quantitatively important.

In this paper, we indicate how the great advantages that ICF offers for interplanetary propulsion can be accomplished with the VISTA spacecraft concept. The performance of VISTA is expected to surpass that from other realistic technologies for Mars missions if the energy gain achievable for ICF targets is above several hundred. Based on the good performance expected from the U. S. National Ignition Facility (NIF), the requirements for VISTA should be well within the realm of possibility if creative target concepts such as the fast ignitor can be developed. We also indicate that a 6000-ton VISTA can visit any planet in the solar system and return to Earth in about 7 years or less without any significant physiological hazards to astronauts. In concept, VISTA provides such short-duration missions, especially to Mars, that the hazards from cosmic radiation and zero gravity can be reduced to insignificant levels. VISTA therefore represents a significant step forward for space-propulsion concepts.

A general method of designing an apochromatic lens by using a triplet of special glasses, in which the buried surfaces concept is used, can be outlined. First, one initially chooses a starting point which is already achromatic. Second, a thick plate or shell is added to the design, where the plate or shell has an index of refraction 1.62, which is similar to the special glass triplet average index of refraction (for example: PSK53A, KZFS1 and TIF6). Third, the lens is then reoptimized to an achromatic design. Fourth, the single element is replace by the special glass triplet. Fifth, only the internal surfaces of the triplet are varied to correct all three wavelengths. Although this step will produce little improvement, it does serve to stabilize further optimization. Sixth and finally, all potential variables are used to fully optimize the apochromatic lens. Microscope objectives, for example, could be designed using this technique. The important concept to apply is the use of multiple buried surfaces in which each interface involves a special glass, after an achromatic design has been achieved. This extension relieves the restriction that all special glasses have a common index of refraction and allows a wider variety of special …

Iron aluminides with the B2 structure are highly oxidation and corrosion resistant. They are thermodynamically compatible with a wide range of ceramics such as TiC, WC, TiB{sub 2}, and ZrB{sub 2}. In addition, liquid iron aluminides wet these ceramics very well. Therefore, FeAl/ceramic composites may be produced by techniques such as liquid phase sintering of powder mixtures, or pressureless melt infiltration of ceramic powders with liquid FeAl. These techniques, the resulting microstructure, and their advantages as well as limitations are described. Iron aluminide composites can be very strong. Room temperature flexure strengths as high as 1.8 GPa have been observed for FeAl/WC. Substantial gains in strength at elevated temperatures (1073 K) have also been demonstrated. Above 40 vol.% WC the room temperature flexure strength becomes flaw-limited. This is thought to be due to processing flaws and limited interfacial strength. The fracture toughness of FeAl/WC is unexpectedly high and follows a mile of mixtures. Interestingly, sufficiently thin (< 1 {micro}m) FeAl ligaments between adjacent WC particles fracture not by cleavage, but in a ductile manner. For these thin ligaments the dislocation pile-ups formed during deformation are not long enough to nucleate cleavage fracture, and their fracture mode is therefore ductile. For …