Anchorage and growth factor independence are cardinal features of the transformed phenotype. Although it is logical that the two pathways must be coregulated in normal tissues to maintain homeostasis, this has not been demonstrated directly. We showed previously that down-modulation of {beta}1-integrin signaling reverted the malignant behavior of a human breast tumor cell line (T4-2) derived from phenotypically normal cells (HMT-3522) and led to growth arrest in a threedimensional (3D) basement membrane assay in which the cells formed tissue-like acini (14). Here, we show that there is a bidirectional cross-modulation of {beta}1-integrin and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling via the mitogenactivated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. The reciprocal modulation does not occur in monolayer (2D) cultures. Antibodymediated inhibition of either of these receptors in the tumor cells, or inhibition of MAPK kinase, induced a concomitant downregulation of both receptors, followed by growth-arrest and restoration of normal breast tissue morphogenesis. Crossmodulation and tissue morphogenesis were associated with attenuation of EGF-induced transient MAPK activation. To specifically test EGFR and {beta}1-integrin interdependency, EGFR was overexpressed in nonmalignant cells, leading to disruption of morphogenesis and a compensatory up-regulation of {beta}1-integrin expression, again only in 3D. Our results indicate that when breast cells are spatially …

The effect of B and C additions up to 0.4 at. % on glass formation and mechanical properties of a Zr-base alloy Vitreloy 105 was studied using various techniques. All alloys were prepared by arc melting and drop casting. Boron additions increase the glass forming ability by lowering T_m and increasing T_g. Carbon additions only lower T_m, but do not affect T_g. B and C additions occupy free space and do not harden the glass phase.

While office equipment accounts for about 7 percent of commercial building energy use, this reflects considerable energy savings from the use of automatic power management. Most of these savings were gained through the use of low-power modes that meet the criteria of the U.S. EPA's Energy Star program. Despite this success, there are large amounts of additional savings that could be gained if all equipment capable of power management use were enabled and functioning. A considerable portion of equipment is not enabled for power management at all, enabled only partially, or is enabled but prevented from functioning. Additional savings could be gained if more equipment were turned off at night manually. We compiled results from 17 studies from the office equipment literature addressing PCs and monitors. Some factors important for annual energy use, such as power levels, have been documented elsewhere and are not covered. We review methods for estimating office equipment use patterns and energy use, and present findings on night status--power management and manual turn-off rates. In early studies, PC power management was often found to function in 25 percent or less of the Energy Star compliant units (10 percent of all PCs). However, recent assessments have found …

Understanding the fate of environmental contaminants is of fundamental importance in the development and evaluation of effective remediation strategies. Among the factors influencing the transport of these contaminants are the chemical speciation of the sample and the chemical and physical attributes of the surrounding medium. Characterization of the spatial distribution and chemical speciation at micron and submicron resolution is essential for studying the microscopic physical, geological, chemical, and biological interfaces that play a crucial role in determining contaminant fate and mobility. Hard X-ray spectroscopy and imaging are powerful techniques for the element-specific investigation of complex environmental samples at the needed micron and submicron resolution. An important advantage of these techniques results from the large penetration depth of hard X-rays in water. This minimizes the requirements for sample preparation and allows the detailed study of hydrated samples. This paper discusses some current problems in environmental science that can be addressed by using synchrotron-based X-ray imaging and spectroscopy. These concepts are illustrated by the results of recent X-ray microscopy studies at the Advanced Photon Source.

We have made an analysis of the conditions necessary for the successful use of the weak-beam technique for identifying and characterizing small point-defect clusters in ion-irradiated copper. The visibility of small defects was found to depend only weakly on the magnitude of the beam-convergence. In general, the image sizes of small clusters were found to be most sensitive to the magnitude of Sa with the image sizes of some individual defects changing by large amounts with changes as small as 0.025 nm{sup {minus}1}. The most reliable information on the true defect size is likely to be obtained by taking a series of 5-9 micrographs with a systematic variation of deviation parameter from 0.2-0.3 nm{sup {minus}1}. This procedure allows size information to be obtained down to a resolution limit of about 0.5 nm for defects situated throughout a foil thickness of 60 nm. The technique has been applied to the determination of changes in the sizes of small defects produced by a low-temperature in-situ irradiation and annealing experiment.

In the fall of 1992 at the SNEAP(Symposium of North Eastern Accelerator Personnel) a project to up grade the ATLAS (Argonne Tandem Linear Accelerator System) control system was first reported. Not unlike the accelerator it services the control system will continue to evolve. However, the first of this year has marked the completion of this most recent upgrade project. Since the control system upgrade took place during a period when ATLAS was operating at a record number of hours, special techniques were necessary to enable the development of the new control system ''on line'' while still saving the needs of normal operations. This paper reviews the techniques used for upgrading the ATLAS control system while the system was in use. In addition a summary of the upgrade project and final configuration, as well as some of the features of the new control system is provided.

Single ion impacts have been observed using in situ transmission electron microscopy and video recording with a time resolution of 33 milliseconds. Gold was irradiated at 50 K and room temperature. Single ion impacts produce holes, modify existing holes, and extrude material into the initial specimen hole and holes formed by other ion impacts. The same behavior is observed at both temperatures. At both temperatures, ion impacts result in craters and ejected material. Ion impacts produce more small craters than large ones for all ion masses, while heavier mass ions produce more and larger craters than lighter mass ions. This comparison is affected by the ion energy. As the energy of an ion is increased, the probability for deposition near the surface decreases and fewer craters are formed. For a given ion mass, crater production depends on the probability for displacement cascade production in the near surface region. Crater and holes are stable at room temperature, however, ion impacts near an existing crater may cause flow of material into the crater either reshaping or annihilating it. Holes and craters result from the explosive outflow of material from the molten zone of near-surface cascades. The outflow may take the form of …

The determination of low levels of radionuclides in environmental and biological samples is often hampered by the complex and variable nature of the samples. One approach to circumventing this problem is to incorporate into the analytical scheme a separation and preconcentration step by which the species of interest can be isolated from the major constituents of the sample. Extraction chromatography (EXC), a form of liquid chromatography in which the stationary phase comprises an extractant or a solution of an extractant in an appropriate diluent coated onto an inert support, provides a simple and efficient means of performing a wide variety of metal ion separations. Recent advances in extractant design, in particular the development of extractants capable of metal ion recognition or of strong complex formation even in acidic media, have substantially improved the utility of the method. For the preconcentration of actinides, for example, an EXC resin consisting of a liquid diphosphonic acid supported on a polymeric substrate has been shown to exhibit extraordinarily strong retention of these elements from acidic chloride media. This resin, together with other related materials, can provide the basis of a number of efficient and flexible schemes for the separation and preconcentration of radionuclides form …

Neutron diffraction is a powerful tool for structural studies of samples in special sample environments because of the high penetrating power of neutrons compared to x-rays. The Intense Pulsed Neutron Source (IPNS) at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) offers its users a variety of sample environments for pulsed neutron scattering and diffraction experiments. At the present time over 80% of all experiments performed at the IPNS invoke some type of ancillary equipment to control the sample environment. These include closed-cycle refrigerators, cryostats, furnaces, magnets, and pressure cells. There are also devices for automatic sample changing, positioning, and orientating. Most instruments have at a minimum, a dedicated closed cycle refrigerator (10K to RT) configured for the instrument's typical sample dimensions and scattering angles. Standardization in instrument sample well dimensions, process control equipment, and control software has made multi-instrument use of many of the furnaces and cryostats possible. General use, multi-instrument equipment is maintained by the facility's technical staff. Instrument dedicated equipment is maintained by the respective instrument scientist with help from the ancillary equipment group. The design and upgrading of equipment is done by the ancillary equipment engineer with the oversight and input of instrument scientists, instrument engineer, and technical staff. Ancillary …

Thermally activated batteries use electrodes that are typically fabricated by cold pressing of powder. In the LiSi/FeS2 system, natural (mineral) pyrite is used for the cathode. In an effort to increase the energy density and specific energy of these batteries, flame and plasma spraying to form thin films of pyrite cathodes were evaluated. The films were deposited on a 304 stainless steel substrate (current collector) and were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and x-ray dlfllaction. The films were electrochemically tested in single cells at 5000C and the petiormance compared to that of standard cells made with cold-pressed powders. The best results were obtained with material deposited by de-arc plasma spraying with a proprietq additive to suppress thermal decomposion of the pyrite.

The Advanced Photon Source (APS) 7-GeV storage ring and the synchrotron radiation diagnostics have matured noticeable in the past year. The monitors now include information from two separate bending-magnet sources (one at a dispersive point in the lattice) as well as a 198-period diagnostic undulator. Data logging via EPICS of the observed transverse beam size is coupled with the measured lattice parameters to calculate emittance on-line as well. Information on the beam emittance (7 {+-} 1 nm rad) in both the standard lattice and a low {beta}{sub y} lattice, the vertical coupling (1 to 4%), and beam position and jitter are logged. In addition, measurements of divergence, (3 to 7 {micro}rad), beam bunch length ({approximately} 35 ps), and even effects of the moon's gravity on the source point image position have been performed.

Rotating-frame imaging with the mathematically well-defined, non-constant magnetic field gradient of toroid cavity detectors represents a new technique to evaluate diffusion in solids, fluids or mixed-phase systems. While conventional NMR methods to measure diffusion utilize constant magnetic field gradients and, therefore, constant k-space wave numbers across the sample volume, the hyperbolic B{sub 1} fields of toroid cavity detectors exhibit large ranges of wave numbers radially distributed around the central conductor. As a consequence, signal amplitudes decay depending on the radial distance from the center axis of the torus. Applying a numerical finite-difference procedure to solve partial differential transport equations makes it possible not only to determine diffusion in toroid detectors to a high precision but also to include and accurately reproduce transport phenomena at or through singularities, such as phase transitions, membranes or impermeable boundaries.

Nanocrystalline diamond thin films have been produced by microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (MPECVD) using C{sub 60}/Ar/H{sub 2} or CH{sub 4}/Ar/H{sub 2} plasmas. Films grown with H{sub 2} concentration {le} 20% are nanocrystalline, with atomically abrupt grain boundaries and without observable graphitic or amorphous carbon phases. The growth and morphology of these films are controlled via a high nucleation rate resulting from low hydrogen concentration in the plasma. Initial growth is in the form of diamond, which is the thermodynamic equilibrium phase for grains {le}5 nm in diameter. Once formed, the diamond phase persists for grains up to at least 15-20 nm in diameter. The renucleation rate in the near-absence of atomic hydrogen is very high ({approximately} 10{sup 10} cm{sup {minus}2} sec{sup {minus}1}), limiting the average grain size to a nearly constant value as the film thickness increases, although the average grain size increases as hydrogen is added to the plasma. For hydrogen concentrations less than {approximately}20%, the growth species is believed to be the carbon dimer, C{sub 2}, rather than the CH{sub 3}* growth species associated with diamond film growth at higher hydrogen concentrations. For very thin films grown from the C{sub 60} precursor, the threshold field (2 to …

Point defect mechanisms in the binary C15 NbCr{sub 2} and NbCo{sub 2}, and C14 NbFe{sub 2} systems on both sides of stoichiometry was studied and clarified by both bulk density and X-ray lattice parameter measurements. It was found that the vacancy concentrations in these systems after quenching from 1000 C are essentially zero. The constitutional defects on both sides of stoichiometry for these systems were found to be of the anti-site type in comparison with the model predictions. However, thermal vacancies exhibiting a maximum at the stoichiometric composition were obtained in NbCr{sub 2} laves phase alloys after quenching from 1400 C. These could be completely eliminated by annealing at 1000 C. Anti-site hardening was found on both sides of stoichiometry for all three Laves phase systems studied. Furthermore, the thermal vacancies in NbCr{sub 2} alloys after quenching from 1400 C were found to soften the Laves phase. The anti-site hardening of the Laves phases is similar to that of the B2 compounds, while the thermal vacancy softening is unique to the Laves phase. Both the anti-site defects and thermal vacancies do not significantly affect the fracture toughness of the Laves phases.

The design of the National Ignition Facility (NIF) incorporates a type I/type II third harmonic generator to convert the 1.053-{micro}m fundamental wavelength of the laser amplifier to a wavelength of 0.351 {micro}m for target irradiation. To understand and control the tolerances in the converter design, we have developed a comprehensive error budget that accounts for effects that are known to influence conversion efficiency, including variations in amplitude and phase of the incident laser pulse, temporal bandwidth of the incident laser pulse, crystal surface figure and bulk non-uniformities, angular alignment errors, Fresnel losses, polarization errors and crystal temperature variations. The error budget provides specifications for the detailed design of the NIF final optics assembly (FOA) and the fabrication of optical components. Validation is accomplished through both modeling and measurement, including full-scale Beamlet tests of a 37-cm aperture frequency converter in a NIF prototype final optics cell. The prototype cell incorporates full-perimeter clamping to support the crystals, and resides in a vacuum environment as per the NIF design.

Multiphase Mo silicide alloys containing T2 (Mo{sub 5}SiB{sub 2}), Mo{sub 3}Si and Mo phases where prepared by both melting and casting (M and C) and powder metallurgical (PM) processes. Glassy phases are observed in PM materials but not in M and C materials. Microstructural studies indicate that the primary phase is Mo-rich solid solution in alloys containing {le}(9.4Si+13.8B, at. %) and T2 in alloys with {ge}(9.8Si+14.6B). An eutectic composition is estimated to be close to Mo-9.6Si-14.2B. The mechanical properties of multiphase silicide alloys were determined by hardness, tensile and bending tests at room temperature. The multiphase alloy MSB-18 (Mo-9.4Si-13.8B) possesses a flexure strength distinctly higher than that of MoSi{sub 2} and other Mo{sub 5}Si{sub 3} silicide alloys containing no Mo particles. Also, MSB-18 is tougher than MoSi{sub 2} by a factor of 4.

With approximately 99% of the electrical energy supplied to the National Ignition Facility (NIF) appearing as heat in the amplifiers, thermal recovery of the NIF system is a major consideration in the design process. The NIF shot rate is one shot every 8 hours, with a goal of 4 hours between shots. This necessitates that thermal recovery take place in no more than 7 hours, with a goal of 3 hours for the accelerated shot rate. Residual optical distortions, which restrict the shot rate, are grouped into two discrete categories: (1) distortions associated with residual temperature gradients in the laser slabs, and (2) distortions associated with buoyantly driven convective currents in the amplifier cavity and beam-tube regions. Thermal recovery of the amplifiers is achieved by cooling the flashlamps and blastshields with a turbulent gas flow. The cooled blastshields then serve as a cold boundary to radiatively extract the residual heat deposited in the slabs and edge claddings. Advanced concepts, such as the use of slightly chilled gas to accelerate some aspects of recovery, are addressed. To quantify recovery rates of the amplifiers, experiments and numerical models are used to measure and calculate the temperatures and optical distortions in NIF-like amplifier …

Understanding the �extreme statistics� of failure at a weak link allows extrapolation of the results of small area laser damage tests to predict damage levels for the large areas pertinent to NIF/LMJ. Conceptually, it is important to focus on the fluence dependence of the surface density of damage sites. Results of different types of damage tests can be reported in terms of this sample characteristic property.

Tantalum oxide and silicon oxide films were made using an ion beam sputtering system. It was found that even though these films were deposited from oxide targets, additions of oxygen were necessary to achieve stoichiometry and hence index of refraction. It was observed that the tantalum oxide target changed color from white to gray, indicating that the oxygen was being depleted from the target. The addition of oxygen to the chamber during deposition replenished the target and improved film stoichiometry. The deposition rate decreased with increasing oxygen partial pressure. It was experimentally determined that by varying the oxygen partial pressure and keeping all other variables fixed, the index of refraction of the film changed in a predictable manner. That is, as the oxygen partial pressure was increased, the index decreased rapidly initially and then reached a saturation point where it stayed fixed with oxygen content. With this data a coating process can be set up using the minimum amount of oxygen (thus increasing filament lifetime) to produce a fully stoichiometric film that has a fixed index. This paper will present the details of these observations and results.

The National Ignition Facility (NIF), now under construction at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, will be the largest laser fusion facility ever built. The NIF laser architecture is based on a multi-pass power amplifier to reduce cost and maximize performance. A key component in this laser design is an optical switch that closes to trap the optical pulse in the cavity for four gain passes and then opens to divert the optical pulse out of the amplifier cavity. The switch is comprised of a Pockels cell and a polarizer and is unique because it handles a beam that is 40 cm x 40 cm square and allows close horizontal and vertical beam spacing. Conventional Pockels cells do not scale to such large apertures or the square shape required for close packing. Our switch is based on a Plasma-Electrode Pockels Cell (PEPC). In a PEPC, low-pressure helium discharges (l-2 kA) are formed on both sides of a thin slab of electro-optic material. Typically, we use KH2P04 crystals (KDP). The discharges form highly conductive, transparent sheets that allow uniform application of a high-voltage pulse (17 kV) across the crystal. A 37 cm x 37 cm PEPC has been in routine operation for two …

Theoretical calculations of a Thomson scattering cross section and dynamical form factors are presented for high-Z laser produced inhomogeneous plasmas. Relevance of these results to astrophysical plasmas is pointed out. Comparisons with recent experimental observations are discussed with emphasis on the effects of plasma inhomogeneity, ion-ion collisions and non-Maxwellian distribution functions.

Cross-section transmission electron microscopy was used to investigate the microstructure of polycrystalline silicon nitride (Si{sub 3}N{sub 4}) and aluminum nitride (AlN) following 2 MeV Si ion irradiation at 80 and 400 K up to a fluence of 4 x 10{sup 20} ions/m{sup 2} (maximum damage of {approximately}10 displacements per atom, dpa). A buried amorphous band was observed at both temperatures in Si{sub 3}N{sub 4} in the region corresponding to the peaks in the implanted ion and displacement damage. From a comparison of Si{sub 3}N{sub 4} specimens irradiated at different fluences, it is concluded that the amorphization is primarily controlled by the implanted Si concentration rather than the displacement damage level. Si{sub 3}N{sub 4} amorphization did not occur in regions well-separated from the implanted ions for doses up to at least 3 dpa at 80 K, whereas amorphization occurred in the ion implanted region (calculated Si concentration >0.01 at.%) for damage levels as low as {approximately}0.6 dpa. The volumetric swelling associated with the amorphization of Si{sub 3}N{sub 4} is < 10%. Amorphization was not observed in any of the irradiated AIN specimens. A moderate density of small ({approximately}3 nm) defect clusters were observed in the crystalline damaged regions of both the …

Plan view and cross-section transmission electron microscopy was used to investigate the microstructure of magnesium aluminate spinel (MgAl{sub 2}O{sub 4}) following room temperature irradiation with either 430 MeV Kr, 614 MeV Xe, or 72 MeV I ions. The fluences ranged from 1 x 10{sup 16}/m{sup 2} (single track regime) to 1 x 10{sup 20}/m{sup 2}. Destruction of the ordered spinel crystal structure on both the anion and cation sublattices was observed in the ion tracks at low fluences. At intermediate fluences, the overlapping ion tracks induced the formation of a new metastable crystalline phase. Amorphization with a volumetric expansion of {approximately}35% was observed in spinel irradiated with swift heavy ions (electronic stopping powers >7 keV/nm) at fluences above 1 x 10{sup 19}/m{sup 2}. These results demonstrate that swift heavy ion radiation can induce microstructural changes not achievable with conventional elastic collision irradiation at comparable temperatures.

There are several reasons that the U. S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) has initiated the U.S. National Assessment: The Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change. The reasons all revolve around answering questions posed in Washington by members of Congress on behalf of their constituents as to why climate change concerns them. This workshop is part of the process for getting better answers to these questions. This paper briefly reviews the science of climate change and the human influence on climate change, discusses future climate change, and considers national and international perspectives on global change. It discusses the potential for mitigation of climate change and the need to cope with climate change. The author explains the U.S. National Assessment.