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Turning industry visions into reality (open access)

Turning industry visions into reality

This brochure outlines the activities of the Office of Industrial Technologies (OIT) in the Department of Energy. OIT activities are aimed at industry adoption of energy-efficient, pollution-reducing technologies and include research and development on advanced technologies, financing, technical assistance, information dissemination, education, and bringing together industry groups, universities, National Laboratories, states, and environmentalists. OIT`s core initiative is to facilitate partnerships within seven materials and process industries: aluminum, chemicals, forest products, glass, metalcasting, petroleum refining, and steel industries.
Date: January 1, 1997
Creator: unknown
System: The UNT Digital Library
U.S. electric utility demand-side management 1995 (open access)

U.S. electric utility demand-side management 1995

The US Electric Utility Demand-Side Management report is prepared by the Coal and Electric Data and Renewables Division; Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric and Alternative Fuels; Energy Information Administration (EIA); US Department of Energy. The report presents comprehensive information on electric power industry demand-side management (DSM) activities in the US at the national, regional, and utility levels. The objective of the publication is to provide industry decision makers, government policy makers, analysts, and the general public with historical data that may be used in understanding DSM as it relates to the US electric power industry. The first chapter, ``Profile: US Electric Utility Demand-Side Management``, presents a general discussion of DSM, its history, current issues, and a review of key statistics for the year. Subsequent chapters present discussions and more detailed data on energy savings, peak load reductions and costs attributable to DSM. 9 figs., 24 tabs.
Date: January 1, 1997
Creator: unknown
System: The UNT Digital Library
U.S. hydropower resource assessment for Illinois (open access)

U.S. hydropower resource assessment for Illinois

The US Department of Energy is developing an estimate of the undeveloped hydropower potential in the US. The Hydropower Evaluation Software (HES) is a computer model that was developed by the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory for this purpose. HES measures the undeveloped hydropower resources available in the US, using uniform criteria for measurement. The software was developed and tested using hydropower information and data provided by the Southwestern Power Administration. It is a menu-driven program that allows the personal computer user to assign environmental attributes to potential hydropower sites, calculate development suitability factors for each site based on the environmental attributes present, and generate reports based on these suitability factors. This report describes the resource assessment results for the State of Illinois.
Date: January 1, 1997
Creator: Conner, A. M. & Francfort, J. E.
System: The UNT Digital Library
United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service 1996 annual report wetlands research related to the Pen Branch restoration effort on the Savannah River site (open access)

United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service 1996 annual report wetlands research related to the Pen Branch restoration effort on the Savannah River site

This report documents the role of the USDA Forest Service and their collaborators (SRTC, SREL, and several universities) in wetlands monitoring and research on the Savannah River Site. This report describes the rationales, methods, and results (when available) of these studies and summarizes and integrates the available information through 1996.
Date: January 1, 1997
Creator: Nelson, E. A.; Kolka, R. K. & Trettin, C. C.
System: The UNT Digital Library
Use of high index substrates to enable dislocation filtering in large mismatch systems (open access)

Use of high index substrates to enable dislocation filtering in large mismatch systems

We report results in three areas of research relevant to the fabrication of a wide range of optoelectronic devices: The development of a new x-ray diffraction technique that can be used to rapidly determine the optimal period of a strained layer superlattice to maximize the dislocation filtering; The optimal MBE growth parameters for the growth of CdTe on GaAs(211); The determination of the relative efficiency of dislocation filtering in the (211) and (100) orientations; and The surface quality of InSb grown by MOCVD on InSb substrates is affected by the misorientation of the substrate.
Date: January 1, 1997
Creator: Reno, J.L.; Biefeld, R.M.; Kurtz, S.R. & Baucom, K.C.
System: The UNT Digital Library
Use of indentation technique to measure elastic modulus of plasma-sprayed zirconia thermal barrier coating (open access)

Use of indentation technique to measure elastic modulus of plasma-sprayed zirconia thermal barrier coating

Elastic modulus of an yttria partially stabilized zirconia (YSZ) thermal barrier coating (TBC) was evaluated with a Knoop indentation technique. The measured elastic modulus values for the coating ranged from 68.4 {+-} 22.6 GPa at an indentation load of 50 g to 35.7 {+-} 9.8 at an indentation load of 300 g. At higher loads, the elastic modulus values did not change significantly. This steady-state value of 35.7 GPa for ZrO{sub 2} TBC agreed well with literature values obtained by the Hertzian indentation method. Furthermore, the measured elastic modulus for the TBC is lower than that reported for bulk ZrO{sub 2} ({approx} 190 GPa). This difference is believed to be due to the presence of a significant amount of porosity and microcracks in the TBCs. Hardness was also measured.
Date: January 1, 1997
Creator: Singh, J.P.; Sutaria, M. & Ferber, M.
System: The UNT Digital Library
Use of injection wells for refinery waste disposal. Quarterly report, October 1, 1996--December 31, 1996 (open access)

Use of injection wells for refinery waste disposal. Quarterly report, October 1, 1996--December 31, 1996

The Ground Water Protection Council has had initial discussions with the American Petroleum Institute staff and several major oil companies concerning a project that would address several technical and regulatory issues related to the use of injection wells at refineries. As currently regulated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), injection wells used for refinery related disposal are typically classified as either Class I hazardous or non- hazardous, depending on RCRA classification. The expense of acquiring an operating permit for these types of wells is very high and they have substantially more operational expenses than a typical Class II injection well. What is perplexing, based on general observation, is that some Class II injection wells are being permitted and allowed to dispose of waste having similar characteristics as some of those used by the refineries but classified as hazardous. Class II injection wells are authorized statutorily because the injectate is associated with fluids originating from the production of hydrocarbons. From our conversations with several state oil and gas regulatory agencies and representatives of the refinery industry, it appears that the use of Class II wells at refineries has been rejected because they are not seen as being directly associated …
Date: January 1, 1997
Creator: Paque, M.
System: The UNT Digital Library
Use of sonication for in-well softening of semivolatile organic compounds. 1997 annual progress report (open access)

Use of sonication for in-well softening of semivolatile organic compounds. 1997 annual progress report

'This project investigates the in-situ degradation of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) using in-well sonication, in-well vapor stripping, and bioremediation. Pretreating groundwaters with sonication techniques in-situ would form VOCs that can be effectively removed by in-well vapor stripping and bioremediation. The mechanistic studies focus on the coupling of megasonics and ultrasonics to soften (i.e., partially degrade) the SVOCs; oxidative reaction mechanism studies; surface corrosion studies (on the reactor walls/well); enhancement due to addition of oxidants, quantification of the hydroxyl radical formation; identification/quantification of degradation products; volatility/degradability of the treated waters; development of a computer simulation model to describe combined in-well sonication/in-well vapor stripping/bioremediation; systems analysis/economic analysis; large laboratory-scale experiment verification; and field demonstration of the integrated technology. Benefits of this approach include: (1) Remediation is performed in-situ; (2) The treatment systems complement each other; their combination can drastically reduce or remove SVOCs and VOCs; (3) Ability to convert hard-to-degrade organics into more volatile organic compounds; (4) Ability to remove residual VOCs and softened SVOCs through the combined action of in-well vapor stripping and biodegradation; (5) Does not require handling or disposing of water at the ground surface; and (6) Cost-effective and improved efficiency, resulting in shortened …
Date: January 1997
Creator: Peters, R. W.; Manning, J.; Hoffman, M. R. & Gorelick, S.
System: The UNT Digital Library
User guide to power management for PCs and monitors (open access)

User guide to power management for PCs and monitors

Power management of personal computers (PCs) and monitors has the potential to save significant amounts of electricity as well as deliver other economic and environmental benefits. The Environmental Protection Agency`s ENERGY STAR{reg_sign} program has transformed the PC market so that equipment capable of power management is now widely available. However, previous studies have found that many Energy Star compliant computer systems are not accomplishing energy savings. The principal reasons for this are systems not being enabled for power management or a circumstance that prevents power management from operating. This guide is intended to provide information to computer support workers to increase the portion of systems that successfully power manage. The guide introduces power management concepts and the variety of benefits that power management can bring. It then explains how the parts of a computer system work together to enter and leave power management states. Several common computer system types are addressed, as well as the complications that networks bring to power management. Detailed instructions for checking and configuring several system types are provided, along with trouble shooting advice. The guide concludes with a discussion of how to purchase Energy Star compliant systems and future directions for power management of PCs …
Date: January 1997
Creator: Nordman, B.; Piette, M. A.; Kinney, K. & Webber, C.
System: The UNT Digital Library
Using trees to remediate groundwaters contaminated with chlorinated hydrocarbons. 1997 annual progress report (open access)

Using trees to remediate groundwaters contaminated with chlorinated hydrocarbons. 1997 annual progress report

'Metabolism of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons Laboratory and field tests with poplar in tissue culture, bioreactors, and field sites have shown that, unlike bacteria, these plants are able to carry out complete degradation of fully chlorinated alkanes and alkenes to carbon dioxide and chloride. Carbon dioxide was produced as a product of the degradation of trichloroethylene (TCE), carbon tetrachloride (CT), and perchloroethylene (PCE) when axenic tissue cultures of poplar cells were exposed to radiolabelled compounds. The apparent degradation of PCE and CT, fully chlorinated hydrocarbons, in these aerobic plants is remarkable when contrasted to the lack of comparable aerobic degradation by bacteria. Oxidized metabolites, such as trichloroethanol, and di- and trichloroacetic acid, were detected in cell cultures exposed to TCE, suggesting the involvement of cytochrome P450s or other monooxygenase activities. Mass balance experiments with small poplar plants in laboratory reactors showed that significant TCE and CT was volatilized from the leaves, while a similar fraction of radiolabeled carbon from these chlorinated solvents was retained in the plant tissue.'
Date: January 1, 1997
Creator: Gordon, M. P.; Newman, L. A. & Strand, S. E.
System: The UNT Digital Library
Vectorial electron transfer in spatially ordered arrays. Progress report, August 1994--January 1997 (open access)

Vectorial electron transfer in spatially ordered arrays. Progress report, August 1994--January 1997

With DOE support from August 1994 to August 1997, this project sought to identify methods for controlled placement of light absorbers, relays, and multielectron catalysts at defined sites from a fixed semiconductor or metal surface and, thus, to develop methods for preparing chemically modified photoactive surfaces as artificial photosynthetic units. These designed materials have been evaluated as efficient light collection devices and as substrates for defining the key features that govern the efficiency of long distance electron transfer and energy migration. The authors have synthesized several different families of integrated chemical systems as soluble arrays, as solid thin films, and as adsorbates on solid electrodes, seeking to establish how spatial definition deriving from covalent attachment to a helical polymer backbone, from self assembly of functionalized tethers on gold or metal oxide surfaces, and from rigid or layered block polymers can lead to controlled electron and energy transfer. The authors have also conducted physical characterization of semiconductor-containing composites active in controlled interfacial electron transfer, with charge transport in these materials having been evaluated by photophysical and electrochemical methods.
Date: January 1, 1997
Creator: Fox, M. A.
System: The UNT Digital Library
Velocity and Concentration Studies of Flowing Suspensions by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging (open access)

Velocity and Concentration Studies of Flowing Suspensions by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI) techniques were developed to study concentrated suspension flows. Some of the proposed tasks were completed and others partly completed before the funding was terminated. The tasks completed were (1) materials selection for imaging of both particle and fluid components, (2) pipe flow measurements, and (3) flows in complex geometries. The task tackled with good progress is to develop rapid imaging techniques by analog compensation of eddy currents generated by the gradient pulses and real-time image reconstruction from the rapidly obtained data. The most suitable combination of materials arrived at is pharmaceutical beads in silicon oil. Their relaxation times T, are sufficiently different to permit imaging the two components separately. The pipe flow experiment used 3 mm, neutrally buoyant, plastic particles, up to 40% by volume, in 80-90W transmission oil flowing in a 5 cm diameter pipe. A series of distances ranging from 60 cm to 6 m downstream from a commercial mixer was studied. The flow is fully developed at 6 m and the velocity and concentration profiles agree with the earlier lower resolution experiments. The eddy current compensation scheme works well for two channels and is being extended to eight channels including the uniform …
Date: January 1, 1997
Creator: Fukushima, E.
System: The UNT Digital Library
Vertical transport and sources in flux models (open access)

Vertical transport and sources in flux models

Vertical transport in flux models in examined and shown to reproduce expected limits for densities and fluxes. Disparities with catalog distributions are derived and inverted to find the sources required to rectify them.
Date: January 1, 1997
Creator: Canavan, G. H.
System: The UNT Digital Library
Viability of long-lived fission products as signatures in forensic radiochemistry (open access)

Viability of long-lived fission products as signatures in forensic radiochemistry

Forensic radiochemistry refers to studies on special nuclear materials, related to nonproliferation and anti-smuggling efforts. AMS (accelerator mass spectroscopy) measurement of long-lived fission products and U and Pu isotopes has the potential to significantly aid the field of forensic radiochemistry by providing new or more sensitive signatures and improving on the speed with which they can be determined. Expanding the suite of signatures obtainable form an illicit sample of special nuclear material increases the likelihood that its point of origin can be positively identified, leveraging LLNL`s impact on policy decisions regarding national security.
Date: January 1, 1997
Creator: McAninch, J.E.; Proctor, I.D.; Stoyer, N.J. & Moody, K.J.
System: The UNT Digital Library
Waste minimization plan, T plant facilities (open access)

Waste minimization plan, T plant facilities

This document contains the waste minimization plan for the T Plant facilities, located in the 200 West Area of the Hanford Site in south central Washington State. A waste minimization plan is one part of a multi-faceted waste management program; this waste minimization plan documents the goals and techniques of the waste minimization program, identifies methods for evaluating the program and ensuring quality assurance, and establishes the current baseline waste generation volume estimates.
Date: January 1, 1997
Creator: Kover, K.K.
System: The UNT Digital Library
Waste site grouping for 200 Areas soil investigations (open access)

Waste site grouping for 200 Areas soil investigations

The purpose of this document is to identify logical waste site groups for characterization based on criteria established in the 200 Areas Soil Remediation Strategy (DOE-RL 1996a). Specific objectives of the document include the following: finalize waste site groups based on the approach and preliminary groupings identified in the 200 Areas Soil Remediation Strategy; prioritize the waste site groups based on criteria developed in the 200 Areas Soil Remediation Strategy; select representative site(s) that best represents typical and worse-case conditions for each waste group; develop conceptual models for each waste group. This document will serve as a technical baseline for implementing the 200 Areas Soil Remediation Strategy. The intent of the document is to provide a framework, based on waste site groups, for organizing soil characterization efforts in the 200 Areas and to present initial conceptual models.
Date: January 1, 1997
Creator: unknown
System: The UNT Digital Library
Wellbore enlargement investigation: Potential analogs to the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant during inadvertent intrusion of the repository (open access)

Wellbore enlargement investigation: Potential analogs to the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant during inadvertent intrusion of the repository

This study involved the evaluation and documentation of cases in which petroleum wellbores were enlarged beyond the nominal hole diameter as a consequence of erosion during exploratory drilling, particularly as a function of gas flow into the wellbore during blowout conditions. A primary objective was to identify analogs to potential wellbore enlargement at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) during inadvertent human intrusion. Secondary objectives were to identify drilling scenarios associated with enlargement, determine the physical extent of enlargement, and establish the physical properties of the formation in which the enlargement occurred. No analogs of sufficient quality to establish quantitative limits on wellbore enlargement at the WIPP disposal system were identified. However, some information was obtained regarding the frequency of petroleum well blowouts and the likelihood that such blowouts would bridge downhole, self-limiting the surface release of disposal-system material. Further work would be necessary, however, to determine the conditions under which bridging could occur and the extent to which the bridging might be applicable to WIPP. In addition, data on casing sizes of petroleum boreholes in the WIPP vicinity support the use of a 12-{1/4} inch borehole size in WIPP performance assessment calculations. Finally, although data are limited, there was …
Date: January 1, 1997
Creator: Boak, D.M.; Dotson, L. & Aguilar, R.
System: The UNT Digital Library
Wetland Survey of Selected Areas in the Oak Ridge Y-12 Plant Area of Responsibilty, Oak Ridge, Tennessee (open access)

Wetland Survey of Selected Areas in the Oak Ridge Y-12 Plant Area of Responsibilty, Oak Ridge, Tennessee

This document was prepared to summarize wetland surveys performed in the Y- 1 2 Plant area of responsibility in June and July 1994. Wetland surveys were conducted in three areas within the Oak Ridge Y- 12 Plant area of responsibility in June and July 1994: the Upper East Fork Poplar Creek (UEFPC) Operable Unit (OU), part of the Bear Creek Valley OU (the upper watershed of Bear Creek from the culvert under Bear Creek Road upstream through the Y-12 West End Environmental Management Area, and the catchment of Bear Creek North Tributary 1), and part of Chestnut Ridge OU 2 (the McCoy Branch area south of Bethel Valley Road). Using the criteria and methods set forth in the Wetlands Delineation Manual, 18 wetland areas were identified in the 3 areas surveyed; these areas were classified according to the system developed by Cowardin. Fourteen wetlands and one wetland/pond area that are associated with disturbed or remnant stream channels and seeps were identified in the UEFPC OU. Three wetlands were identified in the Bear Creek Valley OU portion of the survey area. One wetland was identified in the riparian zone of McCoy Branch in the southern portion of Chestnut Ridge OU 2.
Date: January 1, 1997
Creator: Rosensteel
System: The UNT Digital Library
Wide band gap solar cells with high stabilized performance. Annual technical report, 15 July 1995--15 July 1996 (open access)

Wide band gap solar cells with high stabilized performance. Annual technical report, 15 July 1995--15 July 1996

This report describes work on an improved understanding of stability in materials and silicon solar cells. Topics include novel intrinsic materials optimization; solar cells optimized for p- and i-layer performance; novel p-type materials; interfaces; and device modeling.
Date: January 1, 1997
Creator: Wronski, C.R.; Collins, R.W. & Fujiwara, H.
System: The UNT Digital Library
Work plan addendum for David Witherspoon, Inc., 901 Site Building Characterization, Knoxville, Tennessee (open access)

Work plan addendum for David Witherspoon, Inc., 901 Site Building Characterization, Knoxville, Tennessee

This building characterization plan was developed as an addendum to the existing site characterization work plan documents, which are in Appendix B of the David Witherspoon, Inc., (DWI) preliminary remedial investigation (RI)/feasibility study (FS). All building characterization activities will be conducted in accordance with the rules of the Hazardous Substance Remedial Action Program under the direction of the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, Division of Superfund (TN Rules 1200-1-3) and its implementing regulations. Additional rules of the state of Tennessee, Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency guidance were consulted during development of this plan. Activities at the DWI site were concerned with scrap metal processing and scrap metal resale.
Date: January 1, 1997
Creator: unknown
System: The UNT Digital Library