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Assembly and method for testing the integrity of stuffing tubes
A stuffing tube integrity checking assembly includes first and second annular seals, with each seal adapted to be positioned about a stuffing tube penetration component. An annular inflation bladder is provided, the bladder having a slot extending longitudinally there along and including a separator for sealing the slot. A first valve is in fluid communication with the bladder for introducing pressurized fluid to the space defined by the bladder when mounted about the tube. First and second releasible clamps are provided. Each clamp assembly is positioned about the bladder for securing the bladder to one of the seals for thereby establishing a fluid-tight chamber about the tube.
Date:
December 31, 1996
Creator:
Morrison, Edward F.
Object Type:
Patent
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Assessing the climatic effect of carbon dioxide and other trace gases using an interactive two-dimensional climate-chemistry model. Final report, December 1992--August 1996
In the recent IPCC report, the role of tropospheric aerosols, stratospheric aerosols, and natural solar variability have also been identified as having sizable effects on climate, both by direct perturbation of the radiative balance and indirectly by changing ozone. Although the effect of changing CO{sub 2} is by far the dominant factor on a century time scale, the effects from the other identified factors are important on a decade time scale. It is important to understand the mechanisms that relate these changes to climatic responses. Developing appropriate numerical models with the capability to simulate these mechanisms will enable one to correctly interpret the observed climate changes that have occurred to data, as well as predict future changes in climate. It is presently impractical to run comprehensive 3-D general circulation model simulations of the interactions between atmospheric chemistry and the rest of the climate system on time scales of decades to centuries. Thus, 2-D models and other lower resolution models play an essential role in understanding the complex interactions of the integrated climate system.
Date:
December 31, 1996
Creator:
Ko, M.K.W.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Assessing the effect of surface roughness on the wetting of Cu and Pd by Sn/Pb solder
Artificially enhancing the solder ability of a surface can at times prove to be advantageous. As chip packaging geometries become increasingly complex, the issue of solder wettability becomes significantly more important. Here, the authors examine the effect of varying substrate surface roughness on solder wettability (area of spread) and the time required to reach terminal area of spread. Results are given for solder wetting experiments that were performed on copper (Cu) substrates having chemically etched surfaces, as well as, Alumina (Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}) substrates electroplated with various thicknesses of palladium (Pd). The effect of etching on the Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}/Pd specimens was also examined as related to surface roughness and solder spread. These surface treatments were found to significantly alter wettability. Substantial improvements were observed in both solder wettability and time to wet with the uniformly etched Cu surfaces used in this study. For the Cu substrates, the average terminal area of spread is shown to be directly related to the substrates root mean square (RMS) surface roughness. The rate of wetting of the Cu surfaces is also shown to increase when chemical surface treatment is used. Maximum wetting on the Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}/Pd specimens was found to be directly …
Date:
December 31, 1996
Creator:
O`Toole, E.J.; Yost, F.G. & Roberts, J.L.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Assessment of HAPs emissions from advanced power systems
The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) identified 189 substances as air toxics or hazardous air pollutants (HAPs). Under the CAAA, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) must regulate emissions of these HAPs at their sources, including advanced power systems used for the production of electricity. Eleven trace elements are included in the CAAA list of HAPS, as shown in Table 1. The EPA will define those sources that require regulation and limit their emissions according to regulatory directives. This project focused on evaluating and manipulating the advanced power systems HAPs data currently available for presentation to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Trace components included in the 189 HAPs of the 1990 CAAA are: antimony compounds; arsenic compounds; beryllium compounds; cadmium compounds; chromium compounds; cobalt compounds; lead compounds; manganese compounds; mercury compounds; nickel compounds; and selenium compounds. The review of trace element emissions from advanced power systems and hot-gas cleanup systems included data from Tidd Station, General Electric hot-gas cleanup, Louisiana Gasification Technology Incorporated, and the Cool Water plant. Very few other sources of information were located, and those that were contained significantly flawed information that was not of value to this project. To offset the shortage of …
Date:
December 31, 1996
Creator:
Erickson, T. A.; Brekke, D. W. & Botros, P. E.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Assessment of hot gas contaminant control
The objective of this work is to gather data and information to assist DOE in responding to the NRC recommendation on hot gas cleanup by performing a comprehensive assessment of hot gas cleanup systems for advanced coal-based Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) and Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion (PFBC) including the status of development of the components of the hot gas cleanup systems, and the probable cost and performance impacts. The scope and time frame of information gathering is generally responsive to the boundaries set by the National Research council (NRC), but includes a broad range of interests and programs which cover hot gas cleanup through the year 2010. As the status of hot gas cleanup is continually changing, additional current data and information are being obtained for this effort from this 1996 METC Contractors` Review Meeting as well as from the 1996 Pittsburgh Coal Conference, and the University of Karlsruhe Symposium. The technical approach to completing this work consists of: (1) Determination of the status of hot gas cleanup technologies-- particulate collection systems, hot gas desulfurization systems, and trace contaminant removal systems; (2) Determination of hot gas cleanup systems cost and performance sensitivities. Analysis of conceptual IGCC and PFBC plant …
Date:
December 31, 1996
Creator:
Rutkowski, M. D.; Klett, M. G. & Zaharchuk, R.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Assessment of PFBC and gasification repowering
One of the first implications of full competition in the utility industry is the reluctance to risk capital intensive investments in new plant construction. As the Department of Energy`s Clean Coal Technology program readies a suite of technologies for commercial application, and as deregulation unfolds, the electric utility industry begins to look at the potential for repowering existing sites. This approach to power plant investment involves applications of repowering technologies, upratings, and refurbishing older stations. The decision to repower is influenced by factors that include market demand, power station characteristics, and technology choices. This paper describes the results of a comparative technical and economic evaluation of several clean coal technologies in a repowering application. The objectives of the study were to compare thermal and economic performance of a suite of clean coal technologies in a repowering application under a consistent set of guidelines. Approach The approach taken in this comparative evaluation of Advanced Technologies in a repowering application was to define a reference pulverized coal (PC) fired power station, and then apply each candidate technology in succession. Each case was modeled in a modified version of the ASPEN/SP flow sheet simulation program, along with a suitable combustion turbine, where applicable, …
Date:
December 31, 1996
Creator:
Bonk, D. L.; Freier, M. D.; Buchanan, T. L.; DeLallo, M. R.; Goldstein, H. N. & White, J. S.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Associated-particle sealed-tube neutron probe for nonintrusive inspection
The development and investigation of a small associated-particle sealed-tube neutron generator (APSTNG) show potential to allow the associated-particle method to be moved out of the laboratory into field applications. Alpha particles associated with 14 MeV neutrons generated from the D-T reaction travel in the opposite direction and are detected inside the sealed tube. Gamma-ray spectra of resulting neutron reactions in the inspected volume encompassed by the alpha- detector solid angle identify many nuclides. Flight-times determined from detection times of the gamma-rays and alpha-particles not only separate the prompt and delayed gamma-rays but can also yield a separate coarse tomographic image of each identified nuclide, from a single orientation without collimation. A continuous ion beam allows data acquisition by relatively low-bandwidth commercial electronics. This efficient collection of maximum information from each detected neutron by the associated-particle method can allow a much lower source intensity than pulsed accelerator methods, provided a sufficient usable signal rate is obtained. When this method is coupled with a compact sealed-tube neutron generator, a relatively small, inexpensive, reliable, and easily maintainable inspection system can be developed, that is rugged enough to be transportable. Proof-of- concept laboratory experiments have been performed for simulated explosives, drugs, special nuclear materials, …
Date:
December 31, 1996
Creator:
Rhodes, E. & Dickerman, C.E.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Atomic-scale dynamics of atoms and dimers on the Si(001) surface
The kinetics of adsorbed Si monomers and dimers, at submonolayer coverage, are measured using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Si monomers are observed in empty-state STM images acquired between room temperature and 115 C. The monomers are trapped at the ends of rebonded-SB type dimer rows. When monomers thermally escape from the traps, they rapidly diffuse along the substrate dimer row until they find another unoccupied trap or return to their original trap. The binding activation barrier at isolated traps is {approximately}1.0 eV. A slightly lower barrier exists for monomers to hop between the ends of neighboring dimer rows - a process facilitating diffusion along segments of SB type steps. In addition to monomers, the interactions of adsorbed Si dimers with steps and islands on Si(001) are quantified using atom-tracking STM. Diffusing dimers are reflected from steps, sides of islands, and certain surface defect structures. Site-specific free energies are extracted from measurements of lattice-site occupation probabilities of dimers trapped between these reflecting barriers. Relative to the free energy of isolated dimers on a terrace, dimers located at the first lattice site next to SA steps and the sides of islands are bound by {approximately}0.03-0.06 eV. The binding decreases to half that …
Date:
December 31, 1996
Creator:
Swartzentruber, B.S.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
ATS materials support
The technology based portion of the Advanced Turbine System Program (ATS) contains several subelements which address generic technology issues for land-base gas turbine systems. One subelement is the Materials/Manufacturing Technology Program which is coordinated by DOE-Oak Ridge Operations and Oak Ridge National laboratory (ORNL) for the Department of Energy. The work in this subelement is being performed predominantly by industry with assistance from national laboratories and universities. Projects in this subelement are aimed toward hastening the incorporation of new materials and components in gas turbines. The materials manufacturing subelement was developed with input from gas turbine manufacturers, material suppliers, government laboratories and universities. Work is currently ongoing on thermal barrier coatings (TBCs), the scale-up of single-crystal airfoil manufacturing technologies, materials characterization and technology information exchange. Westinghouse Power Generation and Pratt and Whitney each have material programs to develop dependable TBCs that enable increased turbine inlet temperatures while maintaining airfoil substrate temperatures at levels to meet the ATS life goals. Howmet and PCC Airfoils each have projects to extend the capability of single-crystal complex-cored airfoil technology to larger sizes so that higher turbine inlet temperatures can be attained in land-based turbines in a cost-effective manner. Materials characterization tasks are ongoing on …
Date:
December 31, 1996
Creator:
Karnitz, M. A.; Wright, I. G.; Ferber, M. K.; Holcomb, R. S. & Rawlins, M. H.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Automatic differentiation for gradient-based optimization of radiatively heated microelectronics manufacturing equipment
Automatic differentiation is applied to the optimal design of microelectronic manufacturing equipment. The performance of nonlinear, least-squares optimization methods is compared between numerical and analytical gradient approaches. The optimization calculations are performed by running large finite-element codes in an object-oriented optimization environment. The Adifor automatic differentiation tool is used to generate analytic derivatives for the finite-element codes. The performance results support previous observations that automatic differentiation becomes beneficial as the number of optimization parameters increases. The increase in speed, relative to numerical differences, has a limited value and results are reported for two different analysis codes.
Date:
December 31, 1996
Creator:
Moen, C.D.; Spence, P.A.; Meza, J.C. & Plantenga, T.D.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Automatic differentiation of a parallel molecular dynamics application
The ADIC and ADIFOR automatic differentiation tools have proven useful for obtaining the derivatives needed in many scientific applications written in Fortran 77 or ANSI C. But many new scientific programs are written for or ported to parallel platforms to achieve maximal performance. The authors provide an overview of the approach to the complex task of applying automatic differentiation techniques to parallel programming environments, especially as applied to a parallel molecular dynamics application written in C++ with PVM message passing.
Date:
December 31, 1996
Creator:
Hovland, P.; Bischof, C. & Roh, L.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Azimuthal asymmetry of particle production in Au + Au collisions at 11.6 A{center_dot}GeV/c
Particle production was measured by the E866 forward spectrometer. It was reported earlier in our publication that a correlation between particle ratios and the asymmetry of energy deposition in zero degree calorimeter(ZCAL) was found. To further investigate the azimuthal asymmetry analysis, the forward hodoscope (HODO) was incorporated and the correlation between the particle production and the ``reaction plane`` will be discussed. Preliminary analysis shows enhanced in- plain proton production.
Date:
December 31, 1996
Creator:
Kurita, Kazuyoshi & Collaboration, E866
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Azimuthal variation of radiation of seismic energy from cast blasts
As part of a series of seismic experiments designed to improve the understanding of the impact of mining blasts on verifying a Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, a sixteen station network of three-component seismic sensors were deployed around a large cast shot in the Black Thunder Mine. The seismic stations were placed, where possible, at a range of 2.5 kilometers with a constant inter-station spacing of 22.5 degrees. All of the data were recorded with the seismometers oriented such that the radial component pointed to the middle point of the approximately 2 kilometer long shot. High quality data were recorded at each station. Data were scaled to a range of 2.5 kilometers and the sum of the absolute value of the vertical, radial, and transverse channels computed. These observations were used to construct radiation patterns of the seismic energy propagating from the cast shot. It is obvious that cast shots do not radiate seismic energy isotropically. Most of the vertical motion occurs behind the highwall while radial and transverse components of motion are enhanced in directions parallel to the highwall. These findings have implications for local (0.1 to 15 kilometer range) and possibly for regional (100 to 2,000 kilometer range) seismic …
Date:
December 31, 1996
Creator:
Pearson, D.C.; Stump, B.W. & Martin, R.L.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
b quark and b hadron production in {anti p} p collisions at CDF
We report on the status of {ital b} quark and {ital b} hadron production using 110 pb{sup -1} of data collected by the CDF detector between 1992 and 1995. We present the first direct measurement of the ratio of {ital b} quark cross sections at {radical}{ital s} = 630 GeV and {radical}{ital s} = 1800 GeV, and an update on the measurement of the {ital B} meson differential cross section. We also present measurements of the branching fraction for b {r_arrow} J{Psi} A, and the product of fragmentation fraction and branching fractions for the semileptonic decay b {r_arrow} {mu}{sup +}{ital e}{sup -} {nu}X. The last two equations were illegible and are a best guess to the original intent.
Date:
December 31, 1996
Creator:
Olsen, J.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Barometric pumping with a twist: VOC containment and remediation without boreholes
Objectives of Phase I (completed Nov. 1995) was to evaluate the feasibility of applying surface sealing and venting features to contain and remediate volatile organic compound (VOC) contaminated soils in the vadose zone. In Phase II, the remediation system will be installed at the Radioactive Waste Management Complex of INEL. It will cover an area of the landfill known to be contaminated with chlorinated hydrocarbons, deposited in shallow trenches. Operation will be monitored for 12 to 18 months to evaluate the impact on soil gas displacement. The 4 key components are the surface seal, plenum, vent assembly, and soil vapor monitoring points.
Date:
December 31, 1996
Creator:
Lowry, W.; Dunn, S.D. & Neeper, D.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Base program on energy related research. Quarterly report, February 1--April 30, 1996
The Base Research Program at Western Research Institute (WRI) is planned to develop technologies to a level that will attract industrial sponsors for continued development under the Jointly Sponsored Research (JSR) Program. The goals of the Base Research Program are in support of those of the JSR Program, which are designed to: increase the production of US and western energy resources, particularly low-sulfur coal, natural gas, oil, and renewable energy resources; enhance the competitiveness of US and western energy technologies in international markets and assist in technology transfer; reduce the nation`s dependence on foreign energy supplies and strengthen both the US and regional economies; and minimize environmental impacts of energy production and utilization. Summaries are presented for many of the subtasks related to oil and gas research, advanced systems applications for coal, environmental technologies, and remediation. The paper also contains federal assistance management summary reports, and contract status reports.
Date:
December 31, 1996
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Baytown Sun (Baytown, Tex.), Vol. 75, No. 52, Ed. 1 Tuesday, December 31, 1996
Daily newspaper from Baytown, Texas that includes local, state, and national news along with advertising.
Date:
December 31, 1996
Creator:
Dobbs, Gary
Object Type:
Newspaper
System:
The Portal to Texas History
Beam Positior Monitor Engineering
The design of beam position monitors often involves challenging system design choices. Position transducers must be robust, accurate, and generate adequate position signal without unduly disturbing the beam. Electronics must be reliable and affordable, usually while meeting tough requirements on precision. accuracy, and dynamic range. These requirements may be difficult to achieve simultaneously, leading the designer into interesting opportunities for optimization or compromise. Some useful techniques and tools are shown. Both finite element analysis and analytic techniques will be used to investigate quasi-static aspects of electromagnetic fields such as the impedance of and the coupling of beam to striplines or buttons. Finite-element tools will be used to understand dynamic aspects of the electromagnetic fields of beams, such as wake-fields and transmission-line and cavity effects in vacuum-to-air feed through. Mathematical modeling of electrical signals through a processing chain will be demonstrated, in particular to illuminate areas where neither a pure time-domain nor a pure frequency-domain analysis is obviously advantageous. Emphasis will be on calculational techniques, in particular on using both time-domain and frequency domain approaches to the applicable parts of interesting problems.
Date:
December 31, 1996
Creator:
Smith, Stephen R.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Beam stability and nonlinear dynamics. Summary report
A {open_quotes}Beam Stability and Nonlinear Dynamics{close_quotes} Symposium was held October 3-5, 1996 at the Institute for Theoretical Physics (ITP) in Santa Barbara. This was one of the 3 symposia hosted by the ITP and supported by its sponsor, the National Science Foundation, as part of our {open_quotes}New Ideas for Particle Accelerators{close_quotes} program. The symposia was organized and chaired by Dr. Zohreh Parsa of ITP/ Brookhaven National Laboratory. The purpose of this symposium was to deal with some of the fundamental theoretical problems of accelerator physics by bringing together leaders from accelerator physics communities, mathematics, and other fields of physics. The focus was on nonlinear dynamics and beam stability. The symposium began with some defining talks on relevant mathematical topics such as single-particle Hamiltonian dynamics, chaos, and new ideas in symplectic integrators. The physics topics included single-particle and many-particle dynamics. These topics concern circular accelerators in which particles circulate for a very large number of turns as well as linear accelerators where space charge and wakefields induced in accelerating cavities play a strong role. A major question is to determine the best model for numerical simulations in order to accurately reproduce behavior of beams in real accelerators and to predict long-term …
Date:
December 31, 1996
Creator:
Parsa, Z.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Beam stability & nonlinear dynamics. Formal report
his Report includes copies of transparencies and notes from the presentations made at the Symposium on Beam Stability and Nonlinear Dynamics, December 3-5, 1996 at the Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara California, that was made available by the authors. Editing, reduction and changes to the authors contributions were made only to fulfill the printing and publication requirements. We would like to take this opportunity and thank the speakers for their informative presentations and for providing copies of their transparencies and notes for inclusion in this Report.
Date:
December 31, 1996
Creator:
Parsa, Z.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Beamline and exposure station for deep x-ray lithography at the Advanced Photon Source
APS is a third-generation synchrotron radiation source. With an x-ray energy of 19.5 keV and highly collimated beam (<0.1 mrad), APS is well suited for producing high-aspect-ratio microstructures in thick resist films (> 1 mm) using deep x-ray lithography (DXRL). The 2-BM beamline was constructed and will be used for DXRL at APS. Selection of appropriate x-ray energy range is done through a variable-angle mirror and various filters in the beamline. At the exposure station, the beam size will be 100(H) x 5(V) mm{sup 2}. Uniform exposure will be achieved by a high-speed (100 mm/sec) vertical scanner, which allows precise angular ({approximately}0.1 mrad) and positional (< 1 {mu}m) control of the sample, allowing full use of the highly collimated beam for lateral accuracy and control of sidewall slopes during exposure of thick resists, as well as generation of conicals and other profiles. For 1-mm-thick PMMA, a 100 x 25 mm{sup 2} area can be fully exposed in about 1/2 hr, while even 10-mm-thick PMMA will require only 2-3 hours.
Date:
December 31, 1996
Creator:
Lai, B.; Mancini, D.C.; Yun, W. & Gluskin, E.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Behavior-based cooperative robotics applied to multi-target observation
An important issue that arises in the automation of many security, surveillance, and reconnaissance tasks is that of monitoring (or observing) the movements of targets navigating in a bounded area of interest. A key research issue in these problems is that of sensor placement - determining where sensors should be located to maintain the targets in view. In complex applications involving limited-range sensors, the use of multiple sensors dynamically moving over time is required. In this paper, the author investigates the use of a cooperative team of autonomous sensor-based robots for the observation of multiple moving targets. The author focuses primarily on developing the distributed control strategies that allow the robot team to attempt to minimize the total time in which targets escape observation by some robot team member in the area of interest. The initial efforts on this problem address the aspects of distributed control in homogeneous robot teams with equivalent sensing and movement capabilities working in an uncluttered, bounded area. This paper first formalizes the problem, discusses related work, and then shows that this problem is NP-hard. The author then presents a distributed approximate approach to solving this problem that combines low-level multi-robot control with higher-level control. The …
Date:
December 31, 1996
Creator:
Parker, L. E.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Bench- and pilot-scale evaluation of mercury speciation measurement methods
The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments require the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to assess the health risks associated with mercury. Since the rate of mercury deposition and the type of control strategies used may depend on the type of mercury species emitted, a proven sampling method that can reliably and accurately speciate mercury at the very low concentrations found in coal combustion flue gas is necessary. A number of mercury speciation methods have been proposed, including wet-chemistry methods, such as EPA Method 29, the Ontario Hydro method, and the tris-buffer method, as well as dry methods such as the Mercury Speciation Absorption method (MESA). In addition, a number of companies are developing continuous emissions monitors to speciate mercury by difference. Bench- and pilot-scale tests, sponsored by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) and the US Department of Energy (DOE), are currently under way at the Energy and Environmental Research Center (EERC) to determine the most accurate and precise mercury speciation method available. The overall objective of the test program is to determine whether EPA Method 29 or other sampling methods can reliably quantify and speciate mercury in flue gas from coal-fired boilers at both the inlet and outlet of …
Date:
December 31, 1996
Creator:
Laudal, Dennis L.; Heidt, Marlys K.; Nott, Babu R. & Brown, Thomas D.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Bench-Scale Development of Fluidized-Bed Spray-Dried Sorbents
Successful development of regenerable mixed-metal oxide sorbents for removal of reduced sulfur species (such as H{sub 2}S and COS) from coal-derived fuel gas streams at high=temperature, high-pressure (HTHP) conditions is a key to commercialization of the integrated-gasification-combined-cycle (IGCC) power systems. Among the various available coal-to-electricity pathways, IGCC power plants have the most potential with high thermal efficiency, simple system configuration, low emissions of SO{sub 2}, NO{sub x} and other contaminants, modular design, and low capital cost. Due to these advantages, the power plants of the 21st century are projected to utilize IGCC technology worldwide. Sorbents developed for sulfur removal are primarily zinc oxide-based inorganic materials, because of their ability to reduce fuel gas sulfur level to a few parts-per-million (ppm). This project extends the prior work on the development of fluidizable zinc titanate particles using a spray-drying technique to impart high reactivity and attrition resistance. Specific objectives are to develop highly reactive and attrition-resistant zinc titanate sorbents in 40- to 150-{mu}m particle size range for transport reactor applications using semicommercial- to full commercial-scale spray dryers, to transfer sorbent production technology to private sector, and to provide technical support for Sierra Pacific`s Clean Coal Technology Demonstration plant and METC`s hot-gas desulfurization …
Date:
December 31, 1996
Creator:
Gupta, Raghubir P.; Turk, Brian S. & Gangwal, Santosh K.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library