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Alternative Fuels and Chemicals From Synthesis Gas. Quarterly Status Report Number 2, 1 January--31 March 1995
The overall objectives of this program are to investigate potential technologies for the conversion of synthesis gas to oxygenated and hydrocarbon fuels and industrial chemicals, and to demonstrate the most promising technologies at DOE`s LaPorte, Texas, Slurry Phase Alternative Fuels Development Unit. Results are discussed for the following tasks: liquid phase hydrodynamic run; catalyst activation with CO; new processes for DME (dehydration catalyst screening runs, and experiments using Robinson-Mahoney basket internal and pelletized catalysts); new fuels from DME; and new processes for alcohols and oxygenated fuel additives.
Date:
December 31, 1995
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Alternative processing methods for tungsten-base composite materials
Tungsten composite materials contain large amounts of tungsten distributed in a continuous matrix phase. Current commercial materials include the tungsten-nickel-iron with cobalt replacing some or all of the iron, and also tungsten-copper materials. Typically, these are fabricated by liquid-phase sintering of blended powders. Liquid-phase sintering offers the advantages of low processing costs, established technology, and generally attractive mechanical properties. However, liquid-phase sintering is restricted to a very limited number of matrix alloying elements and a limited range of tungsten and alloying compositions. In the past few years, there has been interest in a wider range of matrix materials that offer the potential for superior composite properties. These must be processed by solid-state processes and at sufficiently low temperatures to avoid undesired reactions between the tungsten and the matrix phase. These processes, in order of decreasing process temperature requirements, include hot-isostatic pressing (HIPing), hot extrusion, and dynamic compaction. The HIPing and hot extrusion processes have also been used to improve mechanical properties of conventional liquid-phase-sintered materials. Results of laboratory-scale investigations of solid-state consolidation of a variety of matrix materials, including titanium, hafnium, nickel aluminide, and steels are reviewed. The potential advantages and disadvantages of each of the possible alternative consolidation processes …
Date:
December 31, 1995
Creator:
Ohriner, E. K. & Sikka, V. K.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Altus Times (Altus, Okla.), Vol. 95, No. 249, Ed. 1 Sunday, December 31, 1995
Daily newspaper from Altus, Oklahoma that includes local, state, and national news along with advertising.
Date:
December 31, 1995
Creator:
Lomenick, Rick
Object Type:
Newspaper
System:
The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Aluminum removal from washed sludge
Purpose of this project is to reduce the volume of storage tank sludge to be treated by removing the Al and other nonradioactive components. In initial sludge surrogate studies, Al, Cr, and Zn showed the highest solubility in NaOH solutions; Ce and Zr were the least soluble of the elements tested. Removal of Fe and Bi approached 2%, the rest of the elements studied showed <1% removal. Amount of Al removed increased as the NaOH conc. increased from 0.1 to 6 M. Sequential washing of the sludge surrogate with 3 M NaOH removed 84% of the Al, 39% of the Cr, and 65% of the Zn. Surrogate sludges containing U and Th were also studied.
Date:
December 31, 1995
Creator:
Egan, B. Z.; Collins, J. L. & Ensor, D. D.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Alvin Sun-Advertiser (Alvin, Tex.), Vol. 105, No. 146, Ed. 1 Sunday, December 31, 1995
Weekly newspaper from Alvin, Texas that includes local, state, and national news along with advertising.
Date:
December 31, 1995
Creator:
Schwind, Jim & Mohon, Wendy
Object Type:
Newspaper
System:
The Portal to Texas History
Ammonia usage in vapor compression for refrigeration and air-conditioning in the United States
The impending phaseout of CFCs and HCFCs has led to a worldwide search for refrigerants that can provide equivalent performance while not damaging the environment. Long used as a working fluid in industrial and large-scale refrigeration, ammonia provides high efficiency, low initial cost, and no detrimental impact to the environment. However, its toxicity and flammability, along with technical considerations and increased operating costs, deter its use in many refrigeration and cooling applications. Utilization of ammonia in applications where its safety considerations and technical concerns can be addressed provides the best growth opportunity for adoption as a replacement refrigerant. Applications such as district or large-scale cooling, thermal storage, packaged systems, and combined systems hold promise for increased usage of ammonia. Ongoing research and development are providing solutions to technical considerations, and innovations in safety and containment of ammonia are addressing those particular concerns, but code restrictions and regulations present the greatest barrier to wider adoption of ammonia as an alternate refrigerant in the US To encourage wider use, future efforts will need to continue on improved safety and more efficient design, along with an increased emphasis on educating and informing industry and the public about the advantages ammonia and the factors …
Date:
December 31, 1995
Creator:
Fairchild, P.D. & Baxter, V.D.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Analyses of residual thermal stresses in ceramic matrix composites
Residual thermal stresses in ceramic matrix composites containing either ellipsoidal inclusions or short fibers (i.e., fibers of finite length) are considered. First, the residual stresses in ellipsoidal inclusions are uniform, and they are analyzed using a modified Eshelby model. Although closed-form analytical solutions are obtained, their formulations are formidable. When the aspect ratio of the ellipsoid is 0, 1, or infinity, simple analytical solutions can be obtained using different models, and they are in excellent agreement with those obtained from the modified Eshelby model. Second, residual stresses in short fibers are nonuniform, and they are analyzed using a modified shear lag model, in which imaginary fibers are introduced to satisfy the continuity condition at the fiber ends. The analytical solutions are compared to the experimental results.
Date:
December 31, 1995
Creator:
Hsueh, C.H. & Becher, P.F.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Analysis and control of the METC fluid bed gasifier. Quarterly report, July 1--September 30, 1995
In this work, three components will form the basis for design of a control scheme for the Fluidized Bed Gasifier (FBG) at METC: (1) a control systems analysis based on simple linear models derived from process data; (2) review of the literature on fluid bed gasifier operation and control; and (3) understanding of present FBG operation and real world considerations. Tasks accomplished during the present reporting period include: (1) observation of the FBG during the week of July 17 to July 21; (2) suggested improvements to the control of FBG backpressure and MGCR pressure; and (3) data collection from FBG run No. 11 and transfer of data to USC.
Date:
December 31, 1995
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Analysis of boron dilution in a four-loop PWR
Thermal mixing and boron dilution in a pressurized water reactor were analyzed with COMMIX codes. The reactor system was the four loop Zion reactor. Two boron dilution scenarios were analyzed. In the first scenario, the plant is in cold shutdown and the reactor coolant system has just been filled after maintenance on the steam generators. To flush the air out of the steam generator tubes, a reactor coolant pump (RCP) is started, with the water in the pump suction line devoid of boron and at the same temperature as the coolant in the system. In the second scenario, the plant is at hot standby and the reactor coolant system has been heated up to operating temperature after a long outage. It is assumed that an RCP is started, with the pump suction line filled with cold unborated water, forcing a slug of diluted coolant down the downcomer and subsequently through the reactor core. The subsequent transient thermal mixing and boron dilution that would occur in the reactor system is simulated for these two scenarios. The reactivity insertion rate and the total reactivity are evaluated.
Date:
December 31, 1995
Creator:
Sun, J.G. & Sha, W.T.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Analysis of civilian processing programs in reduction of excess separated plutonium and high-enriched uranium
The purpose of this preliminary investigation is to explore alternatives and strategies aimed at the gradual reduction of the excess inventories of separated plutonium and high-enriched uranium (HEU) in the civilian nuclear power industry. The study attempts to establish a technical and economic basis to assist in the formation of alternative approaches consistent with nonproliferation and safeguards concerns. The analysis addresses several options in reducing the excess separated plutonium and HEU, and the consequences on nonproliferation and safeguards policy assessments resulting from the interacting synergistic effects between fuel cycle processes and isotopic signatures of nuclear materials.
Date:
December 31, 1995
Creator:
Persiani, P.J.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Analysis of Exxon crude-oil-slip stream coking data
Fouling of pre-heat train heat exchangers and process heaters used for the crude-distillation unit is a major unsolved problem which costs the industry in terms of energy inefficiency and productivity loss. The complexity of the fouling problem has prevented the industry from developing effective mitigation methods. Coking is a general term used for fouling at high temperatures, because the structure of the deposition resemblance to coke. Exxon Research and Engineering Co. conducted a joint research project with the US Department of Energy. One part of the research was to conduct coking experiments for crude oil subjected to heat fluxes greater than typical industrial conditions. In the present study, the coking data are re-analyzed and a simplified model is developed for predicting threshold fouling conditions. Recommendations are made for future experiments and analysis of the laboratory and field data.
Date:
December 31, 1995
Creator:
Ebert, W. & Panchal, C.B.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Analysis of offsite dose calculation methodology for a nuclear power reactor
This technical study reviews the methodology for calculating offsite dose estimates as described in the offsite dose calculation manual (ODCM) for Pennsylvania Power and Light - Susquehanna Steam Electric Station (SSES). An evaluation of the SSES ODCM dose assessment methodology indicates that it conforms with methodology accepted by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). Using 1993 SSES effluent data, dose estimates are calculated according to SSES ODCM methodology and compared to the dose estimates calculated according to SSES ODCM and the computer model used to produce the reported 1993 dose estimates. The 1993 SSES dose estimates are based on the axioms of Publication 2 of the International Commission of Radiological Protection (ICRP). SSES Dose estimates based on the axioms of ICRP Publication 26 and 30 reveal the total body estimates to be the most affected.
Date:
December 31, 1995
Creator:
Moser, D.M.
Object Type:
Thesis or Dissertation
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Analysis of operating costs a Low-Level Mixed Waste Incineration Facility
By definition, mixed wastes contain both chemically hazardous and radioactive components. These components make the treatment and disposal of mixed wastes expensive and highly complex issues because the different regulations which pertain to the two classes of contaminants frequently conflict. One method to dispose of low-level mixed wastes (LLMWs) is by incineration, which volatizes and destroys the organic (and other) hazardous contaminants and also greatly reduces the waste volume. The US Department of Energy currently incinerates liquid LLMW in its Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Incinerator, located at the K-25 Site in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. This incinerator has been fully permitted since 1991 and to date has treated approximately 7 {times} 10{sup 6} kg of liquid LLMW. This paper presents an analysis of the budgeted operating costs by category (e.g., maintenance, plant operations, sampling and analysis, and utilities) for fiscal year 1994 based on actual operating experience (i.e., a ``bottoms-up`` budget). These costs provide benchmarking guidelines which could be used in comparing incinerator operating costs with those of other technologies designed to dispose of liquid LLMW. A discussion of the current upgrade status and future activities are included in this paper. Capital costs are not addressed.
Date:
December 31, 1995
Creator:
Loghry, S.L.; Salmon, R. & Hermes, W.H.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Analysis of radiation measurement data of the BUSS cask
The Beneficial Uses Shipping System (BUSS) is a Type-B packaging developed for shipping nonfissile, special-form radioactive materials to facilities such as sewage, food, and medical-product irradiators. The primary purpose of the BUSS cask is to provide shielding and confinement, as well as impact, puncture, and thermal protection for its certified special-form contents under both normal transport and hypothetical accident conditions. A BUSS cask that contained 16 CsCl capsules (2.723 {times} 10{sup 4} TBq total activity) was recently subjected to radiation survey measurements at a Westinghouse Hanford facility, which provided data that could be used to validate computer codes. Two shielding analysis codes, MICROSHIELD (User`s Manual 1988) and SAS4 (Tan 1993), that are used at Argonne National Laboratory to evaluate the safety of packaging of radioactive materials during transportation, have been selected for analysis of radiation data obtained from the BUSS cask. MICROSHIELD, which performs only gamma radiation shielding calculation, is based on a point-kernel model with idealized geometry, whereas SAS4 is a control module in the SCALE code system (1995) that can perform three-dimensional Monte Carlo shielding calculation for photons and neutrons, with built-in procedures for cross-section data processing and automated variance reduction. The two codes differ in how they …
Date:
December 31, 1995
Creator:
Liu, Y. Y. & Tang, J. S.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Analysis of stray radiation produced by the advanced light source (1.9 GeV synchrotron radiation source) at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
The yearly environmental dose equivalent likely to result at the closest site boundary from the Advanced Light Source was determined by generating multiple linear regressions. The independent variables comprised quantified accelerator operating parameters and measurements from synchronized, in-close (outside shielding prior to significant atmospheric scattering), state-of-the-art neutron remmeters and photon G-M tubes. Neutron regression models were more successful than photon models due to lower relative background radiation and redundant detectors at the site boundary. As expected, Storage Ring Beam Fill and Beam Crashes produced radiation at a higher rate than gradual Beam Decay; however, only the latter did not include zero in its 95% confidence interval. By summing for all three accelerator operating modes, a combined yearly DE of 4.3 mRem/yr with a 90% CI of (0.04-8.63) was obtained. These results fall below the DOE reporting level of 10 mRem/yr and suggest repeating the study with improved experimental conditions.
Date:
December 31, 1995
Creator:
Ajemian, R. C.
Object Type:
Thesis or Dissertation
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Analysis of U.S. produced water controls -- Are they cost-effective?
The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) establishes controls on produced water discharges into US waters through effluent limitations guidelines (ELGs), and general and individual discharge permits. Over the past 20 years, produced water controls have become much stricter, and in some areas, no discharge of produced water is allowed. In setting discharge standards, EPA considers vast amounts of data, makes assumptions regarding which data and what approaches are representative, selects the most appropriate analytical methods, and interprets the analytical results. Despite EPA`s considerable efforts to accurately understand and characterize the economic and environmental impacts of produced water discharges before proposing and adopting ELGs and issuing permits, current US produced water controls may be overly restrictive and not cost-effective. This paper summarizes several studies that have reviewed in detail EPA`s data, assumptions, and analytical methods for earlier proposed regulations and general permits. These include the offshore oil and gas ELGs, EPA`s Region 6 general permit for coastal waters, and most recently, the proposed ELGs for the coastal oil and gas industry. By substituting different data, using revised assumptions, and reanalyzing data that are equally or more valid, the studies reach alternate conclusions on the cost-effectiveness of current produced water controls.
Date:
December 31, 1995
Creator:
Veil, J.A.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Analytical determination of package response to severe impact
One important part of radioactive material transport risk assessments is amount of release from packages in accidents more severe than design basis accident (US NRC 10CFR71 1995). In order to remove some of the conservatism from current risk assessments, an effort is ongoing to qualify the finite element method for predicting cask performance by comparing analytical results to test measurements of the Structural Evaluation Test Unit (SETU) cask. Comparisons of deformed shapes, strains, and accelerations were made for impact velocities of 13.4, 20.1, and 26.8 m/s (30, 45, and 60 mph). The 13.4 m/s impact corresponds to the regulatory 9 m (30 ft) free fall, and the others correspond to impacts with 2.25 and 4 times the kinetic energy of the regulatory impact. One other analysis at an impact velocity of 38.0 m/s (85 mph) or 8 times regulatory impact kinetic energy was also done.
Date:
December 31, 1995
Creator:
Ludwigsen, J. S. & Ammerman, D. J.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Annual report of the origin of natural gas liquids production form EIA-64A
The collection of basic, verifiable information on the Nation`s reserves and production of natural gas liquids (NGL) is mandated by the Federal Energy Administration Act of 1974 (FEAA) (Public Law 93-275) and the Department of Energy Organization Act of 1977 (Public Law 95-91). Gas shrinkage volumes reported on Form EIA-64A by natural gas processing plant operators are used with natural gas data collected on a {open_quotes}wet after lease separation{close_quotes} basis on Form EIA-23, Annual Survey of Domestic Oil and Gas Reserves, to estimate {open_quotes}dry{close_quotes} natural gas reserves and production volumes regionally and nationally. The shrinkage data are also used, along with the plant liquids production data reported on Form EIA-64A, and lease condensate data reported on Form EIA-23, to estimate regional and national gas liquids reserves and production volumes. This information is the only comprehensive source of credible natural gas liquids data, and is required by DOE to assist in the formulation of national energy policies.
Date:
December 31, 1995
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Annual site environmental report for calendar year 1995
The Western Area Power Administration (Western) has established a formal environmental protection, auditing, monitoring, and planning program that has been in effect since 1978. The significant environmental projects and issues Western was involved with in 1995 are discussed in this annual site environmental report. It is written to show the nature and effectiveness of the environmental protection program. Western operates and maintains nearly 17,000 miles of transmission lines, 257 substations, and various appurtenant power facilities in fifteen central and western states. Western is also responsible for planning, construction, and operation and maintenance of additional federal transmission facilities that may be authorized in the future. There is a combined total of 55 hydroelectric power generating plants in the service area. Additionally, Western markets the US entitlement from the Navajo coal-fired plant near Page, Arizona. The Department of Energy requires the preparation of an annual site environmental report. Because Western has over 400 facilities located in these states, this report addresses the environmental activities in all the facilities as one site.
Date:
December 31, 1995
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Anomalous Abelian symmetry in the standard model
The observed hierarchy of quark and lepton masses can be parametrized by nonrenormalizable operators with dimensions determined by an anomalous Abelian family symmetry, a gauge extension to the minimal supersymmetric standard model. Such an Abelian symmetry is generic to compactified superstring theories, with its anomalies compensated by the Green-Schwarz mechanism. If we assume these two symmetries to be the same, we find the electroweak mixing angle to be sin {sup 2}{theta}{sub {omega}} = 3/8 at the string scale, just by setting the ratio of the product of down quark to charged lepton masses equal to one at the string scale. This assumes no GUT structure. The generality of the result suggests a superstring origin for the standard model. We generalize our analysis to massive neutrinos, and mixings in the lepton sector.
Date:
December 31, 1995
Creator:
Ramond, P.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Apatite- and Monazite-Bearing Glass-Crystal Composites for the Immobilization of Low-level Nuclear and Hazardous Wastes
This study demonstrates that glass-crystal composite waste forms can be produced from waste streams containing high proportions of phosphorus, transition metals, and/or halides. The crystalline phases produced in crucible-scale melts include apatite, monazite, spinels, and a Zr-Si-Fe-Ti phase. These phases readily incorporated radionuclide and toxic metals into their crystal structures, while corrosion tests have demonstrated that glass-crystal composites can be up to 300-fold more durable than simulated high-level nuclear waste glasses, such as SRL 202U.
Date:
December 31, 1995
Creator:
Wronkiewicz, D.J.; Wolf, S.F. & DiSanto, T.S.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Applicability of ZPR critical experiment data to criticality safety
More than a hundred zero power reactor (ZPR) critical assemblies were constructed, over a period of about three decades, at the Argonne National Laboratory ZPR-3, ZPR-6, ZPR-9 and ZPPR fast critical assembly facilities. To be sure, the original reason for performing these critical experiments was to support fast reactor development. Nevertheless, data from some of the assemblies are well suited to form the basis for valuable, new criticality safety benchmarks. The purpose of this paper is to describe the ZPR data that would be of benefit to the criticality safety community and to explain how these data could be developed into practical criticality safety benchmarks.
Date:
December 31, 1995
Creator:
Schaefer, R.W.; Aumeier, S.E. & McFarlane, H.F.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Application of artificial intelligence to reservoir characterization: An interdisciplinary approach. [Quarterly technical progress report], October 1--December 31, 1995
The basis of this research is to apply novel techniques from Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems in capturing, integrating and articulating key knowledge from geology, geostatistics, and petroleum engineering to develop accurate descriptions of petroleum reservoirs. The ultimate goal is to design and implement a single powerful expert system for use by small producers and independents to efficiently exploit reservoirs. The overall project plan to design the system to create integrated reservoir descriptions begins by initially developing an AI-based methodology for producing large-scale reservoir descriptions generated interactively from geology and well test data. Parallel to this task is a second task that develops an AI-based methodology that uses facies-biased information to generate small-scale descriptions of reservoir properties such as permeability and porosity. The third task involves consolidation and integration of the large-scale and small-scale methodologies to produce reservoir descriptions honoring all the available data. The final task will be technology transfer. The results of the integration are not merely limited to obtaining better characterizations of individual reservoirs. They have the potential to significantly impact and advance the discipline of reservoir characterization itself.
Date:
December 31, 1995
Creator:
Kerr, D. R.; Thompson, L. G. & Shenoi, S.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Application of Empore{trademark} disk technology to environmental radiochemical analysis
The costs associated with environmental restoration and waste management at both government and private facilities are burdensome, and continue to grow. The Department of Energy estimates that over one million samples, many containing radioactive components, will be analyzed per annum to support remediation programs at its 4000 sites. The development and implementation of new analytical technologies can significantly reduce the high costs associated with these programs. Disk solid-phase extraction technology has been proven to be highly effective for sample preparation in the analysis of organic compounds, waste waters, and other aqueous samples. Disk technology significantly improves sample throughput, while reducing secondary waste and costs. Moreover, many of the hazardous chemicals associated with traditional procedures are eliminated. This technology may be readily automated and lends itself to field applications. Through a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement, the 3M Company and Argonne National Laboratory are expanding this technology to address sample preparation and recovery of radionuclides from aqueous samples, i.e., surface, ground, and drinking waters. Disks have been developed which demonstrate high selectivity and great affinity for important radionuclides, including {sup 99}Tc, {sup 89/90}Sr, and {sup 226/228}Ra.
Date:
December 31, 1995
Creator:
Smith, L. L.; Orlandini, K. A.; Alvarado, J. S.; Hoffmann, K. M.; Seely, D. C. & Shannon, R. T.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library