We have completed the remainder of our experimental work during this work period and have extracted much of the data from the many analyses performed. The temperatures at which selected thermal reactions occur and the temperatures at which monitored gases are released are in the process of being read from the computerized data. The data gleaned from the literature and the data we have gathered will be combined and examined using multiple regression analysis. During the course of our study we performed 55 BET analyses (including 12 fresh coal analyses, 10 coal samples that had been pyrolyzed in helium gas, 24 coal samples that had been activated using He-O2, 5 coal samples activated using He-H2O, and 4 coals samples activated using CO2). The number of BET analyses performed far exceeds the number we had planned when this project was first proposed. These analyses provide information that reveals the effects that factors such as the gas (or gas mixture) used for activation, the maximum temperature reached during activation, grain size, etc., have on the degree to which a coal is activated. These relationships are described, briefly, below. They will be discussed in detail in the Final Report. During this work period …

A focused ion-beam milling instrument commonly utilized in the semiconductor industry for failure analysis and IC repair, is capable of cross-sectioning nodular defects. Utilizing the instrument`s scanning on beam, high-resolution imaging of the seeds that initiate nodular defect growth is possible. In an attempt to understand the origins of these seeds, HfO{sub 2}/SiO{sub 2} and Ta{sub 2}O{sub 5}/SiO{sub 2} coatings were prepared by a variety of coating vendors and different deposition processes including e-beam, magnetron sputtering, and ion beam sputtering. By studying the shape, depth, and composition of the seed, inferences of its origin can be drawn. The boundaries between the nodule and thin film provide insight into the mechanical stability of the nodule. Significant differences in the seed composition, geometry of nodular growth and mechanical stability of the defects for sputtered versus e-beam coatings are reported. Differences in seed shape were also observed from different coating vendors using e-beam deposition of HfO{sub 2}/SiO{sub 2} coatings.

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The objectives of this task are to develop, prepare, and test microspheres and granular forms of inorganic ion exchangers to remove radionuclides and heavy metals from waste streams occurring at various sites. Several inorganic materials, such as hexacyanoferrates, titanates, phosphates, and oxides have high selectivities and efficiencies for separating and removing radionuclides such as uranium, technetium, cesium, and strontium, and metals such as cobalt, silver, zinc, and zirconium from aqueous waste streams. However, these sorbents frequently exist only as powders and consequently are not readily adaptable to continuous processing such as column chromatography. Making these inorganic ion exchangers as microspheres or granular forms improves the flow dynamics for column operations and expands their practical applications. Microspheres of several materials have been prepared at ORNL, and the effectiveness of zirconium monohydrogen phosphate and hydrous titanium oxide microspheres for removing radionuclides from hot cell waste solutions has been demonstrated.

The development of methods for obtaining high tensile elongation in aluminum alloys is of great importance for the practical forming of near-net-shape parts. Current superplastic alloys are limited in use by high material costs. The utilization of solute-drag creep processes, the approach used in this study, to obtain enhanced tensile ductility in aluminum alloys has lead to tensile elongations of up to 325% in simple, binary Al-Mg alloys with coarse grain sizes. This method has the advantage of lowering processing costs in comparison with superplastic alloys because a fine grain size is not necessary. Whereas superplastic alloys typically have a strain-rate sensitivity of m = 0.5, the enhanced ductility Al-Mg alloys typically exhibit m = 0.3 where maximum ductility is observed. Although a strain-rate sensitivity of rn = 0.5 can lead to elongations of over 1000% (superplastic materials) a value of m = 0.3 is shown experimentally to be sufficient for obtaining elongations of 150% to a maximum observed of 325%. Enhanced ductility is also affected strongly by ternary alloying additions, such as Mn, for which a preliminary understanding is pursued.

Ultrashort pulse, high-intensity lasers offer new opportunities for the study of light-matter interaction and for inertial confinement fusion. A 100 Terawatt laser operating 400 fs and 1.053 {mu}m is operational at LLNL, and a 1000 Terawatt (Petawatt) laser will come online in early 1996. These lasers use large-aperture (40 cm and 94 cm diameter, respectively) diffraction gratings to compress the amplified laser pulse. At present, hologrphically produced, gold overcoated photoresist gratings are used: these gratings represent the fuse in the laser chain. Higher laser damage thresholds and higher diffraction efficiencies are theoretically possible with multilayer dielectric gratings (MDG`s). A number of design parameters regarding both the multilayer stack and the etched grating structure can be optimized to maximize the laser damage threshold and also improve the processing latitude for the interference lithography and reactive ion etching steps used during manufacture of these gratings. This paper presents model predictions for the behavior of hafnia/silica MDG`s both during processing and in operation, and presents experimental data on the diffraction efficiency and short- pulse laser damage threshold for optimized witness gratings.

NMR and NQR at low frequencies are difficult prospects due to small nuclear spin polarization. Furthermore, the sensitivity'of the inductive pickup circuitry of standard spectrometers is reduced as the frequency is lowered. I have used a cw-SQUID (Superconducting QUantum Interference Device) spectrometer, which has no such frequency dependence, to study the local atomic environment of {sup 14}N via the quadrupolar interaction. Because {sup 14}N has spin I = 1 and a 0-6 MHz frequency range, it is not possible to obtain well-resolved spectra in high magnetic fields. I have used a technique to observe {sup 14}N NQR resonances via their effect on neighboring protons mediated by the heteronuclear dipolar interaction to study peptides and narcotics. The sensitivity of the SQUID is not enough to measure low-frequency surface (or other low spin density) systems. The application of spin-polarized xenon has been previously used to enhance polarization in conventional NMR experiments. Because xenon only polarizes spins with which it is in contact, it is surface selective. While differences in chemical shifts between surface and bulk spins are not large, it is expected that the differences in quadrupole coupling constant should be very large due to the drastic change of the electric field …

This analysis is prepared by the Mined Geologic Disposal System (MGDS) Waste Package Development Department in response to a request received via a QAP-3-12 Design Input Data Request (Ref. 5.16) from WAST Design (formerly MRS/MPC Design). The request is to provide: (1) Dryness requirements for the Multi-Purpose Canister (MPC) cavity environment after loading and closure operations at the Purchaser site. The objective of this analysis is to provide a response to the foregoing request. The analysis treats nominal loading conditions only, not accidents or accident conditions. In particular, leaky (waterlogged) fuel rods are not considered. The purpose of this analysis is to provide the basis for the response.

The Tokamak Physics Experiment (TPX) will be the first tokamak to use superconducting cable-in-conduit-conductors (CICC) in all Poloidal Field (PF) & Toroidal Field (TF) magnets. Conventional quench detection, the measurement of small resistive normal-zone voltages (<1 V) in the magnets will be complicated by the presence of large inductive voltages (>4 kV). In the quench detection design for TPX, we have considered several different locations for internal co-wound voltage sensors in the cable cross-section as the primary mechanism to cancel this inductive noise. The Noise Rejection Experiment (NRE) at LLNL and the Noise Injection Experiment (NIE) at MIT have been designed to evaluate which internal locations will produce the best inductive-noise cancellation, and provide us with experimental data to calibrate analysis codes. The details of the experiments and resulting data are presented.

Shortly after our Quarterly Report for the period April 1, 1995 - June 30, 1995 was submitted, we completed the last two thermogravimetric-mass spectrographic (TG/MS) analyses of our samples. The results of these analyses will be included in the Final Report with the TG/MS data accumulated for the other coal samples. We then turned our attention to activating each of the coals using air activation. The results of the activation study are reported below.

The Tokamak Physics Experiment (TPX) will use supercritical helium to cool all the magnets and supply helium to the Vacuum cryopumping subsystem. The heat loads will come from the standard steady state conduction and thermal radiation sources and from the pulsed loads of the nuclear and eddy currents caused by the Central Solenoid Coils and the plasma positioning coils. The operations of the TPX will begin with pulses of up to 1000 seconds in duration every 75 minutes. The helium system utilizes a pulse load leveling scheme to buffer out the effects of the pulse load and maintain a constant cryogenic plant operation. The pulse load leveling scheme utilizes the thermal mass of liquid and gaseous helium stored in a remote dewar to absorb the pulses of the tokamak loads. The mass of the stored helium will buffer out the temperature pulses allowing 5 K helium to be delivered to the magnets throughout the length of the pulse. The temperature of the dewar will remain below 5 K with all the energy of the pulse absorbed. This paper will present the details of the heat load sources, of the pulse load leveling scheme operations, a partial helium schematic, dewar temperature …

The Energy Policy Act of 1992 calls for a program to further the commercialization of renewable energy and energy efficient technologies for the industrial sector.. The primary objective of the Office of Industrial Technologies Chemical Industry Team is to work in partnership with the US chemical industry to maximize economic, energy, and environmental benefits through research and development of innovative technologies. This document was developed to inventory organizations within the federal government on current chemical industry-related research and development. While an amount of funding or number of projects specifically relating to chemical industry research and development was not defined in all organizations, identified were about 60 distinct organizations representing 7 cabinet-level departments and 4 independent agencies, with research efforts exceeding $3.5 billion in fiscal year 1995. Effort were found to range from less than $500 thousand per year at the Departments of Agriculture and the Interior to over $100 million per year at the Departments of Commerce, Defense, Energy, and Health and Human Services and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The total number of projects in these programs exceeded 10,000. This document is complete to the extent that agencies volunteered information. Additions, corrections, and changes are encouraged and will …

Based on Fauske and Associates, Inc. Reactive System Screening Tool tests, the onset or initiation temperature for a ferrocyanide-nitrate propagating reaction is about 250 degrees Celcius. This is at about 200 degrees Celcius higher than current waste temperatures in the highest temperature ferrocyanide tanks. Furthermore, for current ambient waste temperatures, the tube propagation tests show that a ferrocyanide concentration of 15.5 wt% or more is required to sustain a propagation reaction in the complete absence of free water. Ignoring the presence of free water, this finding rules out propagating reactions for all the Hanford flowsheet materials with the exception of the ferrocyanide waste produced by the original In Farm flowsheet

This document summarizes the sampling activities for tank 241-BY-103.

As part of the Grout Process startup, the 241AP102 Mixer Pump, failed in 1993, is scheduled to be removed. A structural analysis was performed on two components to be used in the bagging process for the failed pump. The loading criteria was based on a worst case accident of the entire pump weight (including a 50% impact load) being applied over a small localized area. The results show that the design of each structure is adequate to protect against failure, i.e., yield

Document describes the potential dose consequences to the offsite maximum individual and population for ground and stack level releases at the offsite receptors from the Plutonium Finishing Plant.

The Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics (IGPP) is a Multicampus Research Unit of the University of California (UC). IGPP was founded in 1946 at UC Los Angeles with a charter to further research in the earth and planetary sciences and in related fields. The Institute now has branches at UC campuses in Los Angeles, San Diego, Riverside, and Irvine and at Los Alamos and Lawrence Livermore national laboratories. The University-wide IGPP has played an important role in establishing interdisciplinary research in the earth and planetary sciences. For example, IGPP was instrumental in founding the fields of physical oceanography and space physics, which at the time fell between the cracks of established university departments. Because of its multicampus orientation, IGPP has sponsored important interinstitutional consortia in the earth and planetary sciences. Each of the six branches has a somewhat different intellectual emphasis as a result of the interplay between strengths of campus departments and Laboratory programs. The IGPP branch at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) was approved by the Regents of the University of California in 1982. IGPP-LLNL emphasizes research in seismology, geochemistry, cosmochemistry, high-pressure sciences, and astrophysics. It provides a venue for studying the fundamental aspects of these fields, …

This report summarizes an integrated safety and health approach used during facility deactivation activities at the Department of Energy (DOE) Plutonium-Uranium Extraction (PUREX) Facility in Hanford, Washington. Resulting safety and health improvements and the potential, complex-wide application of this approach are discussed in this report through a description of its components and the impacts, or lessons-learned, of its use during the PUREX deactivation project. As a means of developing and implementing the integrated safety and health approach, the PUREX technical partnership was established in 1993 among the Office of Environment, Safety and Health`s Office of Worker Health and Safety (EH-5); the Office of Environmental Management`s Offices of Nuclear Material and Facility Stabilization (EM-60) and Compliance and Program Coordination (EM-20); the DOE Richland Operations Office; and the Westinghouse Hanford Company. It is believed that this report will provide guidance for instituting an integrated safety and health approach not only for deactivation activities, but for decommissioning and other clean-up activities as well. This confidence is based largely upon the rationality of the approach, often termed as common sense, and the measurable safety and health and project performance results that application of the approach produced during actual deactivation work at the PUREX Facility.

During the past year, LLNL efforts in the DIII-D experimental program have expanded to include time-dependent modeling of advanced tokamak (AT) operating modes. Consistent with our involvement in experimental operations, we have directed our initial efforts at modeling the negative central shear (NCS) configuration, an important and attractive mode of operation for reducing the size and cost of future tokamak experiments without sacrificing performance. In this endeavor, we have brought into use the Corsica modeling code as a tool for investigating the time-dependent evolution and control of various operating modes. In our current efforts, we are contributing to the analysis of the NCS experimental data using analysis tools such as the EFIT equilibrium code and the ONETWO and TRANSP transport codes. Results of these analyses are being used for comparisons with the Corsica modeling. Future directions include the modeling of startup and sustaining of NCS (and other AT) configurations, the understanding of current drive effects, the development of current drive scenarios and control algorithms, and the design of experiments and prediction of experimental results. We are currently in the early stages of applying this powerful modeling tool to the DIII-D experimental program.

The overall objective of Phase 2 is to bring this new spectrometer-on-a-chip technology concept to a sufficiently mature stage of development that it can attract commercial support and be carried to market. The specific technical missions of the Phase 2 program are those for the Project Tasks listed below. These mission objectives are: (1) to establish and prove-out the fabrication processing of silicon wafers into arrays of interference-filter plates; (2) to demonstrate that the linear-array HTS detector technology can be scaled up into square arrays of sufficient size and performance to meet the design requirements developed in the Phase 1 effort; (3) to expand the view of the technology so as to see it in a full engineering-systems context, and thus ensure that at the earliest stage possible conflicts can be resolved, thus a systems design can be accomplished that will realistically encompass all the interacting components; (4) to demonstrate, by fabrication and testing, that the components in this systems design can be combined and will deliver the functionality (e.g., spectral region, bandwidth, and resolution) predicted by the design, and in the context of one or two simple emission-line-spectroscopy prototype applications; (5) to identify and resolve conflicts in the design …

This report uses laboratory data from low temperature-ambient pressure digestion of actual complexed supernatant to evaluate digestion as a pretreatment method for waste in double-shell tanks 241-AN-102, 241-AN-107 and 241-AY-101. Digestion time requirements were developed at 100 degrees celsius to remove organic and meet NRC Class C criterion for TRU elements and NRC Class B criterion for 90Sr. The incidental waste ruling will establish the need for removal of 90Sr. Digestion pretreatment precipitates non radioactive metal ions and produces additional high-level waste solids and canisters of high level glass. This report estimates the amount of additional high-level waste produced and preliminary capital and operating costs for in-tank digestion of waste. An overview of alternative in-tank treatment methods is included

This is the Final Report that contains the ``Selected Site Contamination History`` for the project titled ``Development of an On-line, Real-time Alpha Radiation Monitor for Liquid Streams.`` It consists of a summary of sampling data for nine locations at the Oak Ridge Reservation. These nine locations were chosen to be representative of those expected across the DOE Complex, and were selected from three distinct Oak Ridge facilities: the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL); the Y-12 Plant; the K-25 Plant (the old Gaseous Diffusion Plant). The location selected from ORNL is the influent to the Process Waste Treatment Plant (PWTP). This location is representative of those Wastewater Treatment Plants that process water that is known to be radionuclide-containing. The location selected from the Y-12 Plant is the City Flow Monitoring Station. This location represents those sanitary sewer discharges from the DOE Complex that are routed off-site to a civilian waste water treatment plant. The seven locations selected from the K-25 Plant consist of various storm drains and surface waters that are tested during the normal course of K-25`s environmental monitoring program. These locations represent the varied surface waters that are tested for radioactivity levels across the DOE Complex. Final ranking and …

This report summarizes the work completed in FY-95 in preparing an NIR moisture probe for early hot cell deployment. This work was completed by a team from WHC`s Process Analytical Labs and Tank Technology Projects organizations and was funded by EM-50 office of Technology Development and EM-30`s Tank Waste Remediation Systems Programs.