Article expounds on the situation Chief John Ross faced as leader of the Cherokees during the Civil War. Ari Kelman provides details about factionalism within the Cherokee Nation, the impossibility of neutrality during wartime with pressures from both Federal and Confederate armies, and the personal political intentions of the Cherokee leader.

Article explores the history of the Cimarron Territory, a title for the Public Land Strip of the Oklahoma Panhandle where lawlessness was common, and the members of its unofficial government. Joy Schnabel discusses the motivations of these pioneers and the population they sought to entice to the area.

Article describes the impact of the Antlers tornado of 1945 and the destruction that occurred in Oklahoma at the time. Mike Males includes recollections from survivors of the disaster and explains the changes that were made in Oklahoma cities to prevent further damage.

Article illustrates the journeys of Herman Ten Kate, Jr., a Dutch ethnologist who traveled among the tribes of Southwest Oklahoma collecting artifacts and studying the lifestyles of various people groups. Augustus J. Veenendaal, Jr. provides details about the scholar's life through a timeline of his experiences.

Article provides a biographical tribute to the life and career of Allie Pierce Reynolds, an Oklahoma-born athlete who eventually became pitcher for the New York Yankees. Max J. Nichols explores how Reynolds began to explore his own Creek heritage as time went on, and includes excerpts from his 1992 interview with the Oklahoma Historical Society.

A news release from the University of North Texas that announces a grant funded to the North Texas Institute for Educators on the Visual Arts in support for their art education projects.

Article describing the preparation and chemical characterization of low molecular weight conjugates that were used as models for an acetal linkage between ADP-ribose and the hydroxyl group of a protein acceptor such as serine, threonine, tyrosine, hydroxyproline, or hydroxylysine residues. The amount of modification was approximately 16 pmol of ADP-ribose per mg of total protein, and proteins modified by acid-labile linkages were detected in all subcellular fractions examined, suggesting that the scope of this modification in vivo is broad.

Article proposing a model in which phosphorylation of sites 1 and 2 occurs sequentially. The model proposes that trypsin treatment of the inactive holoenzyme removes an inhibitory rac-binding domain which blocks MgATP access to the catalytic site. The pseudosubstrate domain at site 1 is autophosphorylated and subsequent bimolecular autophosphorylation at site 2 fully opens the catalytic site.

This report shows the Schedule of fees for jurisdictions [i.e. jurisdictions] under the International Registration Plan

A mobile robot system called Stored Waste Autonomous Mobile Inspector (SWAMI) is under development by the Savannah River Technology Center (SRTC) Robotics Group of Westinghouse Savannah River Company (WSRC) to perform mandated inspections of waste drums stored in warehouse facilities. The system will reduce personnel exposure to potential hazards and create accurate, high-quality documentation to ensure regulatory compliance and enhance waste management operations. Development work is coordinated among several Department of Energy (DOE), academic, and commercial entities in accordance wit DOE`s technology transfer initiative. The prototype system, SWAMI I, was demonstrated at Savannah River Site (SRS) in November, 1993. SWAMI II is now under development for field trails at the Fernald site.

This paper describes the BOA system, a mobile pipe-external crawler used to remotely strip and bag (possibly contaminated) asbestos-containing lagging and insulation materials (ACLIM) from various diameter pipes in (primarily) industrial installations across the DOE weapons complex. The mechanical removal of ACLIM is very cost-effective due to the relatively low productivity and high cost involved in human removal scenarios. BOA, a mechanical system capable of removing most forms of lagging (paper, plaster, aluminum sheet, clamps, screws and chicken-wire), and insulation (paper, tar, asbestos fiber, mag-block) uses a circular cutter and compression paddles to cut and strip the insulation off the pipe through compression, while a HEPA-filter and encapsulant system maintain a certifiable vacuum and moisture content inside the system and on the pipe, respectively. The crawler system has been built and is currently undergoing testing. Key design parameters and performance parameters are developed and used in performance testing. Since the current system is a testbed, we also discuss future enhancements and outline two deployment scenarios (robotic and manual) for the final system to be designed and completed by the end of FY `95. An on-site demonstration is currently planned for Fernald in Ohio and Oak Ridge in Tennessee.

This paper describes current work at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory to develop a robotic vision system capable of recognizing designated objects by their intrinsic geometry. This method, based on single camera vision, combines point features and a model-based technique using geometric feature matching for the pose calculation. In this approach, 2-D point features are connected into higher-order shapes and then matched with corresponding features of the model. Pose estimates are made using a closed-form point solution based on model features of four coplanar points. Rotations are represented by quaternions that simplify the calculations in determining the least squares solution for the coordinate transformation. This pose determination method including image acquisition, feature extraction, feature correspondence, and pose calculation has been implemented on a real-time system using a standard camera and image processing hardware. Experimental results are given for relative error measurements.

Inclusion characteristics influence weld metal microstructure development, especially the formation of high toughness acicular ferrite phase. Important inclusion characteristics are: size distribution, number density, volume fraction, composition. Previous work considered a sequential formation of various oxides and compounds to estimate the inclusion characteristics; however, effects of weld metal composition, nucleation and growth conditions on inclusion formation were ignored. In this work, the principles of ladle deoxidization and transformation kinetics involving nucleation and growth are used to estimate the inclusion characteristics as a function of weld metal composition and cooling conditions.

The heated turbulent flow over a backward-facing step is numerically solved using the commercial computational fluid dynamics program FLUENT. The methods used here consist of the default power-law upwinding scheme, default multigrid equation solution method and a standard k-{var_epsilon} turbulence model with wall functions. A total of four separate cases are reported. The four cases consist of combinations of partially and fully developed flow at the inlet with uniform or developed temperature profiles. Three mesh refinements are reported for each flow.

This contribution presents some lessons learned in the development of cooperation and knowledge transfer across the numerous interfaces involved in managing a corporate research laboratory.

Variation of model size as determined by grid density is studied for both model refinement and damage detection. In model refinement 3 it is found that a large model with a fine grid is preferable in order to achieve a reasonable correlation between the experimental response and the finite element model. A smaller model falls victim to the inaccuracies of the finite element method. As the grid become increasing finer, the FE method approaches an accurate representation. In damage detection the FE method is only a starting point. The model is refined with a matrix method which doesn`t retain the FE approximation, therefore a smaller model that captures most of the dynamics of the structure can be used and is preferable.

A new technique is presented in this paper that reduces the complexity of state differential equations while accounting for modeling assumptions. The mismatch controls are defined as the differences between the model equations and the true state equations. The performance index of the optimal control problem is formulated with a set of tuning parameters that are user-selected to tune the control solution in order to achieve the best results. Computer simulations demonstrate that the tuned control law outperforms the untuned controller and produces results that are comparable to a numerically-determined, piecewise-linear optimal controller.

Addition of controlled residual elements (CRE), such as 0.007 wt % B, to type 308 stainless steel welds, improved creep-rupture properties. In this paper, B distribution and microstructure development were studied. The microstructural evolution during high-temperature aging was found to similar to that of commercial SS308 welds. Atom probe analysis showed that B and C segregate to the ferrite-austenite interface. Thermodynamic calculations suggest that the segregation is due to preferential partitioning of B and C to the liquid during solidification. Further work is needed to study B redistribution in aging stages.

ARIES (Autonomous Robotic Inspection Experimental System) is a mobile robot inspection system being developed for the Department of Energy (DOE) to survey and inspect drums containing mixed and low-level radioactive waste stored in warehouses at DOE facilities. The drums are typically stacked four high and arranged in rows with three-foot aisle widths. The robot will navigate through the aisles and perform an autonomous inspection operation, typically performed by a human operator. It will make real-time decisions about the condition of the drums, maintain a database of pertinent information about each drum, and generate reports.

To model the shock-induced behavior of porous or damaged energetic materials, a nonequilibrium mixture theory has been developed and incorporated into the shock physics code, CTH. Foundation for this multiphase model is based on a continuum mixture formulation given by Baer and Nunziato. In this nonequilibrium approach, multiple thermodynamic and mechanics fields are resolved including the effects of material relative motion, rate-dependent compaction, drag and heat transfer interphase effects and multiple-step combustion. Benchmark calculations are presented which simulate low-velocity piston impact on a propellant porous bed and experimentally-measured wave features are well replicated with this model. This mixture model introduces micromechanical models for the initiation and growth of reactive multicomponent flow which are key features to describe shock initiation and self-accelerated deflagration-to-detonation combustion behavior. To complement one-dimensional simulation, two dimensional numerical simulations are presented which indicate wave curvature effects due to the loss of wall confinement.

The Advanced Neutron Source (ANS) is a state-of-the-art research reactor facility that will be built at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and is designed to become the world`s most advanced thermal neutron flux source for scientific experiments. Therefore, the core of the ANS reactor (ANSR) must be designed to accommodate very high power densities using very high coolant mass fluxes and subcooling levels, The nominal average and peak heat fluxes in the ANSR are approximately 6 and 12 MW/M{sup 2}, respectively, with a nominal total thermal power of 303 MW. Highly subcooled heavy-water coolant (1.7 MPa and 85{degrees}C at the core exit) flows vertically upward at a very high mass flux of almost 27 Mg/M{sup 2}-s. The cooling channels in each fuel assembly are all parallel and share common inlet and outlet plenums, effectively imposing a common pressure drop across all the channels. This core configuration is subject to flow excursion (FE) and/or flow instability that may occur once boiling is initiated in any one of the channels. The FE phenomenon constitutes a different thermal limit than a true critical heat flux (CHF) or departure from nucleate boiling (DNB). In such a system, initiation of boiling in one of …

This paper presents a high bandwidth fiber-optic communication system intended for post accident recovery of weapons. The system provides bi-directional multichannel, and multi-media communications. Two smaller systems that were developed as direct spin-offs of the larger system are also briefly discussed.

Electrostatic particle-beam lenses using a concentric co-planar array of independently biased rings can be advantageous for some applications. Traditional electrostatic lenses often consist of axial series of biased rings, apertures, or tubes. The science of lens design has devoted much attention to finding axial arrangements that compensate for the substantial optical aberrations of the individual elements. Thus, as with multi-element lenses for light, a multi-element charged-particle lens can have optical behavior that is far superior to that of the individual elements. This paper discusses the possibility that transverse multiple-concentric-ring lenses can achieve high performance, while also having advantages in terms of compactness and optical versatility.

Nanosecond Pulsed Power Science and Technology has its origins in the 1960s and over the past decade has matured into a flexible and robust discipline capable of addressing key physics issues of importance to ICF and high Energy Density Physics. The major leverage provided by pulsed power is its ability to generate and deliver high energy and high power at low cost and high efficiency. A low-cost, high-efficiency driver is important because of the very large capital investment required for multi-megajoule ignition-class systems. High efficiency is of additional importance for a commercially viable inertial fusion energy option. Nanosecond pulsed power has been aggressively and successfully developed at Sandia over the past twenty years. This effort has led to the development of unique multi-purpose facilities supported by highly capable diagnostic, calculational and analytic capabilities. The Sandia Particle-beam Fusion Program has evolved as part of an integrated national ICF Program. It applies the low-cost, high-efficiency leverage provided by nanosecond pulsed power systems to the longer-term goals of the national program, i.e., the Laboratory Microfusion Facility and Inertial Fusion Energy. A separate effort has led to the application of nanosecond pulsed power to the generation of intense, high-energy laboratory x-ray sources for application …