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Fair Trade in Financial Services: Legislation and the GATT (open access)

Fair Trade in Financial Services: Legislation and the GATT

As many countries enjoy growing financial economies, American banking and securities firms feel excluded from them. Asian countries are perceived as being especially discriminatory against U.S. financiers. Conversely, foreign financiers face few barriers against entry into the United States. Their share of U.S. finance has reached very significant amounts--especially that of Japan in U.S. commercial banking. Both pressures have induced consideration of legislation that could require reciprocity for foreign direct investment in financial companies in America, intended to open up corresponding nations' financial markets. The proposed legislation also reflects final collapse of multilateral negotiations in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade seeking to open up financial services in many nations to U.S. providers. It would apply sanctions against such countries similar to those opening up government securities markets abroad, but might result in some retaliation.
Date: March 10, 1994
Creator: Jackson, William D.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
East Asia: The New Triangular Relationship, Implications for U.S. Influence, and Options for U.S. Policy (open access)

East Asia: The New Triangular Relationship, Implications for U.S. Influence, and Options for U.S. Policy

Recent criticism of the Clinton Administration's policies toward China, Japan and other East Asian countries has contended that the United States is exerting much less influence and is becoming marginal in determining developments in this economically vibrant and strategically important area. Although there are important costs to U.S. influence associated with disputes with Beijing, Tokyo and others, an assessment of the U.S.-Japanese-Chinese triangular relationship that currently dominates trends in the region shows that the United States is likely to continue its influential position in post Cold War East Asia.
Date: May 31, 1994
Creator: Sutter, Robert G.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
A "Managed Trade" Policy Toward Japan? (open access)

A "Managed Trade" Policy Toward Japan?

This report examines: (1) the definition(s) of managed trade, (2) the underlying economic arguments for and against such policies, (3) past U.S. experiences with managed trade, (4) perceptions that Japan is somehow "different" from other trading nations and warrants a distinctive approach to resolving trade disputes, (5) the implications of the Administration's current results oriented approach to U.S.-Japan trade issues, and (6) alternative proposals offered in Congress to resolve trade disputes with Japan.
Date: June 14, 1994
Creator: Morrison, Wayne M.; Cooper, William H. & Nanto, Dick K.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
U.S.-Japan Trade Confrontation: Economic Perspective and Policy (open access)

U.S.-Japan Trade Confrontation: Economic Perspective and Policy

The United States and Japan are at odds over economic policy, particularly trade policy. There is a wide perception in the United States that Japanese trade restrictions contribute to the U.S. trade deficit and cost the United States high-wage jobs.
Date: June 23, 1994
Creator: Elwell, Craig K. & Reifman, Alfred
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Japan's Keiretsu: Industrial Groups as Trade Barriers (open access)

Japan's Keiretsu: Industrial Groups as Trade Barriers

A prominent feature of Japan's capitalism consists of families of companies called keiretsu that are linked by crossholdings of stock shares, intra-group financing, and certain coordinating mechanisms. Two types of keiretsu exist: large horizontally organized industrial conglomerates, such as Mitsubishi, Mitsui, and Sumitomo, and vertically integrated manufacturers, such as Toyota, Nippon Steel, and Matsushita Electric. They have become a contentious issue in U.S. trade negotiations with Japan for several reasons.
Date: January 30, 1994
Creator: Nanto, Dick K.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
China: Current U.S. Sanctions (open access)

China: Current U.S. Sanctions

In the months following China,s 1989 Tiananmen Square crackdown, both the President and the Congress took a number of initiatives protesting Beijing's actions. These initiatives centered around U.S. concerns related to trade, human rights, and non-proliferation. In intervening years, the United States has periodically imposed, lifted, or waived other sanctions and concluded several trade- related agreements with China relating to these concerns. Those measures that remain in place in 1994 are detailed in the accompanying tables.
Date: February 8, 1994
Creator: Dumbaugh, Kerry
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Current U.S. Sanctions Against China (open access)

Current U.S. Sanctions Against China

In the months following China's 1989 Tiananmen Square crackdown, both the President and the Congress took a number of initiatives protesting Beijing's actions. These initiatives centered around U.S. concerns related to trade, human rights, and non-proliferation. In intervening years, the United States has periodically imposed, lifted, or waived other sanctions and concluded several trade-related agreements with China relating to these concerns. Those measures that remain in place in 1994 are detailed in the accompanying tables.
Date: August 15, 1994
Creator: Dumbaugh, Kerry
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Korea: Procedural and Jurisdictional Questions Regarding Possible Normalization of Relations with North Korea (open access)

Korea: Procedural and Jurisdictional Questions Regarding Possible Normalization of Relations with North Korea

The Clinton Administration signed an agreement with North Korea on October 21, 1994, detailing steps to end the crisis caused by North Korea's nuclear program and pledging to "move toward full normalization of political and economic relations." Many details of the accord have not been disclosed, including the precise mechanisms to be used to provide light water nuclear reactors and annual shipments of U.S. heavy oil to North Korea, and a clear process to be followed in normalizing political and economic relations.
Date: November 29, 1994
Creator: Davis, Zachary S.; Niksch, Larry A.; Nowels, Larry; Pregelj, Vladimir N.; Shinn, Rinn-Sup & Sutter, Robert G.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Key Foreign and Defense Policy Issues in the 104th Congress (open access)

Key Foreign and Defense Policy Issues in the 104th Congress

The new post-Cold War world and the role of the United States will be shaped by action on a wide variety of foreign policy and defense issues. The 104th Congress will debate many of these issues and help determine the outcome as it considers the National Security Act proposed by House Republicans in the Contract with America and takes up bills on foreign policy and defense agencies, programs, and budgets.
Date: December 20, 1994
Creator: Collier, Ellen C.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
China-U.S. Trade Issues (open access)

China-U.S. Trade Issues

The growing U.S. trade imbalance with China, and alleged Chinese unfair trade practices, have become of major concern to many U.S. policymakers. Over the past few years, the U.S. trade deficit with China has grown at a faster rate than that of any other major U.S. trading partner. In 1993, the U.S. trade deficit with China totalled $22.8 billion, the second largest U.S. bilateral trade imbalance after Japan. Many trade analysts have attributed the growing U.S.-China trade deficit to a variety of Chinese restrictive trade practices. Other areas of concern to the United States have included China's alleged violation of U.S. intellectual property rights, transshipments of textiles to the United States in violation of U.S. textile quotas, and China's alleged use of forced labor for products exported to the United States.
Date: July 28, 1994
Creator: Morrison, Wayne M.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress in the 1990s (open access)

Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress in the 1990s

None
Date: April 1, 1994
Creator: Sutter, Robert G.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress in the 1990s (open access)

Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress in the 1990s

None
Date: May 25, 1994
Creator: Sutter, Robert G.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress in the 1990s (open access)

Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress in the 1990s

Japan-U.S. relations are more uncertain and subject to greater strain today than at any time since World War II. Longstanding military allies and increasingly interdependent economic partners, Japan and the United States have worked closely together to build a strong, multifaceted relationship based on democratic values and interests in world stability and development. But Japan today is our foremost economic and technological competitor. It consistently runs the largest annual international trade surplus with the U.S. ($59 billion in 1993). The end of the Cold War, lackluster international economic conditions, and the focus on economic issues in U.S. politics have raised new questions about the appropriate U.S. policy toward this Asian ally.
Date: August 31, 1994
Creator: Sutter, Robert G.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress in the 1990s (open access)

Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress in the 1990s

Japan-U.S. relations are more uncertain and subject to greater strain today than at any time since World War II. Longstanding military allies and increasingly interdependent economic partners, Japan and the United States have worked closely together to build a strong, multifaceted relationship based on democratic values and interests in world stability and development. But Japan today is our foremost economic and technological competitor.
Date: November 21, 1994
Creator: Sutter, Robert G.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
The National Information Infrastructure: The Federal Role (open access)

The National Information Infrastructure: The Federal Role

None
Date: November 5, 1994
Creator: McLoughlin, Glenn J.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Intellectual Property Provisions of the GATT 1994: "The TRIPS Agreement" (open access)

Intellectual Property Provisions of the GATT 1994: "The TRIPS Agreement"

This report analyzes the intellectual property (IP) provisions of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1994 -- the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, known as the "TRIPS Agreement."
Date: March 16, 1994
Creator: Schrader, Dorothy
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and the Indonesia "Summit" in 1994 (open access)

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and the Indonesia "Summit" in 1994

This report discusses the Ministerial and Leaders' Meetings of the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum, set to be held in Indonesia. APEC is a consultative body with membership of seventeen Pacific Basin economies that includes both China and Taiwan. The body is working toward trade liberalization (but not a free-trade area) in the most dynamic economic region of the world.
Date: March 16, 1994
Creator: Nanto, Dick K.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
World Trade Organization: Institutional Issues and Dispute Settlement (open access)

World Trade Organization: Institutional Issues and Dispute Settlement

Among the results of the Uruguay Round (UR) of Multilateral Trade Negotiations conducted under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) are institutions to administer the trade obligations contained in the UR agreements and to provide venues for further negotiation and discussion of these and possibly future trade agreements. The two primary institutional instruments are the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the dispute settlement procedures set forth in the Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU).
Date: August 3, 1994
Creator: Grimmett, Jeanne J.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Dispute Settlement Under the WTO and Trade Problems with Japan (open access)

Dispute Settlement Under the WTO and Trade Problems with Japan

Under the World Trade Organization (WTO), the United States may use the dispute settlement mechanism to resolve certain trade problems with Japan. As compared with the mechanism under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the WTO offers expanded coverage and nearly automatic approval for panel requests and reports.
Date: October 5, 1994
Creator: Nanto, Dick K.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Regional Security Consultative Organizations in East Asia and Their Implications for the United States (open access)

Regional Security Consultative Organizations in East Asia and Their Implications for the United States

In the uncertain security environment of the post-Cold War world, the Clinton Administration has expressed interest in proposals that would create forums for regional security consultations in East Asia.
Date: January 14, 1994
Creator: Niksch, Larry A.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: Living Resources Provisions (open access)

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: Living Resources Provisions

On November 16, 1994, the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS Convention) entered into force, but not for the United States. The LOS Convention was the culmination of more than 10 years of intense negotiation. However, the United States chose not to participate in this Convention in the early 1980s without changes to parts dealing with deep seabed mineral resources beyond national jurisdiction. After a 1994 Agreement amended parts of the LOS Convention dealing with deep seabed mineral resources, the LOS Convention, Annexes, and Agreement package was formally submitted to the U.S. Senate on October 7, 1994, for advice and consent to accession and ratification (Senate Treaty Doe. 103-39) and is awaiting Senate action. This short report describes provisions of the Convention relating to living marine resources and discusses how these provisions comport with current U.S. marine policy.
Date: December 19, 1994
Creator: Buck, Eugene H.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Dispute Settlement Under the WTO and Trade Problems with Japan (open access)

Dispute Settlement Under the WTO and Trade Problems with Japan

Under the World Trade Organization (WTO), the United States may use the dispute settlement mechanism to resolve certain trade problems with Japan. As compared with the mechanism under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the WTO offers expanded coverage and nearly automatic approval for panel requests and reports.
Date: December 23, 1994
Creator: Nanto, Dick K.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
The Yen/Dollar Exchange Rate (open access)

The Yen/Dollar Exchange Rate

The dollar declined abruptly in value against the yen in the second quarter of 1994, spurring the central banks of seventeen nations to coordinate a series of intervention efforts in the world's currency trading markets. In addition, the dollar's decline sparked discussions of the possible policy moves the United States and other nations might take to stem the fluctuations in the value of the dollar. Economic theory and empirical evidence indicate that the underlying movement of the exchange rate is tied to the long-term, macroeconomic movements of the economy, or to the combined movements of the economies of different countries, such as the United States and Japan. These macroeconomic factors account for at least half of the overall movement of exchange rates.
Date: August 9, 1994
Creator: Jackson, James K.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
International Financial Institutions and Environment: Multilateral Development Banks and the Global Environment Facility (open access)

International Financial Institutions and Environment: Multilateral Development Banks and the Global Environment Facility

The World Bank and other multilateral development banks (MDB) have come under increasing pressure to assess the environmental impacts of bank-sponsored projects. The U.S. Congress has required that U.S. participation be based on policies that encourage the banks to raise the priority of environmental protection in their operations and to address environmental impacts; however, major issues continue to revolve around the effectiveness of all the MDBs in promoting environmentally sustainable development. Additionally, increasing concern over global environmental problems led to the creation in 1990 of a new multilateral fund -- the Global Environment Facility (GEF) -- to fund environmental projects of global concern that were generally not being funded by the MDBs. The pilot phase of the GEF ended in December 1993, and participants are currently in the process of determining how, or if, it should function as a permanent entity.
Date: February 25, 1994
Creator: Fletcher, Susan R. & Cody, Betsy A.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library