The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Environmental Restoration and Waste Management Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement requires a comprehensive transportation risk analysis of radioactive waste shipments for large shipping campaigns. Thousands of unique shipments involving truck and rail transport must be analyzed; a comprehensive risk analysis is impossible with currently available methods. Argonne National Laboratory developed a modular transportation model that can handle the demands imposed by such an analysis. The modular design of the model facilitates the simple addition/updating of transportation routes and waste inventories, as required, and reduces the overhead associated with file maintenance and quality assurance. The model incorporates unit-consequences factors generated with the RADTRAN 4 transportation risk analysis code that are combined with an easy-to-use, menu-driven interface on IBM-compatible computers running under DOS. User selection of multiple origin/destination site pairs for the shipment of multiple radioactive waste inventories is permitted from pop-up lists. Over 800 predefined routes are available among more than 30 DOE sites and waste inventories that include high-level waste, spent nuclear fuel, transuranic waste, low-level waste, low-level mixed waste, and greater-than-Class C waste.

The awards are listed according to awardee name, bin, completion date, description of work, division, vendor ID, city, state, congressional district, contract value, obligations to date, and P/S.

A methodology, computational framework, and integrated PC-based database have been developed to assess the risks of facility accidents in support of the US Department of Energy (DOE) Environmental Restoration and Waste Management Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement. The methodology includes the following interrelated elements: (1) screening of storage and treatment processes and related waste inventories to determine risk-dominant facilities across the DOE complex, (2) development and frequency estimation of the risk-dominant sequences of accidents, and (3) determination of the evolution of and final compositions of radiological or chemically hazardous source terms predicted to be released as a function of the storage inventory or treatment process throughput. The computational framework automates these elements to provide source term input for the second part of the analysis which includes (1) development or integration of existing site-specific demographics and meteorological data and calculation of attendant unit-risk factors and (2) assessment of the radiological or toxicological consequences of accident releases to the general public and to the occupational work force.

An integrated risk-based approach has been developed to address the human health risks of radiological and chemical releases from potential facility accidents in support of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Environmental Restoration and Waste Management (EM) Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (PEIS). Accordingly, the facility accident analysis has been developed to allow risk-based comparisons of EM PEIS strategies for consolidating the storage and treatment of wastes at different sites throughout the country. The analysis has also been developed in accordance with the latest DOE guidance by considering the spectrum of accident scenarios that could occur in implementing the various actions evaluated in the EM PEIS. The individual waste storage and treatment operations and inventories at each site are specified by the functional requirements defined for each waste management alternative to be evaluated. For each alternative, the accident analysis determines the risk-dominant accident sequences and derives the source terms from the associated releases. This information is then used to perform health effects and risk calculations that are used to evaluate the various alternatives.

Air conditioning systems usually use only 85% of the evaporator coils. The other 15% or so is used to superheat the refrigerant so that the compressor will be protected from liquid slugging. This practice results in excessive evaporator volume. In mobile air conditioning (MAC) systems where the space available for the evaporator is limited, the evaporator should be used fully to reach maximum evaporator efficiency. This study reports on the design and testing of a novel liquid overfeeding (LOF) MAC system that can use 100% of the evaporator effectively. A LOF system is designed so that not all the liquid refrigerant is evaporated in the evaporator. The excess low-pressure liquid flows into an accumulator-heat exchanger where it is boiled off by the warm, high-pressure liquid leaving the condenser. This design not only allows 100% use of the evaporator, but also reduces the system power consumption (per unit mass flow) and improves compressor reliability. Test results for the LOF MAC, compared with thermal expansion valve and metering valve MAC systems, indicated an increase of 20% in system cooling capacity and coefficient of performance (COP) at a compressor speed of 2020 revolutions per minute (RPM). Because the LOF system is easy to …

The lattice Boltzmann technique has been shown to be an efficient and reliable approach to modeling single- and multi-fluid flow in porous media systems. The flexibility of this approach in discretizing the pore/solid space means it is particularly well suited to capturing fluid behavior, fluid-fluid interactions, and fluid-solid interactions at the scale of the individual pores. Such flexibility readily lends itself to studying processes occurring at physical interfaces, such as between a fracture and the surrounding porous matrix. Here we present pore-level simulations of fluid flow through a fracture embedded in an unsaturated matrix. Simulations are run on the massively parallel Connection Machine 5 (CM-5) using the two-fluid, two-dimensional lattice Boltzmann flow simulator developed at Los Alamos National Laboratory. We look at the effect of pressure gradients and initial matrix saturation on infiltration into the matrix and fluid flow along the fracture.

As part of the Hiroshima-Nagasaki Dose Reevaluation Program, new evaluations of the neutron cross sections for {sup 14}N and {sup 16}O were made for ENDF/B-VI, based at low energies on multichannel R-matrix analyses of reactions in the {sup 15}N and {sup 17}O systems. The types of data used in the analysis, and the resulting cross sections and resonance structures are briefly described. The resonance structure in the neutron cross sections was especially well determined by including precise, high-resolution neutron total cross section measurements from Oak Ridge and Karlsruhe. The new evaluated cross sections, wile thought to be significantly better than the earlier ones, improve, but do not completely remove, the dose discrepancies that persist, especially in the Hiroshima explosion.

Intermetallics are receiving increasing attention for applications requiring high-leverage materials possessing potentially high pay-offs such as in gas-turbine engines. While the quasi-static deformation response of a broad range of intermetallics is receiving intense scientific and engineering study, increased utilization of intermetallics under dynamic loading requires an understanding of their high-rate/shock-wave behavior. In this paper the influence of shock loading on structure/property behavior of Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb and Ti-24Al-11Nb is presented. The reload constitutive response of both shock-loaded intermetallics supports the dynamic deformation of both intermetallics being controlled by a Peierls mechanism. Defect generation and storage in intermetallics is compared and contrasted to that typical to conventional disordered metals and alloys.

The purpose of this publication is to highlight selected scientific challenges that have been undertaken by the DOE Energy Research community. The high quality of the research reflected in these contributions underscores the growing importance both to the Grand Challenge scientific efforts sponsored by DOE and of the related supporting technologies that the National Energy Research Supercomputer Center (NERSC) and other facilities are able to provide. The continued improvement of the computing resources available to DOE scientists is prerequisite to ensuring their future progress in solving the Grand Challenges. Titles of articles included in this publication include: the numerical tokamak project; static and animated molecular views of a tumorigenic chemical bound to DNA; toward a high-performance climate systems model; modeling molecular processes in the environment; lattice Boltzmann models for flow in porous media; parallel algorithms for modeling superconductors; parallel computing at the Superconducting Super Collider Laboratory; the advanced combustion modeling environment; adaptive methodologies for computational fluid dynamics; lattice simulations of quantum chromodynamics; simulating high-intensity charged-particle beams for the design of high-power accelerators; electronic structure and phase stability of random alloys.

The transient charge technique (TChT) has been used in this work to study the electrical properties in both space charge region (SCR) and electrical neutral bulk (ENB) of neutron irradiated high resistivity (4--6 k{Omega}-cm) silicon particle detectors. Detectors irradiated to various neutron fluences were measured by TChT at various biases and temperatures below the room temperature. The Fermi level, obtained from the Arrhenius plot of the time constant of the slow component of the charge shape, has been found to stabilize around E{sub c}-0.47 to 0.50 eV at high fluences ({Phi}n>10{sup 13} n/cm{sup 2}). The resistivity of the ENB has been found greater than 300 k{Omega}-cm at high fluences.

Regular hard disk backups for workstations are widely recommended. The necessity of backups -- akin to one`s own mortality -- is something most people would rather not think about. This attitude has two consequences. When people do subscribe to automated network backups, they expect the system to perform at a high level of reliability and that their files will be there for them when they need them. Second, they usually fail to appreciate that reliability is a shared responsibility. Although ostensibly their only responsibility is to keep the computer powered on overnight, there are actually many more opportunities for failure within the user`s jurisdiction than in other parts of the infrastructure. High reliability is almost a sine qua non for backups. We describe a strategy for enhancing reliability based on the principle of accountability. This strategy involves monitoring the system, gathering statistics, detecting problems, anticipating problems, troubleshooting, and finally determining where failure occurred within the infrastructure and who should be accountable. We describe a specific backup system in a specific network environment to illustrate the value of accountability. This system, macdumps, backs up Macintosh disks over an AppleTalk network. The original software was written by Dan Tappan of BBN in …

The ENDF/B-VI photon interaction library includes data for the elements hydrogen (Z=1) through fermium (Z=100) over the energy range 10 eV to 100 MeV. This library contains data to meet the needs of traditional photon transport methods. However, this library also contains data that can be used to perform much more detailed transport calculations. This paper describes the contents of this library and how it can be used for both traditional and more detailed transport calculations.

It is shown that some sections of the invariance (or symmetry) principles such as the space reversal symmetry (or parity P) and time reversal symmetry T (of elementary particle and condensed matter physics, etc.) are not really truly Lorentz covariant. Indeed, I find that the Dirac-Wigner sense of Lorentz invariance is not in full compliance with the Einstein-Minkowski reguirements of the Lorentz covariance of all physical laws (i.e., the world space Mach principle).

Smart card systems are most cost efficient when implemented as a distributed system, which is a system without central host interaction or a local database of card numbers for verifying transaction approval. A distributed system, as such, presents special card and user authentication problems. Fortunately, smart cards offer processing capabilities that provide solutions to authentication problems, provided the system is designed with proper data integrity measures. Smart card systems maintain data integrity through a security design that controls data sources and limits data changes. A good security design is usually a result of a system analysis that provides a thorough understanding of the application needs. Once designers understand the application, they may specify authentication techniques that mitigate the risk of system compromise or failure. Current authentication techniques include cryptography, passwords, challenge/response protocols, and biometrics. The security design includes these techniques to help prevent counterfeit cards, unauthorized use, or information compromise. This paper discusses card authentication and user identity techniques that enhance security for microprocessor card systems. It also describes the analysis process used for determining proper authentication techniques for a system.

Diamond-like carbon (DLC) is an amorphous form of carbon which resembles diamond in its hardness, lubricity, and interest for hardness, lubricity, and resistance to chemical attack. Such properties make DLC of use in barrier and hard coating technology. This report examines a variety of properties of DLC coatings which are relevant to its use as a protective coating. This includes examining substrates on which DLC coatings can be deposited; the resistance of DLC coatings to various chemical agents; adhesion of DLC coatings; and characterization of DLC coatings by electron microscopy, FTIR, sputter depth profiling, stress measurements, and nanoindentation.

A tokamak reactor will operate at the maximum value of {beta}{equivalent_to}2{mu}{sub 0} < p >/B{sup 2} that is compatible with MHD stability. This value depends upon the plasma current and pressure profiles, the plasma shape and aspect ratio, and the location of nearby conducting structures. In addition, a steady state reactor will minimize its external current drive requirements and thus achieve its maximum economic benefit with a bootstrap fraction near one, I{sub bs}/I{sub p} {approximately} 1, which constrains the product of the inverse aspect ratio and the plasma poloidal beta to be near unity, {epsilon} {beta}{sub p} {approximately} 1. An inductively driven pulsed reactor has different constraints set by the steady-state Ohm`s law which relates the plasma temperature and density profiles to the parallel current density. We present the results obtained during the ARIES I, II/IV, and III and the PULSAR reactor studies where these quantities were optimized subject to different design philosophies. The ARIES-II/IV and ARIES-III designs are both in the second stability regime, but differ in requirements on the form of the profiles at the plasma edge, and in the location of the conducting wall. The relation between these, as well as new attractive MHD regimes not utilized …

The advent of micro- or binary optics technology has made possible the fabrication of a variety of new optical devices. Optical fabrication is no longer limited by surfaces that can be made by grinding and polishing, or even diamond turning. In fact, optics with no symmetry, no smooth surfaces, and that perform multiple functions can be readily fabricated. While these optics have a large number of applications, they are extremely useful for systems that require arrays of small optics or aperture multiplexing, since these are fabricated using computer controlled photo-lithography and etching processes. We have applied binary optics technology to construct various wavefront sensing using four mask processes to create 16 level optics. They are binary in the sense that they use discrete phase levels, not in the sense of using only two levels (they might more properly be called digital optics). We have found that 16 levels is adequate for most systems, giving greater than 99% of efficiency.

This report describes work to conduct several investigations of thin-film polycrystalline solar cells. (1) An analysis of high-efficiency solar cells fabricated at the University of South Florida showed significant reduction in forward recombination current, and the cells were stable over a 3-month test period. (2) Transient voltage effects were documented in a large number of polycrystalline cells and were attributed to long-lived trapping states sensitive to voltage changes near one-half open-circuit voltage. (3) Collection efficiency and its voltage dependence were carefully calculated. The typical effect on photocurrent at operating voltages is about 2% for CuInSe{sub 2}, and less for other cells.

In January of 1968 the Faultless test shot at 975m below the surface had an estimated magnitude range between 200kt to 1Mt. The detonation resulted in a surface crater estimated at 1km in diameter accompanied by a > 3m collapse escarpment at the surface. Careful monitoring of outlying observation wells before, during and after the shot has provided valuable data on the hydrodynamic response of the groundwater. This report of FY92 investigations at Faultless by the Nuclear Chemistry Division at LLNL serves to outline new and previous isotopic data of natural and shot-related nuclides measured in the drillback hole and the two closest satellite wells. The goals of this study are: (1) to investigate and characterize the geochemical and isotopic variabilities of groundwater, as a function of groundwater source and age, (2) to determine concentrations of event-related nuclide activity and investigate any possible migration of the hydrologic source term. A more comprehensive source and age characterization from isotopic and geochemical variations of natural groundwater in the Hot Creek Valley would require a regional scale investigation.

Preliminary results on the cross section ratios of exclusive incoherent {rho}{sup 0} and {phi} meson production off deuterium, carbon, calcium, and lead to that off hydrogen and coherent {rho}{sup 0} and {phi} meson production off calcium and lead to that off carbon in deep-inelastic muon-nucleon and muon-nucleus scattering are reported. The data were taken with the E665 spectrometer using the Fermilab Tevatron muon beam. The mean beam energy was 470 GeV. Increases in the cross section ratios are seen in both the elastic and quasi-elastic production as the four-momentum squared of the virtual photon increases. The results support the idea of color transparency.

The Department of Energy is proposing thermal stabilization to enhance the safe storage of plutonium at Rocky Flats Plant until decisions are made on long-term storage and disposition of the material. The proposed action is to resume thermal stabilization of pyrophoric plutonium in Building 707 at Rocky Flats Plant. Thermal stabilization would heat the pyrophoric plutonium under controlled conditions in a glovebox furnace to promote full oxidation and convert the material into stable plutonium oxide in the form of PuO{sub 2}. Other activities associated with thermal stabilization would include post-stabilization characterization of non-pyrophoric plutonium and on-site movement of pyrophoric and non-pyrophoric plutonium. This report covers; purpose and need; proposed action; alternatives to the proposed action; affected environment; environmental effects of proposed action and no action alternative; agencies and person consulted; and public participation.

This is the final report of the results of a Tank Waste Remediation Systems Plant Implementation Team chartered by TWRS Operations, in response to a potential Unreviewed Safety Question (USQ) due to the discovery of a reactive component in waste tank 241-T-111 (T-111). Tank T-111, a non-Watch List single-shell tank, has no historical evidence of any potential safety problems. Core samples from tank T-111 were taken in 1991 and analyzed in 1992. The presence of uncharacterized exotherms was identified in the first three segments of two cores and reported to tank farm management in November 1993.

The many varied types of spool pieces for the High Energy Booster (HEB) of the Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) Laboratory are presented. Each type of spool piece is discussed, and the specific components are identified. The spool piece components allow each spool piece to perform as a unique electromechanical device positioned in series with large superconducting magnets to provide electrical and mechanical support for each superconducting magnet in areas of cryogenics, electrical power, instrumentation, diagnostics, and vacuum. A specialized HEB superspool is identified that perhaps has the potential to aid in the overall configuration management of the HEB lattice by combining HEB superconducting quadrupole magnets and spool pieces within a common cryostat.

Thrust areas of the weapons-supporting research are surface research, uranium research, physics and processing of metals, energetic materials. Group study areas included strength of Al and Al-Mg/alumina bonds, advanced synchrotron radiation study of materials, and theory, modeling, and computation. Individual projects were life prediction for composites and thermoelectric materials with exceptional figures of merit. The laboratory-directed R and D include director`s initiatives (aerogel-based electronic devices, molecular levels of energetic materials), individual projects, and transactinium institute studies. An author index is provided.