In this paper, we discuss cooperative work by Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Remotec{trademark}, Inc., to automate components of the operator`s workload using Remotec`s Andros telerobot, thereby providing an enhanced user interface which can be retroll to existing fielded units as well as being incorporated into now production units. Remotec`s Andros robots are presently used by numerous electric utilities to perform tasks in reactors where substantial exposure to radiation exists, as well as by the armed forces and numerous law enforcement agencies. The automation of task components, as well as the video graphics display of the robot`s position in the environment, will enhance all tasks performed by these users, as well as enabling performance in terrain where the robots cannot presently perform due to lack of knowledge about, for instance, the degree of tilt of the robot. Enhanced performance of a successful industrial mobile robot leads to increased safety and efficiency of performances in hazardous environments. The addition of these capabilities will greatly enhance the utility of the robot, as well as its marketability.

These proceedings cover many aspects of the usefulness of spallation neutrons. Nine different areas are considered: surfaces and interfaces, engineering, materials science, polymers and complex fluids, chemistry, structural biology, nuclear engineering and radiation effects, condensed matter physics and fundamental physics.

Technology transfer through the Pollution Prevention & Control Conferences, which have been cosponsored by the Environmental Protection Agency and by the professional societies of industry, greatly improved the environmental projects of the Department of Energy at Savannah River Site (SRS) in the mid-1980`s. Those technologies, used in the liquid effluent treatment of the metal finishing liquid effluents from aluminum cleaning and nickel plating of fuel and targets for the nuclear production reactors, have been enhanced by the research and development of SRS engineers and scientists. The technology transfer has now become a two-way street to the benefit of our Nation`s environment as these enhancements are being adopted in the metal finishing industry. These success stories are examples of the achievements anticipated in the 1990`s as technology development in the federal facilities is shared with commercial industry.

Ceramic chip capacitors can potentially crack due to thermal stresses in a surface mount assembly process. The electrical performance of the cracked capacitors will degrade with time, and they will prematurely short. In high reliability applications, the cracked capacitors must be identified and eliminated. We have developed and demonstrated the temperature-humidity-bias (THB) aging technique to identify cracked capacitors. The initial phase of the study involved setting up automated test equipment to monitor 100 surface mounted capacitors at 85% relative humidity, 85{degree}C with 50 volts dc bias. The capacitors subjected to severe thermal shock were aged along with control samples. Failure mode analysis was done on the failed capacitors. The capacitors with surface cracks short-out within the first 8 hours of aging, whereas the capacitors that failed after a longer aging time (8 to 1000 hours) had a shorting path in an internal void. Internal voids are typical defects introduced during manufacturing of multilayer ceramic (MLC) capacitors. In the second phase of the study, we used the THB aging technique to study the effect of surface mount processes on capacitor cracking and, thus the reliability. The surface mount processes studied were vapor phase, infra-red (IR) and convection belt reflow soldering. The …

The Reverse Osmosis/Coupled Transport process is a innovative means of removing radionuclides from contaminated groundwater at the Hanford Site. Specifically, groundwater in the 200 West Area of the Hanford Site has been contaminated with uranium, technetium, and nitrate. Investigations are proceeding to determine the most cost effective method to remove these contaminants. The process described in this paper combines three different membrane technologies (reverse osmosis, coupled transport, and nanofiltration to purify the groundwater while extracting and concentrating uranium, technetium, and nitrate into separate solutions. This separation allows for the future use of the radionuclides, if needed, and reduces the amount of waste that will need to be disposed of. This process has the potential to concentrate the contaminants into solutions with volumes in a ratio of 1/10,000 of the feed volume. This compares to traditional volume reductions of 10 to 100 for ion exchange and stand-alone reverse osmosis. The successful demonstration of this technology could result in significant savings in the overall cost of decontaminating the groundwater.

The radioactive decay heat from nuclear waste packages may, depending on the thermal load, create coupled thermal-mechanical-hydrological-chemical (TMHC) processes in the near-field environment of a repository. A group of tests on a large block (LBT) are planned to provide a timely opportunity to test and calibrate some of the TMHC model concepts. The LBT is advantageous for testing and verifying model concepts because the boundary conditions are controlled, and the block can be characterized before and after the experiment. A block of Topopah Spring tuff of about 3 {times} 3 {times} 4.5 m will be sawed and isolated at Fran Ridge, Nevada Test Site. Small blocks of the rock adjacent to the large block will be collected for laboratory testing of some individual thermal-mechanical, hydrological, and chemical processes. A constant load of about 4 MPa will be applied to the top and sides of the large block. The sides will be sealed with moisture and thermal barriers. The large block will be heated with one heater in each borehole and guard heaters on the sides so that a dry-out zone and a condensate zone will exist simultaneously. Temperature, moisture content, pore pressure, chemical composition, stress and displacement will be measured …

The relationship between production rates of large diameter geothermal production wells, and slimholes, is studied. The analysis is based on wells completed in liquid-dominated geothermal fields, where flashing occurs either in the wellbore or at the surface. Effects of drawdown in the reservoir, and pressure drop in the wellbore, are included; heat losses from the wellbore to the formation are not presently included in our analysis. The study concentrates on the influence of well diameter on production rate. For situations where the pressure drop is dominated by the reservoir, it is found that the mass flowrate varies with diameter according to W {approximately} D{sup {alpha}}, where the exponent {alpha} is a function of reservoir outer radius, well diameter and skin factor. Similarly, when pressure drop in the wellbore is dominant, the scaling exponent was found to be a function of well diameter and pipe roughness factor. Although these scaling laws were derived for single-phase flow, numerical simulations showed them to be reasonably accurate even for cases where flashing occurs in the wellbore.

Forestry programs are frequently invoked as having potential for mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. Most studies have attempted to quantify the potential impact of forest programs on carbon uptake and the potential costs of such programs. In this paper, we will attempt instead to focus on the institutional issues of the implementation of forestry programs for carbon sequestration. In particular, we explore the challenges for implementing forest programs that are: of increasing technological complexity; and in settings that depart significantly from the idealized conditions of economic models. We start in Section 1 by examining a suite of instruments that are commonly employed to implement a given policy. Section 2 examines a relatively simple case -- a tree-planting program in the US -- and demonstrates that there are significant difficulties involved in implementing a carbon sequestration program, even in a well-developed market economy. Section 3 focuses on other technologies in the US and why the choice of policy instruments and program design is more difficult than for the simple tree-planting case. Section 4 considers implementation of forestry policies in other countries where the economies may bear less resemblance to the ideal market economy than the US. In those settings, the choice …

Three-dimensional natural convection of a fluid in an enclosure is examined. The geometry is motivated by a possible magmaenergy extraction system, and the fluid is a magma simulant and has a highly temperature-dependent viscosity. Flow simulations are performed for enclosures with and without a cylinder, which represents the extractor, using the finite-element code FIDAP (Fluid Dynamics International). The presence of the cylinder completely alters the flow pattern. Flow-visualization and PIV experiments are in qualitative agreement wit the simulations.

Historically, pollution prevention activities within the Department of Energy (DOE) have focused on existing process waste streams. However, the DOE estimates that 70 percent of the opportunity to reduce or eliminate pollutants is gained or lost during design. Design is considered a critical component of the DOE`s operations, products and services, as evidenced by the numerous new facilities planned to support the cleanup mission of the complex. Pollution prevention during design: (a) significantly reduces the potential generation of waste and environmental releases, (b) promotes the use of energy efficient materials, (c) minimizes resource consumption, and (d) lowers life-cycle costs. Life-cycle cost considerations during design can include construction, operation, and eventual decommissioning of the facility. This paper highlights: (1) the development of the guideline, including specific examples of the guideline`s content and intended use, (2) a discussion on the philosophy and content of the training module, (3) a strategy for integrating the guideline`s use into the existing DOE design process, and (4) future plans for enhancing the guideline and training class while continuing to integrate pollution prevention into the DOE design process.

Scintillating Fiber technology has made great advances and has demonstrated great promise for high speed charged particle tracking and triggering. The small detector sizes and fast scintillation floors available, make them very promising for use at high luminosity experiments at today`s and tomorrow`s colliding and fixed target experiments where high rate capability is essential. This paper will discuss some of the system aspects which should be considered by anyone attempting to design a scintillating fiber tracking system and high speed tracking trigger. As the reader will see, seemingly simple decisions can have far reaching effects on overall system performance.

The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program is focused on improving the treatment of radiation transfer in models of the atmospheric general circulation, as well as on improving parameterizations of cloud properties and formation processes in these models (USDOE, 1990). To help achieve these objectives, ARM is deploying several two-channel, microwave radiometers at the Cloud and Radiation Testbed (CART) site in Oklahoma for the purpose of obtaining long time series observations of total precipitable water vapor (PWV) and cloud liquid water path (LWP). The performance of the WVR-1100 microwave radiometer deployed by ARM at the Oklahoma CART site central facility to provide time series measurements precipitable water vapor (PWV) and liquid water path (LWP) has been presented. The instrument has proven to be durable and reliable in continuous field operation since June, 1992. The accuracy of the PWV has been demonstrated to achieve the limiting accuracy of the statistical retrieval under clear sky conditions, degrading with increasing LWP. Improvements are planned to address moisture accumulation on the Teflon window, as well as to identity the presence of clouds with LWP at or below the retrieval uncertainty.

A new instrument for angle-resolved two-photon photoemission with exceptional sensitivity and energy resolution has allowed a detailed examination of the interaction of image-state electrons with adsorbates. In addition to measuring the electrostatic properties of molecular-thickness films, the technique serves as a probe of adsorbate growth modes, and provides new opportunities to explore the dynamics of electrons in well-controlled two-dimensional systems.

The authors have developed a general technique which combines the temporal resolution of ultrafast laser spectroscopy with the spatial resolution of scanned probe microscopy (SPM). Using this technique with scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), they have obtained simultaneous 2 ps time resolution and 50 {angstrom} spatial resolution. This improves the time resolution currently attainable with STM by nine orders of magnitude. The potential of this powerful technique for studying ultrafast dynamical phenomena on surfaces with atomic resolution is discussed.

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Transportation Management Division (TMD) is responsible for managing its various programs via a diverse combination of Government-Owned/Contractor-Operated facilities. TMD is seeking to update it automation capabilities in capturing and processing DOE transportation information. TMD`s Transportation Information Network (TIN) is an attempt to bring together transportation management, shipment tracking, research activities and software products in various stages of development. The TMD`s Automated Transportation Management System (ATMS) proposes to assist the DOE and its contractors in performing their daily transportation management activities and to assist the DOE Environmental Management Division in its waste management responsibilities throughout the DOE complex. The ATMS system will center about the storage, handling and documentation involved in the environmental clean-up of DOE sites. Waste shipments will be moved to approved Treatment, Storage and Disposal (TSD) facilities and/or nuclear material repositories. An additional investment in shipping samples to analytical laboratories also involves packaging and documentation according to all applicable U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) or International Air Transport Association (IATA) regulations. The most immediate goal of effectively managing DOE transportation management functions during the 1990`s is an increase in automation capabilities of the DOE and its contractors. Subject-matter experts from various DOE …

Volume 1 covers workshops on nuclear technologies and transmission and distribution. Separate abstracts were prepared for the 20 presentations included.

Neutron diffraction is a technique for measuring strain in crystalline materials. It is non destructive, phase discriminatory and more penetrating than X rays. Pulsed neutron sources (in contrast with steady state reactor sources) are particularly appropriate for examining heterogeneous materials or for recording the polycrystalline response of all lattice reflections. Several different aspects of composite behavior can be characterized and examples are given of residual strain measurements, strain relaxation during heating, applied loading, and determination of the strain distribution function.

The removal of gaseous substances from the atmosphere by dry deposition represents an important sink in the atmospheric budget for many trace gases. The surface removal rate, therefore, needs be described quantitatively in modeling atmospheric transport and chemistry with regional- and global-scale models. Because the uptake capability of a terrestrial surface is strongly influenced by the type and condition of its vegetation, the seasonal and spatial changes in vegetation should be described in considerable detail in large-scale models. The objective of the present study is to develop a model that links remote sensing data from satellites with the RADM dry deposition module to provide a parameterization of dry deposition over large scales with improved temporal and spatial coverage. This paper briefly discusses the modeling methods and initial results obtained by applying the improved dry deposition module to a tallgrass prairie, for which measurements of O{sub 3} dry deposition and simultaneously obtained satellite remote sensing data are available.

This paper presents two extensions to the Discontinuous Deformation Analysis (DDA) method orginally proposed by Shi for modeling the response of blocky rock masses to mechanical loading. The first extension consists of improving the block contact algorithm. An Augmented Lagrangian Method is used to replace the Penalty Method orginally proposed. It allows Lagrange multipliers to be introduced without increasing the number of equations that need to be solved and thus, block contract forces can be calculated more accurately. A block fracturing capability based on a three-parameter Mohr-Coulomb criterion represents the second extension. It allows for shear or tensile fracturing of intact blocks and the formation of smaller blocks.

Electrorefining in a molten salt electrolyte is used in the Integral Fast Reactor fuel cycle to recover actinides from spent fuel. Processes that are being developed for removing the waste constituents from the electrorefiner and incorporating them into the waste forms are described in this paper. During processing, halogen, chalcogen, alkali, alkaline earth, and rare earth fission products build up in the molten salt as metal halides and anions, and fuel cladding hulls and noble metal fission products remain as metals of various particle sizes. Essentially all transuranic actinides are collected as metals on cathodes, and are converted to new metal fuel. After processing, fission products and other waste are removed to a metal and a mineral waste form. The metal waste form contains the cladding hulls, noble metal fission products, and (optionally) most rare earths in a copper or stainless steel matrix. The mineral waste form contains fission products that have been removed from the salt into a zeolite or zeolite-derived matrix.

Water vapor plays a fundamental role in weather and climate. It is the most important greenhouse gas and the most variable in space and time. The DOE Atmospheric Radiation Measurement program is devoting a large fraction of its resources for the accurate characterization of the column abundance and the distribution of water vapor with altitude. Balloon sondes, microwave radiometers, and Raman lidars are the major instruments either currently in use or under consideration for these tasks. Although the Multi-Filter Rotating Shadowband Radiometer (MFRSR) is primarily intended for use in accurate measurements of spectral short-wave radiation and in the measurement of spectral extinction by aerosol, it has the potential to measure total column water vapor as well. In this paper the authors report on a preliminary investigation of the MFRSR`s capabilities with regard to accurate measurements of total column water vapor at times when there is a clear path to the sun, i.e., cloudless conditions.

The topic of thermal loading of a potential repository at Yucca Mountain in Nevada has been the subject of intense discussion within the project technical community. While terms such as ``Hot Repository`` and ``Cold Repository`` are frequently used, they have not been clearly defined. In particular, the definition of a cold repository has remained the opinion of each individual. This has led to confusion and misunderstanding. In this paper, a number of observed definitions for a cold repository are discussed along with the technical implications, assumptions and inconsistencies. Finally, a common language is suggested.

During the 1992 Summer Olympics, the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lidar team participated in the Barcelona Air Quality Initiative (BAQI). One of the main objectives of this experiment was the remote measurement of wind speeds around the city to verify wind speeds and directions predicted by the Nonhydrostatic Mesoscale Model (MEMO). Remote determination of wind velocities in the mixing layer is important for the verification and determination of critical input parameters of urban-pollution transport models. Most present elastic-backscatter-lidar wind-speed-measurement methods rely on data acquired over time periods between 5 to 10 minutes (Matsui, 1990) and 30 minutes to 1 hour (Schols, et al. 1992). Lidar can measure the spatial properties of the wind field over large volumes of space. This capability is an improvement over present methods, which rely on instruments attached to balloons that measure only those winds along the path the balloon travels. The material that follows describes the principles implicit in the measurement of winds with an elastic-backscatter lidar, as well as the maximum cross-correlation algorithm used to extract wind speeds from lidar data acquired during the Summer Olympics at Barcelona, Spain, in July 1992.