This paper describes the scope of a new project, just initiated, for the Lightweight Materials Program within the Office of Transportation Materials. The Center for Transportation Research and the Energy Technology Division at Argonne National Laboratory will assess the feasibility and technical potential of using magnesium and its alloys in place of steel or aluminum for automotive structural and sheet applications in order to enable more energy-efficient, lightweight passenger vehicles. The analysis will provide an information base to help guide magnesium research and development in the most promising directions.

The sensitivity of calculated dose estimates to various RADTRAN 4 inputs is an available output for incident-free analysis because the defining equations are linear and sensitivity to each variable can be calculated in closed mathematical form. However, the necessary linearity is not characteristic of the equations used in calculation of accident dose risk, making a similar tabulation of sensitivity for RADTRAN 4 accident analysis impossible. Therefore, a study of sensitivity of accident risk results to variation of input parameters was performed using representative routes, isotopic inventories, and packagings. It was determined that, of the approximately two dozen RADTRAN 4 input parameters pertinent to accident analysis, only a subset of five or six has significant influence on typical analyses or is subject to random uncertainties. These five or six variables were selected as candidates for Latin Hypercube Sampling applications. To make the effect of input uncertainties on calculated accident risk more explicit, distributions and limits were determined for two variables which had approximately proportional effects on calculated doses: Pasquill Category probability (PSPROB) and link population density (LPOPD). These distributions and limits were used as input parameters to Sandia`s Latin Hypercube Sampling code to generate 50 sets of RADTRAN 4 input parameters …

Preliminary results on the use of mechanical advantage to convert a short-displacement, high-force actuation mechanism into a long-displacement, medium-force actuator are presented. This micromechanical, mechanically-advantaged actuator is capable of relatively large displacement and force values. The target design values are lever ration of 17.5:1 leading to a {plus_minus}17.5 {mu}N of force throughout providing no less than 2.25 {mu}N of force throughout actuator`s range of motion for an applied voltage of less tan 50 volts. The basis for the mechanical advantage is simple levers with fulcrums.

Computer simulation of complex nonlinear and disordered phenomena from materials science is rapidly becoming an active and new area serving as guide for experiments and for testing of theoretical concepts. This is especially true when novel massively parallel computer systems and techniques are used on these problems. In particular the Langevin dynamics simulation technique has proven useful in situations where the time evolution of a system in contact with a heat bath is to be studied. The traditional way to study systems in contact with a heat bath has been via the Monte Carlo method. While this method has indeed been used successfully in many applications, it has difficulty addressing true dynamical questions. Large systems of coupled stochastic ODEs (or Langevin equations) are commonly the end result of a theoretical description of higher dimensional nonlinear systems in contact with a heat bath. The coupling is often local in nature, because it reflects local interactions formulated on a lattice, the lattice for example represents the underlying discreteness of a substrate of atoms or discrete k-values in Fourier space. The fundamental unit of parallelism thus has a direct analog in the physical system the authors are interested in. In these lecture notes …

Soft x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (SXPS) from the S 2p core level has been used to study adsorbate induced reconstruction, identify reaction intermediates and study reaction kinetics on the Ni(111) surface. The S 2p binding energy is affected by the nature of the surface adsorption site. It has been determined from the number of S 2p states and their relative binding energies that adsorbed S induces a reconstruction of the Ni(111) surface and that the S adsorbs in fourfold sites on terraces and in troughs. S 2p SXPS has also been used to identify adsorbed species during the thermal decomposition of methanethiol on Ni(111). CH{sub 3}SH adsorbs as CH{sub 3}S{minus} at low temperatures. Above 200 K, the CH{sub 3}S{minus} changes adsorption site and the C-S bond begins to cleave. The relative concentrations of CH{sub 3}S{minus} in the two different sites and of atomic S have been monitored as a function of temperature and initial coverage. As a result of the sensitivity and resolution available in SXPS, reaction rates and kinetic parameters have been obtained for the decomposition of benzenethiol on Ni(111) by monitoring the changes in the surface composition continuously as a function of temperature and time.

We describe the control of the RF system for the injector synchrotron (booster) of the 7-GeV Advanced Photon Source. The rf system consists of one klystron and four 5-cell cavities of the LEP type. A block diagram of the system is shown and the low power rf circuitry is described. Voltage and phase feedback are discussed, along with accelerating the beam to 7 GeV. The accelerating voltage is programmed with a waveform generator. Although the acceleration is constant, the power at injection is almost zero and at extraction it is near 600 kW. The power increases with beam energy to replace synchrotron radiation losses. Stability of the rf phase between the two sides of the ring are discussed. Control signals are described which synchronize the bunch during injection from an accumulator ring and for extraction to the 352-MHz bucket in the storage ring. Timing for injection into any bucket in the Storage Ring is accomplished in the rf controls interface located on the VM cards. There is only one bunch accelerated in the booster at a time, so the beam loading of the cavities is negligible. Operating experience during early commissioning efforts will also be outlined.

NMR and neutron diffraction measurements reveal that macroscopic phase separation and the tetragonal to orthorhombic (TO) structural phase coincide at two distinct points in the temperature-doping phase plot for oxygen doped La{sub 2}CuO{sub 4+{delta}}. Thus the TO phase line coincides with the phase separation line. This is evidence that the macroscopic phase separation is inhibited in the tetragonal phase. We propose that the interstitial oxygen has higher mobility in the orthorhombic phase and that insufficient mobility suppresses macroscopic phase separation in the tetragonal phase. Neutron diffraction measurements also reveal superlattice peaks which indicate ordering of the interstitial oxygen. Our NMR measurements, have demonstrated a distribution of tilts of the CuO{sub 6} octahedra. We propose a sawtooth modulation of the octahedral tilt in which the sign of the tilt changes when the tilt reaches a maximum value can explain this distribution. The large openings in the La-O layer resulting from the abrupt switch of the sign of the tilt provide an attractive location for the interstitial oxygen. This mechanism would lead to stripe ordering of the interstitial oxygen.

The quality of brazing of pyrolytic graphite armor brazed to copper tubes in Tore Supra`s Phase III Outboard Pump Limiter was assessed through pre-service qualification testing of individual copper/tile assemblies. The evaluation used non-destructive, hot water transient heating tests performed in the high-temperature, high-pressure flow loop at Sandia`s Plasma Materials Test Facility. Surface temperatures of tiles were monitored with an infrared camera as water at 120{degrees}C at about 2.07 MPa (300 psi) passed through a tube assembly initially at 30{degrees}C. For tiles with braze voids or cracks, the surface temperatures tagged behind those of adjacent well-bonded tiles. Temperature tags were correlated with flaw sizes observed during repairs based upon a detailed 2-D heat transfer analyses. {open_quotes}Bad{close_quotes} tiles, i.e., temperature tags of 10-20{degrees}C depending upon tile`s size, were easy to detect and, when removed, revealed braze voids of roughly 50% of the joint area. Eleven of the 14 tubes were rebrazed after bad tiles were detected and removed. Three tubes were rebrazed twice.

Tests with a water cooled calorimeter in the SMokE Reduction Facility (SMERF) at Sandia National Laboratories demonstrate that the facility is operational and ready for thermal regulatory testing of containers for radioactive materials. The facility is briefly described, and initial test results summarized.

The results of this study indicate that the current data assimilation technique can have a positive impact on the mesoscale flow fields; however, care must be taken in its application to grids of relatively fine horizontal resolution. Continuous FDDA is a useful tool in producing high-resolution mesoscale analysis fields that can be used to (1) create a better initial conditions for mesoscale atmospheric models and (2) drive transport models for dispersion studies. While RAMS is capable of predicting the qualitative flow during this evening, additional experiments need to be performed to improve the prognostic forecasts made by RAMS and refine the FDDA procedure so that the overall errors are reduced even further. Despite the fact that a great deal of computational time is necessary in executing RAMS and LPDM in the configuration employed in this study, recent advances in workstations is making applications such as this more practical. As the speed of these machines increase in the next few years, it will become feasible to employ prognostic, three-dimensional mesoscale/transport models to routinely predict atmospheric dispersion of pollutants, even to highly complex terrain. For example, the version of RAMS in this study could be run in a ``nowcasting`` model that would …

Sputtered MoS{sub 2} is a solid lubricant capable of ultralow friction coefficients (below 0.05) load-bearing capacity. Since it exhibits low friction in vacuum, low outgassing rate, is non-migrating and lacks organic binders, this material is an attractive lubricant for space mechanisms. To exploit these new materials to their fullest potential, designers of space-based motion systems require data on the effects of atomic oxygen exposure on dense, sputtered MoS{sub 2}. This paper describes the effects of atomic oxygen in low earth orbit on the friction and surface composition of sputtered MoS{sub 2} films. Sputtered multilayer films of MoS{sub 2} with nickel (0.7 nm Ni per 10 nm MoS{sub 2}, for 1 {mu}m total film thickness), and MoS{sub 2} cosputtered with antimony oxide (nominally 2 {mu}m thick) were exposed to 2.2 to 2.5 x 10{sup 20} oxygen/cm{sup 2} over a period of 42.25 hours in earth orbit on the United States space shuttle. Identical specimens were kept as controls in desiccated storage for the duration of the mission, and another set was exposed to an equivalent fluence of atomic oxygen in the laboratory. The friction coefficient in air and vacuum, and the composition of worn surfaces, were determined prior to the shuttle …

The structure and energy of surfaces in NiO have been studied by atomistic calculations employing short range Buckingham potentials fitted to properties of NiO. The polarizability of lattice anions is included by using the shell model. The results show that the surface energy depends strongly on surface orientation, and the 100 surface has the lowest energy. Surfaces with higher energy prefer to reconstruct into 100 facets to lower their energy and to stabilize their structure.

In this paper, the authors introduce automatic differentiation as a method for computing derivatives of large computer codes. After a brief discussion of methods of differentiating codes, they review automatic differentiation and introduce the ADIFOR (Automatic DIfferentiation of FORtran) tool. They highlight some applications of ADIFOR to large industrial and scientific codes (groundwater transport, CFD airfoil design, and sensitivity-enhanced MM5 mesoscale weather model), and discuss the effectiveness and performance of their approach. Finally, they discuss sparsity in automatic differentiation and introduce the SparsLinC library.

This paper illustrates how different modes of operation such as bilateral teleoperation, autonomous control, and shared control can be described and implemented using combinations of modules in the SMART robot control architecture. Telerobotics modes are characterized by different ``grids`` of SMART icons, where each icon represents a portion of run-time code that implements a passive control law. By placing strict requirements on the module`s input-output behavior and using scattering theory to develop a passive sampling technique, a flexible, expandable telerobot architecture is achieved. An automatic code generation tool for generating SMART systems is also described.

Mass-produced terrestrial CZ silicon solar cells are currently entering the domain in which bulk diffusion length is comparable to the cell thickness, so that recombination at the back surface can have a significant effect on device performance. Three manufacturable processes that address the problem of back recombination are examined here: boron diffusion from a deposited doped SiO{sub 2}, layer; Al-alloyed layers using screen-printed paste; and use of a collecting n* layer on the back interdigitated with the positive electrode. 104-cm{sup 2} cells fabricated at Siemens Solar Industries using these back surface structures are characterized by current-voltage, spectral response, photoconductivity decay, and SIMS measurements.

In this report, I will mainly discuss baryon resonances with emphasis on the discovery of the {Omega}{sup {minus}}. However, for completeness, I will also present some data on the meson resonances which together with the baryons led to the uncovering of the SU(3) symmetry of particles and ultimately to the concept of quarks.

This paper summarizes the activities of the beam dynamics working group of the LHC Collective Effects Workshop that was held in Montreux in 1994. It reviews the presentations that were made to the group, the discussions that ensued, and the consensuses that evolved.

The theoretical approach based on the Boltzman-Langevin model is applied to study the thermal properties of the excitation phenomena in condensed matter. This approach making use of the advantages of the thermodynamic Green`s function method provides a tool for the self-consistent description of the many-body correlations. It is demonstrated that such a correlation modifies significantly the excitation strength properties of the electron gas. The resonant thermal effects in electron bulk excitation accompanying a radioactive decay in solids are discussed.

We study several bicriteria network design problems phrased as follows: given an undirected graph and two minimization objectives with a budget specified on one objective, find a subgraph satisfying certain connectivity requirements that minimizes the second objective subject to the budget on the first. Define an ({alpha}, {beta})-approximation algorithm as a polynomial-time algorithm that produces a solution in which the first objective value is at most {alpha} times the budget, and the second objective value is at most {alpha} times the minimum cost of a network obeying the budget oil the first objective. We, present the first approximation algorithms for bicriteria problems obtained by combining classical minimization objectives such as the total edge cost of the network, the diameter of the network and a weighted generalization of the maximum degree of any node in the network. We first develop some formalism related to bicriteria problems that leads to a clean way to state bicriteria approximation results. Secondly, when the two objectives are similar but only differ based on the cost function under which they are computed we present a general parametric search technique that yields approximation algorithms by reducing the problem to one of minimizing a single objective of the …

Dedicated energy crops must be at least as profitable as conventional crops that could be grown on a given site before farmers will produce energy crops on that site. This report concentrates on the cost of producing dedicated energy crops and compare those costs to the profitability of conventional crops. This comparison allows one to estimate a breakeven price, that is, a price for which the profitability of dedicated energy crops is equivalent to the profitability of conventional crops. Switchgrass and hybrid poplar have been chosen as representative herbaceous and woody crop species for the estimation.

Small circular and noncircular channels are representative of flow passages in compact evaporators and condensers. This paper describes results of an experimental study on heat transfer to the flow boiling of refrigerant- 12 in a small circular tube of diameter = 2.46 mm. The objective of the study was to assess the effect of channel size on the heat transfer coefficient and to obtain additional insights relative to the heat transfer mechanisms. The flow channel was made of brass and had an overall length of 0.9 m. The channel wall was electrically heated, and temperatures were measured on the channel wall and in the bulk fluid stream. Voltage taps were located at the same axial locations as the stream thermocouples to allow testing over an exit quality range of 0.21 to 0.94 and a large range of mass flux (63 to 832 kg/m{sup 2}s) and heat flux (2.5 to 59 kW/m{sup 2}). Saturation pressure was nearly constant, averaging 0.82 MPa for most of the testing; a few test data were also taken at a constant lower pressure of 0.52 MPa. Local heat transfer coefficients were determined experimentally. Analysis provided additional support for the conclusion, arrived at from previous studies, that …

A borehole instrumentation and monitoring program has been designed by the US Geological Survey to support site characterization of unsaturated-zone percolation at Yucca Mountain, Nye County, Nevada. This program provides a means of defining the unsaturated-zone fluid flow (liquid and gas) potential field in a setting that incorporates large-scale stratigraphic and structural features, and the influences of geothermal heat flow and atmospheric pressure changes. Data derived from this program will be used to evaluate the suitability of Yucca Mountain as a mined geologic-repository for the storage of high-level, radioactive waste. These data include in-situ temperature, pneumatic pressure, and water potential. In addition, the instrumentation program provides facilities for gas-sampling, gas-tracer diffusion testing, water-injection testing, water-level monitoring, neutron moisture-meter monitoring, temperature profiling, and in-situ recalibration of the downhole sensors. The program included testing and development of: (1) precision sensors for measurement; (2) a downhole instrumentation-station-apparatus to house the sensors, recalibrate sensors in-situ, and allow access to instrument stations for other testing purposes; and (3) surface-based support and instrumentation facilities.

The amino acid analogue p-boronophenylalanine (BPA) is under investigation as a neutron capture agent for BNCT of glioblastoma multiforme. A series of patients undergoing surgical removal of tumor received BPA orally as the free amino acid. Favorable tumor/blood boron concentration ratios were obtained but the absolute amount of boron in the tumor would have been insufficient for BNCT. BPA can be solubilized at neutral pH by complexation with fructose (BPA-F). Studies with rats suggest that intraperitoneal injection of BPA-F complex produces a much higher tumor boron concentration to rat intracerebral 9L gliosarcoma that were possible with oral BPA. Higher boron concentrations have allowed higher tumor radiation doses to be delivered while maintaining the dose to the normal brain vascular endothelium below the threshold of tolerance. The experience to date of the administration of BPA-F to one patient is provided in this report.

The Computational Science Education Project was initiated in September 1991, by the Department of Energy to develop a syllabus for teaching interdisciplinary computational science. CSEP has two major activities. The writing and maintenance of an electronic book (e-book) and educational outreach to the computational science communities through presentations at professional society meetings, journal articles, and by training educators. The interdisciplinary nature of the project is intended to contribute to national technological competitiveness by producing a body of graduates with the necessary skills to operate effectively in high performance computing environments. The educational outreach guides and supports instructors in developing computational science courses and curricula at their institutions. The CSEP e-book provides valuable teaching material around which educators have built. The outreach not only introduces new educators to CSEP, but also establishes a synergistic relationship between CSEP authors, reviewers and users.