A system simulator has been implemented to aid the development of the RHIC position monitor system. Based on the LabVIEW software package by National Instruments, this simulator allows engineers and technicians to interactively explore the parameter space of a system during the design phase. Adjustable parameters are divided into three categories: beam, pickup, and electronics. The simulator uses these parameters in simple formulas to produce results in both time-domain and frequencydomain. During the prototyping phase, these simulated results can be compared to test data acquired with the same software package. The RHIC position monitor system is presented as an example, but the software is applicable to several other systems as well.

Imaging vector fields has applications in science, art, image processing and special effects. An effective new approach is to use linear and curvilinear filtering techniques to locally blur textures along a vector field. This approach builds on several previous texture generation and filtering techniques. It is, however, unique because it is local, one-dimensional and independent of any predefined geometry or texture. The technique is general and capable of imaging arbitrary two- and three-dimensional vector fields. The local one-dimensional nature of the algorithm lends itself to highly parallel and efficient implementations. Furthermore, the curvilinear filter is capable of rendering detail on very intricate vector fields. Combining this technique with other rendering and image processing techniques -- like periodic motion filtering -- results in richly informative and striking images. The technique can also produce novel special effects.

The authors performed numerical simulations of 2D and 3D Edwards-Anderson spin glass models by using the recently developed multicanonical ensemble. The ergodicity times increase with the lattice size approximately as V{sup 3}. The energy, entropy and other physical quantities are easily calculable at all temperatures from a single simulation. Their finite size scalings and the zero temperature limits are also explored.

A system recovering then recycling or reusing end-of-process energetic materials has been developed at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). The system promotes separating energetic materials with high potential for reuse or recycling from those that have no further value. A feature of the system is a computerized electronic bulletin board for advertising the availability of surplus and recovered energetic materials and process chemicals to LLNL researchers, and for posting energetic materials, ``want ads.`` The system was developed and implemented to promote waste minimization and pollution prevention at LLNL.

A detailed chemical kinetic reaction mechanism is described which simulates the oxidation of the primary reference fuels n-heptane and iso-octane. The high temperature subset of these mechanisms is identified, and the extensions to deal with low temperature conditions are also explained. The algorithms used to assign reaction rates to elementary steps in the reaction mechanism are described, and the means of identifying the different chemical species and the relevant reactions are outlined. Finally, we show how interested kinetic modeling researchers can obtain copies of this reaction mechanism.

D-limonene is a replacement solvent selected by Sandia and Allied-Signal to clean solder flux from electronics assemblies in firesets and programmers. D-limonene is much slower drying than the solvents it has replaced and this has raised concerns that residual quantities of the cleaner could be trapped in the electronics assemblies and eventually carried into warhead assemblies. This paper describes a study designed to evaluate how vapors from residual d-limonene cleaner would be partitioned among typical organic materials in a Livermore device. The goal was to identify possible compatibility problems arising from the use of d-limonene and, in particular, any interactions it may have with energetic materials. To predict the partitioning behavior of d-limonene, a simple model was developed and its predictions are compared to the experimental findings.

Computer modeling has become an integral part of the design and analysis of accelerator structures RF components. Sophisticated 3D codes, powerful workstations and timely theory support all contributed to this development. We will describe our modeling experience with these resources and discuss their impact on ongoing work at SLAC. Specific examples from R&D on a future linear collide and a proposed e{sup +}e{sup {minus}} storage ring will be included.

Advances in micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) have made possible the development of new instruments for process control of integrated circuit manufacture and for real-time measurement of personnel exposure to process chemicals. This report discusses four new technologies: Mass flow controllers, miniaturized gas chromatographs, microelectrode arrays, and a highly miniaturized flow injection analyzer.

The coupling of intense laser light with plasmas is a rich field of plasma physics, with many applications. Among these are inertial confinement fusion (ICF), x-ray lasers, particle acceleration, and x-ray sources. Parametric instabilities have been studied for many years because of their importance to ICF; with laser pulses with duration of approximately a nanosecond, and laser intensities in the range 10{sup 14}--10{sup 15}W/cm{sup 2} these instabilities are of crucial concern because of a number of detrimental effects. Although the laser pulse duration of interest for these studies are relatively long, it has been evident in the past years that to reach an understanding of these instabilities requires their characterization and analysis in picosecond time scales. At the laser intensities of interest, the growth rate for stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) is of the order of picoseconds, and of an order of magnitude shorter for stimulated Raman scattering (SRS). In this paper the authors discuss SBS and SRS in the context of their evolution in picosecond time scales. They describe the fundamental concepts associated with their growth and saturation, and recent work on the nonlinear treatment required for the modeling of these instabilities at high laser intensities.

Deficiencies exist in both the performance and the quality of health physics instruments. Recognizing the implications of such deficiencies for the protection of workers and the public, in the early 1980s the DOE and the NRC encouraged the development of a performance standard and established a program to test a series of instruments against criteria in the standard. The purpose of the testing was to establish the practicality of the criteria in the standard, to determine the performance of a cross section of available instruments, and to establish a testing capability. Over 100 instruments were tested, resulting in a practical standard and an understanding of the deficiencies in available instruments. In parallel with the instrument testing, a value-impact study clearly established the benefits of implementing a formal testing program. An ad hoc committee also met several times to establish recommendations for the voluntary implementation of a testing program based on the studies and the performance standard. For several reasons, a formal program did not materialize. Ongoing tests and studies have supported the development of specific instruments and have helped specific clients understand the performance of their instruments. The purpose of this presentation is to trace the history of instrument testing …

Well-established computer codes are rendered useless if the user does not understand the underlying principles governing the code. A sampling of Monte Carlo Neutron Photon (MCNP) and KENO V.a computer code users has revealed a common misuse of the cross-section tables because of lack of foreknowledge. Cross-section tables are available to MCNP that account for molecular binding of less massive nuclei. However, the default tables are based upon collision physics of a free atom. The cross sections available to KENO V.a are based upon infinitely dilute systems. This can result in undesirable effects in criticality calculations of heterogeneous systems. This paper will describe the underlying physics and effects on criticality calculations of the various cross-section tables.

The PARMELA particle dynamics code has been used at SLAC to simulate the SLC injector from the electron gun through the first accelerator section. The strength of injector components was set and tuned based on the simulation results. Parametric studies with PARMELA were conducted in which injector components were varied in an incremental fashion to study their effects on beam parameters such as transmission of current, capture of the charge in 20{degree} of S-Band, required for satisfactory spectrum, and emittance. We discuss the results of our simulation and its application to optimizing the performance of the injector.

Objective of this program is to examine new routes for disposal of energetic materials, as there is need to reduce the stockpile of conventional munitions. Disposal through destruction (burning, detonation) is less feasible today due to environmental, cost and safety concerns. Chemical conversion of energetic materials to higher value products useful in civilian and military applications is one area being explored. Initial focus has been on the conversion of TNT to other materials. Reduction of TNT to aminodinitrotoluenes, diaminonitrotoluenes and triaminotoluene is well known. Conversion of these TNT reduction products to corresponding iminodiacetic acid derivatives by N-dialkylation with chloroacetic acid should provide chelators of heavy metals. The preparation and characterization of chelating resins derived from TNT-related molecules and polystyrene are described.

This paper addresses the design of pointing control systems for autonomous space vehicles. The function of the pointing control system is to keep distant orbiting objects within the field-of-view of an on-board optical sensor. We outline the development of novel nonlinear control algorithms which exploit the availability of on- board sensors. Simulation results comparing the performance of the different pointing control implementations are presented.

Ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation techniques interrogate components with high frequency acoustic energy. A transducer generates the acoustic energy and converts acoustic energy to electrical signals. The acoustic energy is reflected by abrupt changes in modulus and/or density which can be caused by a defect. Thus defects reflect the ultrasonic energy which is converted into electrical signals. Ultrasonic evaluation typically provides a two dimensional image of internal defects. These images are either planar views (C-scans) or cross-sectional views (B-scans). The planar view is generated by raster scanning an ultrasonic transducer over the component and capturing the amplitude of internal reflections. Depth information is generally ignored. The cross-sectional view is generated by scanning the transducer along a single line and capturing the amplitude and time of flight for each internal reflection. The amplitude and time of flight information is converted into an image of the cross section of the component where the scan was performed. By fusing the C-scan information with the B-scan information a three dimension image of the internal structure of the component can be produced. The three dimensional image can be manipulated by rotating and slicing to produce the optimal view of the internal structure. The high frequency ultrasonic energy …

The interaction of a shock wave with a dense fluid layer in three dimensions is investigated using direct numerical simulations. The underlying numerical method is a second-order Godunov scheme. This is coupled to an implementation of Adaptive Mesh Refinement which is used to manage the hierarchical grid structure. An anomalous shock refraction is formed as the initiating shock wave impinges on a quiescent thin dense gas layer. One of the two resulting centered waves from the refraction, the contact surface, serves as the site for initial deposition of primarily spanwise vorticity and represents the primary mixing layer instability. The other wave, the transmitted shock wave, through repeated interactions with the free-surface, forms a cellular structure within the dense layer. The initial interaction introduces three dimensional perturbations onto the slip surface. These perturbations are selectively enhanced, due to favorable velocity gradients over part of the cellular structures, and form large-scale counter-rotating streamwise vertical structures. The structures characterize the secondary instability of this mixing layer. These vortices are quite unstable and transition to small-scales within a distance spanned by two of the cellular structures behind the initiating shock. The transition location has been verified in physical experiments. The fine-scale structure contains evidence …

The SLC polarized electron source (PES) can be modified to produce {mu}sec-long pulses for injection into the un-SLEDed SLAC 3 km linac, with a duty factor considerably higher than for SLC. Such beams are desirable for fixed target experiments at SLAC requiring polarized electron beams of up to 50 mA within an energy spread of 0.5%, at energies of up to 26 GeV. During the fall of 1992, the SLAC linac was operated continuously for two months unSLEDed with the PES dye laser (715 nm) modified to produce a 1{mu}ec pulse at 120Hz. An AlGaAs photocathode was installed in the electron gun to achieve 40% polarization, and a prebuncher was added to the SLC injector to improve capture for long pulse beams. We discuss the performance eo the polarized electron beam for long pulse operation.

Feasibility demonstrations using one to two meter telescopes have confirmed the utility of laser beacons as wavefront references for adaptive optics systems. Laser beacon architectures suitable for the new generation of eight and ten meter telescopes are presently under study. This paper reviews the concept of laser guide star adaptive optics and the progress that has been made by groups around the world implementing such systems. A description of the laser guide star program at LLNL and some experimental results is also presented.

The Symposium concluded with prepared summaries by four experts in the involved disciplines. These experts made no mention of statistics and/or the statistical content of issues. The first author contributed an extemporaneous statement at the Symposium because there are important issues associated with conducting and evaluating numerical modeling that are familiar to statisticians and often treated successfully by them. This note expands upon these extemporaneous remarks. Statistical ideas may be helpful in resolving some numerical modeling issues. Specifically, we comment first on the role of statistical design/analysis in the quantification process to answer the question ``what do we know about the numerical modeling of underground nuclear tests?`` and second on the peculiar nature of uncertainty analysis for situations involving numerical modeling. The simulations described in the workshop, though associated with topic areas, were basically sets of examples. Each simulation was tuned towards agreeing with either empirical evidence or an expert`s opinion of what empirical evidence would be. While the discussions were reasonable, whether the embellishments were correct or a forced fitting of reality is unclear and illustrates that ``simulation is easy.`` We also suggest that these examples of simulation are typical and the questions concerning the legitimacy and the role …

This presentation encourages current efforts in arms control, non- proliferation, and peacekeeping. Verification is heralded as a confidence building method to bring about more openness in international relations. It is purported that openness has already enhanced democratic forces around the world. The insistence on strict compliance with the decisions of the United Nations Security Council is a show of support for international law. It is recommended that international norms on human rights, non-proliferation, and non-aggression be strengthened.

This paper is a progress report of current Westinghouse Hanford Company engineering activities related to the implementation of a program for the thermal treatment of the Hanford Site radioactive mixed waste. Topics discussed include a site-specific engineering study, the review of private sector capability in thermal treatment, and thermal treatment of some of the Hanford Site radioactive mixed waste at other US Department of Energy sites.

The presence of an enhanced hardness, that is a `Superhardness Effect, is found as a behavior parallel to the Supermodulus Effect in Au/Ni multilayer structures. The submicron thick Au/Ni coatings are prepared by magnetron sputter deposition. A microindenter is used to measure load as a function of indentation depth. An increase in hardness is measured as the Au/Ni layer pair spacing decreases. A local maximum in hardness occurs for samples with layer pairs consisting of 4-6 atomic planes of each metal component.

Approximately 20 years ago, a program was initiated at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) to study the feasibility of using lasers to separate isotopes of uranium and other materials. Of particular interest has been the development of a uranium enrichment method for the production of commercial nuclear power reactor fuel to replace current more expensive methods. The Uranium Atomic Vapor Laser Isotope Separation (U-AVLIS) Program has progressed to the point where a plant-scale facility to demonstrate commercial feasibility has been built and is being tested. The U-AVLIS Program uses copper vapor lasers which pump frequency selective dye lasers to photoionize uranium vapor produced by an electron beam. The selectively ionized isotopes are electrostatically collected. The copper lasers are arranged in oscillator/amplifier chains. The current configuration consists of 12 chains, each with a nominal output of 800 W for a system output in excess of 9 kW. The system requirements are for continuous operation (24 h a day, 7 days a week) and high availability. To meet these requirements, the lasers are designed in a modular form allowing for rapid change-out of the lasers requiring maintenance. Since beginning operation in early 1985, the copper lasers have accumulated over 2 million …

Westinghouse Hanford Company has determined that a facility is required for the treatment of mixed low-level waste at the Hanford Site. The mission of that facility will be to receive, process/treat, package, certify, and ship the contact-handled, mixed low-level waste that must be handled by Hanford Site to permanent disposal. Preconceptual and conceptual design studies were performed by United Engineers and Constructors, and a conceptual design report was issued. This report presents a summary of the conceptual design for a facility that will meet the mission established.