The Consolidated Incineration Facility at the Savannah River Site is designed without emergency flue gas vents. The main components of this 18 million btu/hr facility are a rotary kiln and secondary combustion chamber, each with a code allowable internal pressure of 15 psig. The facility is designed to treat mixed waste. During the early stages of design it was judged on a qualitative basis that potential eventsthat might produce damaging overpressures were not credible. When these findings were questioned during subsequent design reviews, a probabilistic risk assessment was undertaken to provide a quantitative basis for decision making. The result was identification of design conditions leading to relatively high frequencies for a few event sequences in which the allowable pressure might be exceeded. Risk assessment assumptions and results were reviewed with design engineers and relatively simple improvements were identified that collectively reduced the frequency of overpressure to an acceptable level. This experience showed that the use of formalized risk assessment techniques can provide valuable insight leading to timely and cost-effective improvements in facility design and operating procedures. In this case, the program of analysis and follow-on improvements provided justification for incinerator operation without thermal relief devices.

This report is the minutes of the Solar Working group. The meeting was prompted by the Steering Group`s desire to resolve issues the Solar Working Group.

The Consolidated Incineration Facility at the Savannah River Site is designed without emergency flue gas vents. The main components of this 18 million btu/hr facility are a rotary kiln and secondary combustion chamber, each with a code allowable internal pressure of 15 psig. The facility is designed to treat mixed waste. During the early stages of design it was judged on a qualitative basis that potential eventsthat might produce damaging overpressures were not credible. When these findings were questioned during subsequent design reviews, a probabilistic risk assessment was undertaken to provide a quantitative basis for decision making. The result was identification of design conditions leading to relatively high frequencies for a few event sequences in which the allowable pressure might be exceeded. Risk assessment assumptions and results were reviewed with design engineers and relatively simple improvements were identified that collectively reduced the frequency of overpressure to an acceptable level. This experience showed that the use of formalized risk assessment techniques can provide valuable insight leading to timely and cost-effective improvements in facility design and operating procedures. In this case, the program of analysis and follow-on improvements provided justification for incinerator operation without thermal relief devices.

The K-shell emission from porous aluminum targets is used to infer the density and temperature of plasmas created with 800 nm and 400 nm, 140 fs laser light. The laser beam is focused to a minimum spot size of 5 {mu}m with 800 nm light and 3 {mu}m with 400 nm light, producing a normal incidence peak intensity of 10{sup 18} Watts/cm{sup 2}. A new 800 fs x-ray streak camera is used to study the broadband x-ray emission. The time resolved and time integrated x-ray emission implies substantial differences between the porous target and the flat target temperature.

We report on amplification of 100 fsec laser pulses to 250 mJ using flashlamp-pumped, dye converted Ti:Sapphire. The resulting 5 Hz beam is focused to irradiances in excess of 5 {times} 10{sup 18} W/cm{sup 2}.

The testing of candidate fuel elements at prototypic operating conditions with respect to temperature, power density, hydrogen coolant flow rate, etc., a crucial component in the development and qualification of nuclear rocket engines based on the Particle Bed Reactor (PBR), NERVA-derivative, and other concepts. Such testing may be performed at existing reactors, or at new facilities. A scoping study has been performed to assess the feasibility of testing PBR based fuel elements at the TREAT reactor. initial results suggest that full-scale PBR, elements could be tested at an average energy deposition of {approximately}60--80 MW-s/L in the current TREAT reactor. If the TREAT reactor was upgraded to include fuel elements with a higher temperature limit, average energy deposition of {approximately}100 MW/L may be achievable.

The operating principles of an Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer (IFTS) are discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of such instruments with respect to alternative imaging spectrometers are discussed. The primary advantages of the IFTS are the capacity to acquire more than an order of magnitude more spectral channels than alternative systems with more than an order of magnitude greater etendue than for alternative systems. The primary disadvantage of IFTS, or FTS in general, is the sensitivity to temporal fluctuations, either random or periodic. Data from the IRIFTS (ir IFTS) prototype instrument, sensitive in the infrared, are presented having a spectral sensitivity of 0.01 absorbance units, a spectral resolution of 6 cm{sup {minus}1} over the range 0 to 7899 cm{sup {minus}1}, and a spatial resolution of 2.5 mr.

The objectives of the Uranium Atomic Vapor Laser isotope Separation (U-AVLIS) are to develop, demonstrate, and deploy a laser-based process to enrich natural uranium in the U-235 isotope to levels useful as fuel in commercial light-water power reactors. Current U-AVLIS production plant criteria call for uranium product enriched in {sup 235}U up to 5 wt%. Development of the U-AVLIS technology is in an advanced stage, and demonstration of the integrated enrichment process is currently in progress using plant-scale equipment in the Uranium Demonstration System (UDS) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. In this paper several existing experimental data which are applicable to the critical systems of importance to the safe design of the U-AVLIS plant are identified. These were used to benchmark a configuration-controlled, work station based version of one state-of-the-art computer code employed by the U-AVLIS program in UDS equipment design, and in U-AVLIS plant conceptual design NCS analyses.

The tandem hydrogen/deuterium ion source is modelled for the purpose of identifying the maximum current densities that can be extracted subject to the gas-pressure constraints proposed for contemporary beam-line systems. Optimum useful extracted current densities are found to be in the range of approximately 7 to 10 mA cm{sup {minus}2}. The sensitivity of these current densities is examined subject to uncertainties in the underlying atomic/molecular rate processes; A principal uncertainty remains the quantification of the molecular vibrational distribution following H{sub 3{sup +}} wall collisions.

We have developed a system that allows compensation of higher order phase terms that limit chirped pulse amplification systems. Results indicate phase can be compensated by a properly adjusted air-spaced doublet within the stretcher.

The challenge of tuning an induction accelerator in real time has been addressed with the new TUNE GUIDE code. The code initializes a beam at a particular position using a tracer particle representation of the phase space. The particles are transported, using a matrix formulation, element by element along the beamline assuming that the field of a solenoid, or steering element is constant over its length. The other allowed elements are gaps and drift sections. A great deal of effort has been spent programming TUNE GUIDE to operate under the IBMPC Windows 3.1 system. This system features an intuitive, menu driven interface, which provides an ability to rapidly change beamline component parameter values. Consequently various accelerator setups can be explored and new values determined in real time while the accelerator is operating. In addition the code has the capability of varying a capability value over a range and then plotting the resulting beam properties, such as radius or centroid position, at a down stream position. Element parameter editing is also included along with an on-line hyper text oriented help package.

The Finney harmonic mean model for joint toxicity of ingredients in mixtures can be used to estimate the toxicity of the neat compound if one component can be substituted in potency-adjusted-doses for each of the other components. Chemical analysis data and relative potency values (computed according to the Rapid Screening of Hazard (RASH) method) were used to compare the toxicities as predicted from ingredients of cigarette smoke, PAHs in diesel exhaust, asphalt, coal tar, pitch, and creosote with the measured toxicities of the neat mixtures. Accuracy for cigarette smoke condensate, coal tar, pitch, and creosote were within a factor of three; asphalt within a factor of 18; but the PAC content of diesel particulate was inadequate to accurately describe the toxicity of diesel emissions.

A 6-mm-diameter, plane-wave shock generation system has been developed and characterized as a laboratory bench driver for small scale experiments. The driver is based on an exploding-foil-driven slapper used either directly or to initiate an HE pellet. The slapper is driven by a low-inductance fireset with burst currents on the order of 30 kA and burst times of about 250ns, with a time-to-burst jitter under 10ns. Both the slapper impact and the detonation breakout of the pellet have been measured to be flat to within 10ns over a 6-mm diameter. Fabry-Perot velocimetry of impacts with LiF crystals were used to characterize shock pressures and durations. Attenuator plates and flyers driven by the HE were also measured, which provided a variety of available pulse shapes and data for modeling efforts.

The Alternating Gradient Synchrotron Booster at Brookhaven National Laboratory uses an ionization profile monitor to generate profiles of proton and heavy-ion beams. The profile monitor can acquire hundreds of profiles during an acceleration cycle, and then display and store them for analysis. Profiles appear in real time on an oscilloscope-type display, but other visualizations are available as well, namely mountain range and emittance displays. File storage of profile data is simple, as is the storage of moments and emittances.

TFTR will soon enter its D-T phase with the introduction of tritium. This will result in the production of neutrons having 14-MeV energy which is significantly greater than the 2.5-MeV neutrons encountered during D-D operation. In preparation for the D-T phase, a calibration of the four neutron detection systems was performed using a 14-MeV neutron generator producing 10{sup 8} n/sec. To account for the spatial extent of the toroidally shaped plasma and for neutrons scattered from surrounding structures, detector responses were determined with the source positioned at many locations inside the vacuum vessel. Before the generator could be used as a calibration source, a characterization of its total yield and angular emission properties was obtained. The total yield was determined by aluminum activation methods to within {plus_minus}6%, while the angular emission was found to be anisotropic in the forward and reverse cones along the generator axis. After the characterization was performed, the generator was mounted on a moveable track inside the vacuum vessel, where it could be remotely moved across the view of each detector. This paper presents details of the methods and results of the source characterization, together with initial results of the in-vessel D-T neutron calibration.

Although various legislation and regulations have been adopted to promote the use of alternative-fuel vehicles for curbing urban air pollution problems, there is a lack of systematic comparisons of emission control cost-effectiveness among various alternative-fuel vehicle types. In this paper, life-cycle emission reductions and life-cycle costs were estimated for passenger cars fueled with methanol, ethanol, liquefied petroleum gas, compressed natural gas, and electricity. Vehicle emission estimates included both exhaust and evaporative emissions for air pollutants of hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and air-toxic pollutants of benzene, formaldehyde, 1,3-butadiene, and acetaldehyde. Vehicle life-cycle cost estimates accounted for vehicle purchase prices, vehicle life, fuel costs, and vehicle maintenance costs. Emission control cost-effectiveness presented in dollars per ton of emission reduction was calculated for each alternative-fuel vehicle types from the estimated vehicle life-cycle emission reductions and costs. Among various alternative-fuel vehicle types, compressed natural gas vehicles are the most cost-effective vehicle type in controlling vehicle emissions. Dedicated methanol vehicles are the next most cost-effective vehicle type. The cost-effectiveness of electric vehicles depends on improvements in electric vehicle battery technology. With low-cost, high-performance batteries, electric vehicles are more cost-effective than methanol, ethanol, and liquified petroleum gas vehicles.

The human cerebral cortex contains approximately 10{sup 11} neurons and 10{sup 14} synapses. It thus seems logical that any technology intended to mimic human capabilities should have the ability to fabricate a very large number of neurons and even larger numbers of synapses. This paper describes an implementation of hardware neural networks using highly linear thin-film resistor technology and an 8-bit binary weight circuit to produce customizable artificial neural network chips and systems.

The Status of Glueballs is presented considering that most popular candidates from among the isoscalars in the J{sup PC} = 0{sup ++}, 0{sup {minus}+} and 2{sup ++} channels. It is shown that in the 0{sup ++} channel the f{sub 0}(1720) which was discovered earlier (the S*{prime}(1720)) at BNL is highly likely the same state as the SLAC {theta}(1720) now that its spin has been found to be 0 instead of the 2 claimed for a long period. In the {sup ++} channel there is likely a complex of 2-3 states {zeta}/{eta}(1280), {lambda}/{eta}(1420) and {iota}/{eta}(1520) involving at least one extra isosclar. In the 2{sup ++}, the g{sub T}(2010), g{sub T}{prime}(2300) and g{sub T}{double_prime}(2340) {phi}{phi} states found in {pi}{sup {minus}} p {yields} {phi}{phi}n (OZI forbidden glueball filter channel) strikingly, approximately, completely break the OZI suppression and comprise within the errors all the {phi}{phi} cross-section. The only viable explanation of these states in the context of QCD is that they are produced by 1-3 primary 2{sup ++} glueballs. All alternate explanations in the past 15 years have failed.

This paper describes our work to produce ``smart`` equipment using a neural network to provide intelligence for process monitoring, adaptive control, metrology, and equipment diagnostics. This novel system will improve both quality and yield for critical thin films used in semiconductors, superconductors, high-density magnetic and optical storage, and advanced displays, all of which are critical to maintaining our leadership in the multibillion-dollar electronic and computer industries. The equipment will have on-line, real-time diagnostics capabilities to detect component problems early in order to minimize maintenance and downtime.

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) is a US Department of Energy (DOE)` research and development (R&D) facility operated by the University of California. The R&D activities conducted at LLNL require the use of a wide variety of chemicals which are purchased in sufficient quantities to ensure that the necessary supply is on-hand to meet programmatic schedules and commitments. Purchasing control measures minimize excess inventories of unused chemicals, but small quantities of opened and unopened surplus chemicals still remain at the conclusion of research activities. Drum quantities of surplus chemicals also can be generated if a programmatic activity is abruptly terminated because of loss of funding. A real-time system was needed to route unused surplus chemicals to new experiments and programs instead of to waste treatment and disposal facilities. Representatives from four LLNL organizations (Lasers, Defense Systems/Nuclear Design, Chemistry, and Business Services) combined their skills and ideas to develop and implement an on-Ii ne surplus chemical exchange system for use at LLNL. An electronic surplus chemical bulletin board, referred to. as the ``LLNL Chemical Exchange Data Base,`` is the product of the group`s efforts.

This paper describes a methodology for estimating energy externalities. These externalities are environmental, health, and other damages and benefits that traditionally have not been considered as part of the cost of producing and consuming goods and services. An example of externalities is the effect on human health from exposure to ozone formed by NO{sub x} and other emissions from electric power plants. These damages are valued adversely by individuals (and by society) but are not reflected in the price of electricity. The damage function approach is a methodology which is used for developing quantitative estimates of externalities. This paper describes the five major steps in the damage function approach, focuses on the use of ozone models in that framework, and points out the effects of meteorological variables on estimates of ozone concentrations.