The National Energy Information Center (NEIC), as part of its mission, provides energy information and referral assistance to Federal, State, and local governments, the academic community, business and industrial organizations, and the general public. Written for the general public, the EIA publication Energy Information Sheets was developed to provide information on various aspects of fuel production, prices, consumption and capability. The information contained herein pertains to energy data as of December 1991. Additional information on related subject matter can be found in other EIA publications as referenced at the end of each sheet.

Through much of the last decade, the NSLS has been America`s preeminent source of synchrotron radiation. In the near future, The NSLS will face formidable competition from the third generation light sources, designed to produce high brightness beams from undulators. Because of the lattice design of the NSLS rings and the limited number of straight sections for new undulators it will be impossible to compete with the new rings in brightness at short wavelengths. It is not clear, however, how many experiments really need brightness and how many just need flux. A good strategy could lie in keeping the NSLS the highest flux synchrotron light source in the country and leaving the brightness frontier to the third generation rings. By using the technology developed for the SLAC B factory we can simultaneously raise the X-Ray Ring energy to 3.0 GeV and the current to 2.4 Amp. From these parameters I am calling the proposed upgrade X-324. After the X-324 upgrade, the X-Ray Ring will produce twenty times more synchrotron radiation power than is produced by today`s 250 mA, 2.5 GeV beams. This is a qualitative change from today`s conditions and will place great demands on the RF and vacuum systems. …

The maintenance pad site consists of a concrete pad and underlying soils, approximately 15 by 46 m in area, and a drainage ditch with dimensions of 2.4 by 91 m. The ditch is located approximately 60 m from the concrete pad and is oriented parallel to the pads long axis. The facility was built in 1943, at which time the concrete pad was the floor of a maintenance shed for railroad activities. In 1955, use of the facility as a maintenance shed was discontinued. Between 1955 and 1957, the facility was used as a radioactivity decontamination area for railroad cars; acetone-soaked rags were used to remove surface contamination from the cars. The concrete pad was washed down with a mixture of water and diesel fuel, which was then flushed via clay pipe to the drainage ditch. In 1963, the maintenance shed was torn down and the concrete pad covered with approximately one-half meter of fill. The concrete pad was re-exposed in 1993. The site was sampled for Toxicity Characteristic Leachate Procedure (TCLP) metals, volatile, and semi-volatile compounds, as well as for extractable fuel hydrocarbons. A total of 17 samples were collected from surface concrete, soil beneath surface concrete, and ditch …

The goal for advanced steady-state operation in ITER should be to demonstrate the operation of the plasma core for a steady-state fusion reactor. To accomplish this the authors must develop steady-state operating scenarios at high beta for high fusion power density, low auxiliary power requirements (Q{sub CD} {ge} 25, where Q{sub CD} {triple_bond}P fusion/P{sub CD} and P{sub DC} is the power required for sustaining the plasma current) for low recirculating power requirements, and at moderate safety factor (q{sub {psi}} {le} 4.5) to minimize the cost for the tokamak core of a steady-state demonstration power reactor based on the operating modes demonstrated in ITER. The key to achieving steady-state operation at high fusion power in ITER will be the development of operating scenarios with very high bootstrap current fractions (f{sub BS} {ge} 90%) in which the radial profile of the bootstrap current density is well aligned with that of the total plasma current density, and for which the MHD {beta}-limit exceeds {beta}{sub n}{sup *} = 0.05 T{minus}m/MA. They are in the process of developing such operating modes for ITER. In {section}1 they propose two advanced steady-state operating points; a preliminary operating point that was the basis for the MHD studies reported …

Material removal rate, surface finish, and subsurface damage are largely governed by fracture mechanics and plastic deformation, when ceramics are machined using abrasive methods. A great deal of work was published on the fracture mechanics of ceramics in the late 1970s and early 1980s, although this work has never resulted in a comprehensive model of the fixed abrasive grinding process. However, a recently published model describes many of the most important features of the loose abrasive machining process, for example depth of damage, surface roughness, and material removal rate. Many of the relations in the loose abrasive machining model can be readily discerned from fracture mechanics models, in terms of material properties. By understanding the mechanisms of material removal, from a material properties perspective, we can better estimate how one material will machine in relation to another. Although the fracture mechanics models may have been developed for loose abrasive machining, the principles of crack initiation and propagation are equally valuable for fixed abrasive machining. This report provides a brief review of fracture in brittle materials, the stress distribution induced by abrasives, critical indenter loads, the extension of cracks, and the relation of the fracture process to material removal.

The Winter Fuels Report is intended to provide concise, timely information to the industry, the press, policymakers, consumers, analysts, and State and local governments on the following topics: distillate fuel oil net production, imports and stocks on a US level and for all Petroleum Administration for Defense Districts (PADD) and product supplied on a US level; propane net production, imports and stocks on a US level and for PADD`s I, II, and III; natural gas supply and disposition and underground storage for the US and consumption for all PADD`s; as well as selected National average prices. Residential and wholesale pricing data for heating oil and propane for those States participating in the joint Energy Information Administration (EIA)/State Heating Oil and Propane Program; crude oil and petroleum price comparisons for the US and selected cities; and a 6--10 day, 30-day, and 90-day outlook for temperature and precipitation and US total heating degree-days by city.