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Commercialization strategies for coal-derived transportation fuels
The objective of this paper is to analyze a program that can stimulate the development of a synthetic liquid transportation fuels from coal industry, by requiring that the products be bought at their true cost of production. These coal-derived liquids will then be assimulated into the nation`s fuel supply system. The cost of this program will be borne by increased cost of all fuels in the marketplace. The justification of the program is the assumption that, because of increasing demand, the world oil price (WOP) will increase to a level that will make coal-derived fuels economical in the relatively near future. However, as noted in the International Energy Outlook of 1990: ``Given current costs and Technologies, it is estimated the cost of crude oil would have to exceed $35 per barrel in 1989 dollars for at least four consecutive years for commercial production, in the range of 100,000 barrels per day, of synthetic liquids to occur. This delayed response of production to price increases reflects the planning and construction time required to complete a coal liquefaction plant``. This program is designed to reduce this time lag so that coal-derived fuels will be available when they are needed. This timely production …
Date:
December 31, 1992
Creator:
Tomlinson, G. & Gray, D.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Committee on Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Sciences (CAMOS). Technical progress report and continuation proposal, February 1, 1992--January 31, 1993
The Committee on Atomic, Molecular and Optical Sciences (CAMOS) of the National Research Council (NRC) is charged with monitoring the health of the field of atomic, molecular, and optical (AMO) science in the United States. Accordingly, the Committee identifies and examines both broad and specific issues affecting the field. Regular meetings, teleconferences, briefings from agencies and the scientific community, the formation of study panels to prepare reports, and special symposia are among the mechanisms used by the CAMOS to meet its charge. This progress report presents a review of CAMOS activities from February 1, 1992 to January 31, 1993. This report also includes the status of activities associated with the CAMOS study on the field that is being conducted by the Panel on the Future of Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Sciences (FAMOS).
Date:
December 31, 1992
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
A common sense approach to consequence analysis at a large DOE site. Revision 1
The primary objective of the Probabilistic Safety Assessment (PSA) at the U. S. Department of Energy (DOE) Savannah River Site (SRS) is to quantify health and economic risks posed by K Reactor operation to the nearby offsite and onsite areas from highly unlikely severe accidents. The overall risk analyses have also been instrumental as defensible bases for analyzing existing safety margins of the restart configuration; determining component, human action, and engineering system vulnerabilities; comparing measures of risk to DOE and commercial guidelines; and prioritizing risk-significant improvements. The key final phase of these probabilistic risk calculations, a third level of analysis or Level 3 PSA, requires the determination of the conditional consequences to onsite workers and the DOE reservation facilities, given low-probability, postulated fuel-melting accidents with accompanying atmospheric releases have occurred. A modified version of the commercial reactor-based MACCS 1.5 code, MACCS/ON, is used in the context of the SRS PSA to perform the consequence determinations. The updated code is applicable to other large DOE sites for risk analyses of facility operations, and is compatible with proposed modifications planned by code developers, Sandia National Laboratories.
Date:
December 31, 1992
Creator:
O`Kula, K. R.; McKinley, M. S. & East, J. M.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Communication of Advanced Test Reactor probabilistic risk assessment results
The Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) Level 1 results were efficiently communicated in two reports following the completion of revision 1 of the ATR PRA. As the ATR PRA including external events fills four large volume, it was considered impractical to expect all of the individuals at ATR who could benefit from the information to read the entire PRA. Even though many ATR personnel received training in PRA methodology and were involved in some aspects of the PRA, another hinderance to effective communication of the PRA results is that the PRA was written and organized to meet the requirements of practitioners and reviewers who are well-versed in PRA methods. Therefore, two PRA summary reports, an ATR risk summary report and an ATR functional group summary report, were written to communicate the ATR PRA results and insights to interested ATR personnel.
Date:
December 31, 1992
Creator:
Thatcher, T. A.; Atkinson, S. A. & Eide, S. A.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Compact self-contained electrical-to-optical converter/transmitter
An electrical-to-optical converter/transmitter is disclosed. A first optical receiver and a second optical receiver are provided for receiving a calibrate command and a power switching signal, respectively, from a remote processor. A third receiver is provided for receiving an analog electrical signal from a transducer. A calibrator generates a reference signal in response to the calibrate command. A combiner mixes the electrical signal with the reference signal to form a calibrated signal. A converter converts the calibrated signal to an optical signal. A transmitter transmits the optical signal to the remote processor. A primary battery supplies power to the calibrator, the combiner, the converter, and the transmitter. An optically-activated switch supplies power to the calibrator, the combiner, the converter, and the transmitter in response to the power switching signal. An auxiliary battery supplies power continuously to the switch means.
Date:
December 31, 1992
Creator:
Seligmann, D. A.; Moss, W. C.; Valk, T. C. & Conder, A. D.
Object Type:
Patent
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Comparative study of the reactions of metal oxides with H{sub 2}S and SO{sub 2}
Primary objective was to investigate the effects of pore structure on capacity of porous metal oxides for removal of SO{sub 2} from power plant fuel gas and H{sub 2}S from hot coal gas. During this period, a comparative study was carried out on the direct reaction with H{sub 2}S and SO{sub 2} of the three limestones used as CaO precursors: Greer limestone, Georgia marble, and Iceland spar calcite. Sulfation was carried out at 750 and 850 C in a thermogravimetric analysis system under simulated high pressure (enough CO{sub 2} to prevent decomposition of CaCO{sub 3}). Results are presented as conversion vs time graphs. Mercury penetration and gas adsorption were used to analyze the structure. Activation energies and effective diffusivities were determined. A variable diffusivity shrinking-core model was used to analyze the data. In the future, this limestone study will be completed, and a study on supported CuO sorbent will be started.
Date:
December 31, 1992
Creator:
Sotirchos, S. V.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
A comparison of analytic models for estimating dose equivalent rates in shielding with beam spill measurements
A comparison of 800-MeV proton beam spill measurements at the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility (LAMPF) with analytical model calculations of neutron dose equivalent rates (DER) show agreement within factors of 2-3 for simple shielding geometries. The DER estimates were based on a modified Moyer model for transverse angles and a Monte Carlo based forward angle model described in the proceeding paper.
Date:
December 31, 1992
Creator:
Frankle, S. C.; Fitzgerald, D. H.; Hutson, R. L.; Macek, R. J. & Wilkinson, C. A.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
A comparison of response spectrum and direct integration analysis methods as applied to a nuclear component support structure. Revision 1
Seismic qualification of Class I nuclear components is accomplished using a variety of analytical methods. This paper compares the results of time history dynamic analyses of a heat exchanger support structure using response spectrum and time history direct integration analysis methods. Dynamic analysis is performed on the detailed component models using the two methods. A nonlinear elastic model is used for both the response spectrum and direct integration methods. A nonlinear model which includes friction and nonlinear springs, is analyzed using time history input by direct integration. The loads from the three cases are compared.
Date:
December 31, 1992
Creator:
Bryan, B. J. & Flanders, H. E. Jr.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
A comparison of the dose RBE and the biological dosimetry approaches for treatment planning in BNCT
Treatment planning for clinical trials with boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is complicated substantially by the fact that the radiation field generated by the activating external neutron beam is composed of several different types of radiation, i.e., fast neutrons, recoil protons from elastic collisions with hydrogen, gamma rays from the reactor and from neutron capture by body hydrogen, protons from nitrogen capture, and the products of the NCT interaction. Furthermore, the relative contribution of each type of radiation varies with depth in tissue. Because each of these radiations has its own RBE, and the RBE of the fast neutron component will not be constant as the neutron spectrum changes with depth, the problem of predicting the severity of the biological effect, in depth, becomes complex indeed. In order to attack this problem, Monte Carlo calculations of dose, checked against benchmark measurements, are employed. Two approaches are then used to assess the severity of the effect. In the first, the effective dose (D{sub EF}) is determined by summing the products of (D{center_dot}RBE) for each radiation. The other approach involves placing cells at the location for which the D{sub EF} was calculated. Using a dose-response curvefrom a low-LET radiation, e.g. {sup 137}Cs …
Date:
December 31, 1992
Creator:
Laster, B. H.; Liu, H. B.; Gordon, C. R. & Bond, V. P.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Complex temporal and spatial patterns in nonequilibrium processes. Final report, December 1, 1987--November 30, 1992
Dynamical systems methods have been used to study bifurcations and pattern formation in nonequilibrium systems. Accomplishments during this period include: information-theoretic methods for analyzing chaos, chemical reactors for studying sustained reaction-diffusion patterns, a reactor exploiting pattern formation to extract short- lived intermediate species, observation of bifurcation from periodic to quasiperiodic rotating chemical spiral patterns, observation of a Turing bifurcation (transition from uniform state to a stationary chemical pattern), method for extracting noise strength in ramped convection, self-similar fractal structure of Zn clusters in electrodeposition, and dynamical instability in crack propagation.
Date:
December 31, 1992
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Component external leakage and rupture frequency estimates
External leakage and rupture frequencies have been generated in a consistent manner from Licensee Event Reports covering US commercial nuclear reactor experience. Recommended frequencies cover a wide variety of components: piping (and elbows), valves, pumps, flanges, heat exchangers, and tanks. Leakages were defined as less than or equal to 50 gpm, and ruptures as greater than 50 gpm. External rupture frequencies are generally factors of 25 or 100 times lower than the external leakage frequencies.
Date:
December 31, 1992
Creator:
Eide, S. A.; Khericha, S. T.; Calley, M. B. & Johnson, D. A.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Computational and experimental study of a railplug ignitor
The plasma plume generated by a new type of high energy Janitor known as the railplug, is examined. The railplug is a miniaturized railgun that has the potential for improving ignition characteristics of combustible mixtures in engines. The objective of the study is to gain an uderstanding of the characteristics of the plasma created by a transparent railplug, and to validate a multidimensional computer simulation of the plasma and shock fronts. The nature of the plume emitted by the railplug was examined for three levels of electrical energy while firing into air at a pressure of 1 atm. The computer model is to be used to predict trends in railplug performance for various railplug designs, energies, and ambient conditions. The velocity of the plasma movement inside a transparent railplug was measured, as well as the velocity of the plume ejected from the cavity. A shock is produced at the initiation point of the arc and propagates down the cavity, eventually exiting the plug. The velocity of the shock was both measured experimentally and simulated by the model. The computer simulation produces a mushroom-shaped plasma plume at the railplug exit similar to that observed in the shadowgraph photos: The simulation also …
Date:
December 31, 1992
Creator:
Ellzey, J. L.; Hall, M. J.; Zhao, X. & Tajima, H.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
A computational model for coal transport and combustion. Quarterly technical progress report, September 1, 1992--November 30, 1992
The thermodynamically consistent, rate dependent model for turbulent two-phase flows was used to study the special case of a simple shear. The variations of the fluctuation kinetic energy with the solid volume fraction was evaluated. The kinetic model for rapid flows of granular materials, which includes frictional losses, was used for studying gravity flow down an inclined chute. The velocity profiles were obtained and the results were compared with the data of Johnson et al. The effect of diameter to height ratio was also studied. Further progress has been made in developing a computational model for rapid granular and two-phase flows in complex geometries. The discrete element scheme was used and the unsteady developing granular flow down a chute was analyzed. The results are compared with the experimental data of Savage. The numerical procedure for analyzing two-phase flows was further developed. The special case of duct flow in a gravitational field is analyzed. Further progress has been made in the construction of the experimental monolayer simple shear flow device. Assembling the device was completed.
Date:
December 31, 1992
Creator:
Ahmadi, G.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Computer codes for checking, plotting and processing of neutron cross-section covariance data and their application
This paper presents a brief review of computer codes concerned with checking, plotting, processing and using of covariances of neutron cross-section data. It concentrates on those available from the computer code information centers of the United States and the OECD/Nuclear Energy Agency. Emphasis will be placed also on codes using covariances for specific applications such as uncertainty analysis, data adjustment and data consistency analysis. Recent evaluations contain neutron cross section covariance information for all isotopes of major importance for technological applications of nuclear energy. It is therefore important that the available software tools needed for taking advantage of this information are widely known as hey permit the determination of better safety margins and allow the optimization of more economic, I designs of nuclear energy systems.
Date:
December 31, 1992
Creator:
Sartori, E. & Roussin, R. W.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Computer simulation of the time dependent contents of a tank containing transuranics
The management of tanks containing radioactive waste requires the characterization of tank contents and an estimation of how those tank contents will change over time. The Savannah River Site (SRS) is currently in the process of characterizing a tank containing transuranic elements stored since the late 1970s. These isotopes are the by-products of a campaign to produce Pu-242 in the SRS reactors. In order to estimate the isotopic contents of this tank to the year 2100, a simulation, based largely on the methodology found in the CINDER(England, et al. 1970) computer code, was used to solve the equations associated with the natural production and decay processes in the tank. The results of this simulation will be used to determine the most prudent disposal/recovery options available.
Date:
December 31, 1992
Creator:
Trumble, E. F.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Conceptual design of a gas turbine for PFBC applications
First generation pressurized fluidized bed (PFBC) technology has potential advantages which include: lower capital cost, Unproved environmental performance, shorter lead times, higher efficiency and enhanced fuel flexibility. Coal firing with combustion turbines experiments have been conducted for over forty years. These efforts have evolved to the point where commercial demonstrations are now feasible. The PFBC is one of these technologies. It will be demonstrated as part of the Clean Coal III initiative. PFBC technology is applicable for new installations, replacement of existing equipment as well as repower and retrofit. Included with these options is the opportunity to reduce dependency on fuel oil and well as enhancing environmental performance and increasing efficiency. The turbo-machinery will require design changes to meet the requirements for PFBC application. The major change to the combustion turbine take place in the center section. This section will include provisions to supply compressed air to the PFBC as well as receive vitiated air from the PFBC. These efforts also have the objective of reducing the degree of change from a standard unit. Under a clean coal program a first generation PFBC demonstration win take place at the Des Moines Energy Center. For this demonstration it will be necessary …
Date:
December 31, 1992
Creator:
Bannister, R. L.; McGuigan, A. W.; Risley, T. P. & Smith, O. J.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Conductive Paints. Progress Report, October 1, 1992--December 1, 1992
Electrical resistivity measurements require uniformly thick, pinhole-free, smooth films. A paint preparation and deposition procedure was developed. Adhesion strength was measured on silica and glass substrates. Electrical resistivity was also measured on SiO{sub 2} coated Si wafers. 2 tabs, 4 figs.
Date:
December 31, 1992
Creator:
Soukup, R. J. & Ianno, N. J.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Configurational diffusion of asphaltenes in fresh and aged catalysts extrudates. Quarterly progress report, September 20, 1992--December 20, 1992
Objective is to determine the relation between the size and shape of coal and petroleum micromolecules and their diffusion rates in catalyst pore structures. Diffusivity measurements will be performed with aged catalysts from coal liquefaction pilot plants. During this period, equilibrium adsorption experiments were carried out to determine the adsorption isotherm needed in the data analysis. The equilibrium isotherm for quinoline in cyclohexane with fresh Shell 324 (Ni-Mo/Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}) catalyst was found to be nonlinear and well represented by the Freundlich adsorption isotherm. The effective diffusivity was found to be less than the estimated pore diffusivity for nonrestrictive diffusion, indicating pore restriction for quinoline diffusion in cyclohexane with Shell 324 catalyst.
Date:
December 31, 1992
Creator:
Guin, J. A. & Tarrer, A. R.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Confined zone dispersion flue gas desulfurization demonstration
This is the fifth quarterly report for this project. This project is divided into three phases. Phase 1, which has been completed, involved design, engineering, and procurement for the CZD system, duct and facility modifications, and supporting equipment. Phase 2, also completed, included equipment acquisition and installation, facility construction, startup, and operator training for parametric testing. Phase 3 broadly covers testing, operation and disposition, but only a portion of Phase 3 was included in Budget Period 1. That portion was concerned with parametric testing of the CZD system to establish the optimum conditions for an extended, one-year, continuous demonstration. As of December 31, 1991, the following goals have been achieved. (1) Nozzle Selection - A modified Spraying Systems Company (SSC) atomizing nozzle has been selected for the one-year continuous CZD demonstration. (2) SO[sub 2] and NO[sub x] Reduction - Preliminary confirmation of 50% SO[sub 2] reduction has been achieved, but the NO[sub x] reduction target cannot be confirmed at this time. (3) Lime Selection - Testing indicated an injection rate of 40 to 50 gallons per minute with a lime slurry concentration of 8 to 10% to achieve 50% SO[sub 2] reduction. There has been no selection of the lime …
Date:
December 31, 1992
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Confined zone dispersion flue gas desulfurization demonstration. Volume 1, Quarterly report No. 5, November 1, 1991--January 31, 1992
This is the fifth quarterly report for this project. This project is divided into three phases. Phase 1, which has been completed, involved design, engineering, and procurement for the CZD system, duct and facility modifications, and supporting equipment. Phase 2, also completed, included equipment acquisition and installation, facility construction, startup, and operator training for parametric testing. Phase 3 broadly covers testing, operation and disposition, but only a portion of Phase 3 was included in Budget Period 1. That portion was concerned with parametric testing of the CZD system to establish the optimum conditions for an extended, one-year, continuous demonstration. As of December 31, 1991, the following goals have been achieved. (1) Nozzle Selection - A modified Spraying Systems Company (SSC) atomizing nozzle has been selected for the one-year continuous CZD demonstration. (2) SO{sub 2} and NO{sub x} Reduction - Preliminary confirmation of 50% SO{sub 2} reduction has been achieved, but the NO{sub x} reduction target cannot be confirmed at this time. (3) Lime Selection - Testing indicated an injection rate of 40 to 50 gallons per minute with a lime slurry concentration of 8 to 10% to achieve 50% SO{sub 2} reduction. There has been no selection of the lime …
Date:
December 31, 1992
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
A constitutive theory for rigid polyurethane foam
Rigid, closed-cell, polyurethane foam consists of interconnected polyurethane plates which form cells. When this foam is compressed, it exhibits an initial elastic regime which is followed by a plateau regime in which the load required to compress the foam remains nearly constant. In the plateau regime, cell walls are damaged and large permanent volume changes are generated. As additional load is applied, cell walls are compressed against neighboring cell walls, and the stiffness of the foam increases and approaches a value equal to that of solid polyurethane. When the foam is loaded in tension, the cell walls are damaged and the foam fractures. A constitutive theory for rigid polyurethane foam has been developed. This theory is based on a decomposition of the foam into two parts: a skeleton and a nonlinear elastic continuum in parallel. The skeleton accounts for the foam behavior in the elastic and plateau regimes and is described using a coupled plasticity with continuum damage theory. The nonlinear elastic continuum accounts for the lock-up of the foam due to internal gas pressure and cell wall interactions. This new constitutive theory has been implemented in both static and dynamic finite element codes. Numerical simulations performed using the new …
Date:
December 31, 1992
Creator:
Neilsen, M. K.; Krieg, R. D. & Schreyer, H. L.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Construction and test results from 15 m-long, 50 mm aperture SSC Collider Dipole models
Construction details, assembly data, coil stress and end force measurements are reported with quench data for the initial full-length SSC model dipoles with 50 mm aperture being built at BNL.
Date:
December 31, 1992
Creator:
Anerella, M.; Cottingham, J.; Ganetis, G.; Garber, M.; Ghosh, A.; Greene, A. et al.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Continuation of support for the intercampus Institute for research at particle accelerators. Annual report, December 1991--November 1992
The dominant Institute activity was preparation of hardware and software for the LSND experiment at Los Alamos, which concerns a search for neutrino oscillations in three different ways and a measurement of the contribution ({Delta}s) of strange quarks to the spin of the proton. Much of the effort dealt with particle detectors, the liquid scintillation detector for LSND and the detectors for the B Factory at SLAC.
Date:
December 31, 1992
Creator:
Vernon, W.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Continuous bench-scale tests to assess METHOXYCOAL process performance. Final technical report, September 1, 1991--August 31, 1992
Laboratory-scale research conducted at Southern Illinois University at Carbondale (SIUC) has shown that coal pyrolysis in the presence of CH{sub 4}/O{sub 2} in a 97:3 mole ratio (the METHOXYCOAL process) can produce high yields of liquids and valuable chemical feedstocks, particularly phenols, cresols, and xylenols (PCX). The addition of magnesia, coal ash, or clays have been shown to further enhance coal conversion to these chemicals. The goal of this two-year project was to build upon that laboratory research by conducting continuous bench-scale tests at IGT. Tests were conducted with IBC-101 and IBC-105 coals under N{sub 2}, CH{sub 4}, and CH{sub 4}/O{sub 2} blends, with and without mineral additives, at temperatures and pressures up to 1000{degree}F and 200 psig. These tests have provided data valuable to further development efforts on the process. In the first year, fluidized-bed tests were conducted using inert bed diluents (coke and sand) to retard agglomeration. PCX yields of 0.99 wt% maf coal were achieved in CH{sub 4} atmosphere, tripling the yield in N, atmosphere, while overall liquid yields were 18--20 wt% maf in either atmosphere. However, control of caking was difficult in spite of a very high bed dilution ratio of 4.5:1. During the second year, …
Date:
December 31, 1992
Creator:
Knight, R. A. & Carty, R. H.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library