This report discusses the following topics: Rayleigh-Benard convection with an imposed horizontal flow; Rayleigh-Benard convection in a gas under non-boussinesq conditions; electro- convection in a nematic liquid crystal; and Rayleigh-Benard convection in a nematic liquid crystal. (LSP)

This report discusses the following topics: Rayleigh-Benard convection with an imposed horizontal flow; Rayleigh-Benard convection in a gas under non-boussinesq conditions; electro- convection in a nematic liquid crystal; and Rayleigh-Benard convection in a nematic liquid crystal. (LSP)

Cooling water for L and K Reactors and makeup water for Par Pond is pumped from the Savannah River at the 1G, 3G, and 5G pump houses. Ichthyoplankton (drifting fish larvae and eggs) from the river are entrained into the reactor cooling systems with the river water and passed through the reactor's heat exchangers where temperatures may reach 70[degrees]C during full power operation. Ichthyoplankton mortality under such conditions is assumed to be 100 percent. The number of ichthyoplankton entrained into the cooling system depends on a variety of variables, including time of year, density and distribution of ichthyoplankton in the river, discharge levels in the river, and the volume of water withdrawn by the pumps. Entrainment at the 1 G pump house, which is immediately downstream from the confluence of Upper Three Runs Creek and the Savannah River, is also influenced by discharge rates and ichthyoplankton densities in Upper Three Runs Creek. Because of the anticipated restart of several SRS reactors and the growing concern surrounding striped bass and American shad stocks in the Savannah River, the Department of Energy requested that the Environmental Sciences Section (ESS) of the Savannah River Laboratory sample ichthyoplankton at the SRS Savannah River intakes. …

Cooling water for L and K Reactors and makeup water for Par Pond is pumped from the Savannah River at the 1G, 3G, and 5G pump houses. Ichthyoplankton (drifting fish larvae and eggs) from the river are entrained into the reactor cooling systems with the river water and passed through the reactor`s heat exchangers where temperatures may reach 70{degrees}C during full power operation. Ichthyoplankton mortality under such conditions is assumed to be 100 percent. The number of ichthyoplankton entrained into the cooling system depends on a variety of variables, including time of year, density and distribution of ichthyoplankton in the river, discharge levels in the river, and the volume of water withdrawn by the pumps. Entrainment at the 1 G pump house, which is immediately downstream from the confluence of Upper Three Runs Creek and the Savannah River, is also influenced by discharge rates and ichthyoplankton densities in Upper Three Runs Creek. Because of the anticipated restart of several SRS reactors and the growing concern surrounding striped bass and American shad stocks in the Savannah River, the Department of Energy requested that the Environmental Sciences Section (ESS) of the Savannah River Laboratory sample ichthyoplankton at the SRS Savannah River intakes. …

The deep circulation model developed by Wright and Stocker has been used to represent the latitude-depth distributions of temperature, salinity, radiocarbon and color'' tracers in the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Restoring temperature and salinity to observed surface data the model shows a global thermohaline circulation where deep water is formed in the North Atlantic and in the Southern Ocean. A parameter study reveals that the high-latitude surface salinity determines the composition of deep water and its flow in the global ocean. Increasing Southern Ocean surface salinity by 0.4 ppt the circulation changes from a present-day mode where North Atlantic Deep Water is one where Antarctic Bottom Water is dominant. An inorganic carbon cycle with surface carbonate chemistry is included, and gas exchange is parameterized in terms of pCO{sub 2} differences. Pre- industrial conditions are achieved by adjusting the basin-mean alkalinity. A classical 2{times}CO{sub 2} experiment yields the intrinsic time scales for carbon uptake of the ocean; they agree with those obtained from simple box models or 3-dimensional ocean general circulation models. Using the estimated industrial anthropogenic input of CO{sub 2} into the atmosphere the model requires, consistent with other model studies, an additional carbon flux to match the observed …

The deep circulation model developed by Wright and Stocker has been used to represent the latitude-depth distributions of temperature, salinity, radiocarbon and ``color`` tracers in the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Restoring temperature and salinity to observed surface data the model shows a global thermohaline circulation where deep water is formed in the North Atlantic and in the Southern Ocean. A parameter study reveals that the high-latitude surface salinity determines the composition of deep water and its flow in the global ocean. Increasing Southern Ocean surface salinity by 0.4 ppt the circulation changes from a present-day mode where North Atlantic Deep Water is one where Antarctic Bottom Water is dominant. An inorganic carbon cycle with surface carbonate chemistry is included, and gas exchange is parameterized in terms of pCO{sub 2} differences. Pre- industrial conditions are achieved by adjusting the basin-mean alkalinity. A classical 2{times}CO{sub 2} experiment yields the intrinsic time scales for carbon uptake of the ocean; they agree with those obtained from simple box models or 3-dimensional ocean general circulation models. Using the estimated industrial anthropogenic input of CO{sub 2} into the atmosphere the model requires, consistent with other model studies, an additional carbon flux to match the observed …

In FY92, the ALT-II program is concentrating on three main physics areas: pumped limiter experiments, which include He exhaust and high density high power operation; limiter bias experiments focused on modifying edge transport and particle removal; and and edge transport and flow studies, which examine the equilibrium edge flows and transport physics during Ohmic, L-mode, Supershot, and H-mode confinement regimes. In support of these physics objectives, a CCD diagnostic system has been delivered to TEXTOR and is being used to supplement the previous ALT-II diagnostic system. A second fast-scanning Langmuir probe was constructed at UCLA and has been delivered to TEXTOR for use in studies of edge plasma flows, turbulent transport, and poloidal asymmetries. A brief synopsis of each topic is given below. Work will continue on these physics topics during the balance of FY92.

In FY92, the ALT-II program is concentrating on three main physics areas: pumped limiter experiments, which include He exhaust and high density high power operation; limiter bias experiments focused on modifying edge transport and particle removal; and and edge transport and flow studies, which examine the equilibrium edge flows and transport physics during Ohmic, L-mode, Supershot, and H-mode confinement regimes. In support of these physics objectives, a CCD diagnostic system has been delivered to TEXTOR and is being used to supplement the previous ALT-II diagnostic system. A second fast-scanning Langmuir probe was constructed at UCLA and has been delivered to TEXTOR for use in studies of edge plasma flows, turbulent transport, and poloidal asymmetries. A brief synopsis of each topic is given below. Work will continue on these physics topics during the balance of FY92.

The objectives of this project are to develop a new catalyst, the kinetics for this catalyst, reactor models for trickle bed, slurry and fixed bed, and simulate the performance of fixed bed trickle flow reactors, slurry flow reactors, and fixed bed gas phase reactors for conversion of a hydrogen lean synthesis gas to isobutylene.

The objectives of this project are to develop a new catalyst, the kinetics for this catalyst, reactor models for trickle bed, slurry and fixed bed, and simulate the performance of fixed bed trickle flow reactors, slurry flow reactors, and fixed bed gas phase reactors for conversion of a hydrogen lean synthesis gas to isobutylene.

Experiment 791 at Fermilab`s Tagged Photon Laboratory has just accumulated a high statistics charm sample by recording 20 billion events on 24000 8mm tapes. A 500 GeV/c {pi}{sup {minus}} beam was used with a fixed target and a magnetic spectrometer which now includes 23 silicon microstrip planes for vertex reconstruction. A new data acquisition system read out 9000 events/sec during the part of the Tevatron cycle that delivered beam. Digitization and readout took 50 {mu}S per event. Data was buffered in eight large FIFO memories to allow continuous event building and continuous tape writing to a wall of 42 Exabytes at 9.6 MB/sec. The 50 terabytes of data buffered to tape is now being filtered on RISC CPUs. Preliminary results show D{sup 0} {yields} K{sup {minus}}{pi}{sup +} and D{sup +} {yields} K{sup {minus}}{pi}{pi}{sup +} decays. Rarer decays will be pursued.

Experiment 791 at Fermilab's Tagged Photon Laboratory has just accumulated a high statistics charm sample by recording 20 billion events on 24000 8mm tapes. A 500 GeV/c [pi][sup [minus]] beam was used with a fixed target and a magnetic spectrometer which now includes 23 silicon microstrip planes for vertex reconstruction. A new data acquisition system read out 9000 events/sec during the part of the Tevatron cycle that delivered beam. Digitization and readout took 50 [mu]S per event. Data was buffered in eight large FIFO memories to allow continuous event building and continuous tape writing to a wall of 42 Exabytes at 9.6 MB/sec. The 50 terabytes of data buffered to tape is now being filtered on RISC CPUs. Preliminary results show D[sup 0] [yields] K[sup [minus]][pi][sup +] and D[sup +] [yields] K[sup [minus]][pi][pi][sup +] decays. Rarer decays will be pursued.

This research project involves the study of coal macerals and sorbent microparticles used to remove S0{sub 2} and/or H{sub 2}S from process streams. To measure reaction rates a charged single microparticle will be held electrodynamically in one or more laser beams by superposed ac and dc electrical fields. The use of the electrodynamic balance for microparticle studies was pioneered by one of the principal investigators. One of the laser beams is used for light-scattering measurements to determine the particle size and to provide the excitation source for obtaining Raman spectra to chemically characterize the particle. The other beam, an infrared beam, is used to heat the particle electromagnetically. The first year of the research was devoted to preliminary experimental work and design studies. Although components and techniques must still be developed, experimental measurements on single macerals are now being done.

This research project involves the study of coal macerals and sorbent microparticles used to remove S0{sub 2} and/or H{sub 2}S from process streams. To measure reaction rates a charged single microparticle will be held electrodynamically in one or more laser beams by superposed ac and dc electrical fields. The use of the electrodynamic balance for microparticle studies was pioneered by one of the principal investigators. One of the laser beams is used for light-scattering measurements to determine the particle size and to provide the excitation source for obtaining Raman spectra to chemically characterize the particle. The other beam, an infrared beam, is used to heat the particle electromagnetically. The first year of the research was devoted to preliminary experimental work and design studies. Although components and techniques must still be developed, experimental measurements on single macerals are now being done.

The major portion of this program is devoted to critical ICH phenomena. The topics include edge physics, fast wave propagation, ICH induced high frequency instabilities, and a preliminary antenna design for Ignitor. This research was strongly coordinated with the world's experimental and design teams at JET, Culham, ORNL, and Ignitor. The results have been widely publicized at both general scientific meetings and topical workshops including the speciality workshop on ICRF design and physics sponsored by Lodestar in April 1992. The combination of theory, empirical modeling, and engineering design in this program makes this research particularly important for the design of future devices and for the understanding and performance projections of present tokamak devices. Additionally, the development of a diagnostic of runaway electrons on TEXT has proven particularly useful for the fundamental understanding of energetic electron confinement. This work has led to a better quantitative basis for quasilinear theory and the role of magnetic vs. electrostatic field fluctuations on electron transport. An APS invited talk was given on this subject and collaboration with PPPL personnel was also initiated. Ongoing research on these topics will continue for the remainder fo the contract period and the strong collaborations are expected to continue, enhancing …

The major portion of this program is devoted to critical ICH phenomena. The topics include edge physics, fast wave propagation, ICH induced high frequency instabilities, and a preliminary antenna design for Ignitor. This research was strongly coordinated with the world`s experimental and design teams at JET, Culham, ORNL, and Ignitor. The results have been widely publicized at both general scientific meetings and topical workshops including the speciality workshop on ICRF design and physics sponsored by Lodestar in April 1992. The combination of theory, empirical modeling, and engineering design in this program makes this research particularly important for the design of future devices and for the understanding and performance projections of present tokamak devices. Additionally, the development of a diagnostic of runaway electrons on TEXT has proven particularly useful for the fundamental understanding of energetic electron confinement. This work has led to a better quantitative basis for quasilinear theory and the role of magnetic vs. electrostatic field fluctuations on electron transport. An APS invited talk was given on this subject and collaboration with PPPL personnel was also initiated. Ongoing research on these topics will continue for the remainder fo the contract period and the strong collaborations are expected to continue, enhancing …

This report summarizes information on propane prices for the October 1991/March 1992 heating season in Nebraska. From October through March participating propane distributors were contacted twice monthly by the Nebraska Energy Office to obtain their current residential (retail) prices of propane. This information was faxed to the US Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration (DOE/EIA) biweekly in report format as prepared by the PEDRO system.

This report summarizes information on propane prices for the October 1991/March 1992 heating season in Nebraska. From October through March participating propane distributors were contacted twice monthly by the Nebraska Energy Office to obtain their current residential (retail) prices of propane. This information was faxed to the US Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration (DOE/EIA) biweekly in report format as prepared by the PEDRO system.

A modified CDM model for the origin of structure in the universe based on an inflation model with two interacting scalar fields, is analyzed to make predictions for the statistical properties of the density and velocity fields and the microwave background anisotropy. The initial gauge-invariant potential {zeta} which is defined as {zeta} = {delta}{rho}/({rho} + p) + 3{var_phi}, where {var_phi} is the curvature perturbation amplitude and p is the pressure, is the sum of a Gaussian field {phi}{sub 1}, and the square of a Gaussian field {phi}{sub 2}. A Harrison-Zel`dovich scale-invariant power spectrum is assumed for {phi}{sub 1}; and a log-normal `peak` power spectrum for {phi}{sub 2}. The location and the width of the peak are described by parameters k{sub c} and a. respectively. The model is motivated to some extent by inflation models with two interacting scalar fields, but is mainly interesting as an example of a model whose statistical properties change with scale. On small scales, it is almost identical to a standard scale-invariant Gaussian CDM model. On scales near the location of the peak of the non-Gaussian field, the distributions have long tails in high positive values of the density and velocity fields. Thus, it is easier …

A modified CDM model for the origin of structure in the universe based on an inflation model with two interacting scalar fields, is analyzed to make predictions for the statistical properties of the density and velocity fields and the microwave background anisotropy. The initial gauge-invariant potential [zeta] which is defined as [zeta] = [delta][rho]/([rho] + p) + 3[var phi], where [var phi] is the curvature perturbation amplitude and p is the pressure, is the sum of a Gaussian field [phi][sub 1], and the square of a Gaussian field [phi][sub 2]. A Harrison-Zel'dovich scale-invariant power spectrum is assumed for [phi][sub 1]; and a log-normal 'peak' power spectrum for [phi][sub 2]. The location and the width of the peak are described by parameters k[sub c] and a. respectively. The model is motivated to some extent by inflation models with two interacting scalar fields, but is mainly interesting as an example of a model whose statistical properties change with scale. On small scales, it is almost identical to a standard scale-invariant Gaussian CDM model. On scales near the location of the peak of the non-Gaussian field, the distributions have long tails in high positive values of the density and velocity fields. Thus, it …

New measurements of the electric GE(Q2) and magnetic GM(Q2) form factors of the nucleons are reported. The proton data cover the Q2 range from 1.75 to 8.83 (GeV/c)2 and the neutron data from 1.75 to 4.00 (GeV/c)2, more than doubling the range of previous data. Scaled by the dipole fit, GD(Q2), the results forGMp(Q2) /¿pGD(Q2) decrease smoothly from 1.05 to 0.92, while GEp(Q2)/GD(Q2)is consistent with unity. The preliminary results for GMn(Q2) /¿nGD(Q2) are consistent with unity, while GEn is consistent with zero at all values of Q2.

Research in this project centers upon developing a new approach to the direct liquefaction of coal to produce an all-distillate product slate at a sizable cost reduction over current technology. The approach integrates all aspects of the coal liquefaction process including coal selection, pretreatment, coal swelling with catalyst impregnation, coal liquefaction experimentation, product recovery with characterization, alternate bottoms processing, and a technical assessment including an economic evaluation. The project is being carried out under contract to the United States Department of Energy. On May 28, 1992, the Department of Energy authorized starting the experimental aspects of this projects; therefore, experimentation at Amoco started late in this quarterly report period. Research contracts with Auburn University, Pennsylvania State University, and Foster Wheeler Development Corporation were signed during June, 1992, so their work was just getting underway. Their work will be summarized in future quarterly reports. A set of coal samples were sent to Hazen Research for beneficiation. The samples were received and have been analyzed. The literature search covering coal swelling has been up-dated, and preliminary coal swelling experiments were carried out. Further swelling experimentation is underway. An up-date of the literature on the liquefaction of coal using dispersed catalysts is nearing …

Research in this project centers upon developing a new approach to the direct liquefaction of coal to produce an all-distillate product slate at a sizable cost reduction over current technology. The approach integrates all aspects of the coal liquefaction process including coal selection, pretreatment, coal swelling with catalyst impregnation, coal liquefaction experimentation, product recovery with characterization, alternate bottoms processing, and a technical assessment including an economic evaluation. The project is being carried out under contract to the United States Department of Energy. On May 28, 1992, the Department of Energy authorized starting the experimental aspects of this projects; therefore, experimentation at Amoco started late in this quarterly report period. Research contracts with Auburn University, Pennsylvania State University, and Foster Wheeler Development Corporation were signed during June, 1992, so their work was just getting underway. Their work will be summarized in future quarterly reports. A set of coal samples were sent to Hazen Research for beneficiation. The samples were received and have been analyzed. The literature search covering coal swelling has been up-dated, and preliminary coal swelling experiments were carried out. Further swelling experimentation is underway. An up-date of the literature on the liquefaction of coal using dispersed catalysts is nearing …

The work performed in the program suggests that cobalt catalytic performance is a complex function of crystallite size, crystallite composition, and cobalt-support interaction. These properties are determined by the nature of support, the bimetallic component, the promoters, and the method of preparation. Results so far indicate that the lowest methane selectivity occurs on support No. 8, and the highest activity is obtained on support No. 10. Also, promoters 2 and 3 may help lower the formation of methane. These findings, along with the catalyst knowledge gained during Union Carbide's former contract AC22-84PC70028, will be used to develop a superior cobalt catalyst.