At Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, we are studying above ground oil shale retorting and have developed the LLNL Hot-Recycled-Solid (HRS) process as a generic second-generation, rapid pyrolysis retorting system in which recycled shale is the solid heat carrier. In 1984--1987, we operated a 1 tonne-per-day HRS pilot plant to study retorting chemistry in an actual recirculation loop. In 1989 we upgraded our laboratory pilot plant to process 4 tonne-per-day of commercially sized shale, allowing us, for the first time, to study pyrolysis and combustion using the full particle size. With the new facility we are able to produce enough oil for detailed characterization studies, can evaluate environmental consequences, and begin answering the many bulk solid handling questions concerning scale-up of the HRS process. In this paper we report on operations of our laboratory (4TU) pilot plant and plans for a field test unit (FTU) at approximately 100 tonne-per-day scale to be sited in the western United States. 3 refs., 11 figs.

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The simplest explanation for these shifts in the infrared spectra is there exists in coal single electron donors which are capable of transferring an electron to TCNQ in the ground state. All of the TCNQ placed in the coal appears to be converted to the radical anion as displayed in the IR spectrum for all of the coals except for the 100% loading.

The simplest explanation for these shifts in the infrared spectra is there exists in coal single electron donors which are capable of transferring an electron to TCNQ in the ground state. All of the TCNQ placed in the coal appears to be converted to the radical anion as displayed in the IR spectrum for all of the coals except for the 100% loading.