For beam control during acceleration, it is conventional to derive the frequency from an external reference, be it a field marker or an external oscillator, to provide phase and radius feedback loops to ensure the phase stability, radial position and emittance integrity of the beam. The open and closed loop behaviors of both feedback control and their response under the possible frequency, phase and radius errors are derived from fundamental principles and equations. The stability of the loops is investigated under a wide range of variations of the gain and time delays. Actual system performance of the AGS Booster is analyzed and compared to commissioning experiences. Such analysis is useful for setting design criteria and tolerances for new proton synchrotrons. 4 refs., 13 figs.

Solder fatigue tests have been conducted on point focus photovoltaic concentration cell assemblies to identify a baseline fatigue life and to quantify the fatigue life improvements that result using a copper-molybdenum-copper low-expansion insert between the solar cell and copper heat spreader. Solder microstructural changes and fatigue crack growth were identified using cross sections and ultrasonic scans of the fatigue solder joints. The Coffin-Manson and Total Strain fatigue models for low-cycle fatigue were evaluated for use in fatigue life predictions. Since both of these models require strain calculations, two strain calculation methods were compared: hand-calculated shear strain and a finite element method shear strain. At present, the available theoretical models for low-cycle solder fatigue are limited in their ability to predict failure; consequently, extensive thermal cycling is continuing to define the fatigue life for point focus photovoltaic cell assemblies. 9 refs., 9 figs., 2 tabs.

classical many body models supplemented by repulsive momentum-dependent potentials to simulate the Pauli and Heisenberg principles have been use with some success for nuclear and atomic bound state and collision problems. They are capable of describing mean ground state properties, hydrodynamics, shocks (if warranted by the physics), viscosity, correlations, clustering, fragmentation, etc. We have become interested in the Feldmeier Gaussian packet formulation since it is based on a variational principle using trial wave functions. We discuss some limitations of the model and discuss further directions of investigation.

The environmental-remediation efforts at DOE complexes require characterizing problems at each site before cleanup action. Characterization will require the chemical analysis of millions of samples at a significant cost. Automation of the required chemical analyses methods provides a cost-effective solution. An object-oriented approach was deemed necessary to allow for modularization, maintainability, reusability, and flexibility of the software and hardware. Each chemical analysis method is implemented as a Standard Analysis Method or SAM. A SAM is, in essence, a black box'' into which a sample enters at one end and chemical or physical information exits'' at the other. 7 refs., 6 figs.

The atomic structures of the nonlinear optical materials potassium titanyl phosphate (KTiOPO{sub 4}, or KTP) and potassium titanyl arsenate (KTiOAsO{sub 4}) feature one-dimensional channels through which the potassium ions are relatively free to migrate. Ion exchange results when these materials are immersed in molten salts containing alkali metal ions. Sodium, lithium and silver all exchange readily for K{sup +} single crystals of both KTP and KTA to yield the exchanged derivatives Na{sub .95}K{sub .05}TiOPO{sub 4} (NaTP), Na{sub .83}K{sub .17}TiOAsO{sub 4} (NaTA), Ag{sub .85}K{sub .15}TiOPO{sub 4} (AgTP), Ag{sub .98}K{sub .02}TiOAsO{sub 4} (AgTA), Li{sub .45}K{sub .55}TiOPO{sub 4} (KLTP), and Li{sub .46}K{sub .54}TiOAsO{sub 4} (KLTA), which are all KTP isostructures. The optical nonlinearities (measured as SHG intensities) of the limiting compositions in the NaTA, KLTP, and KLTA systems are similar to that of KTP, but are much smaller in NaTP, AgTP and AgTA. Single crystal X-ray data have revealed differences in coordination of the mobile cations to oxygen atoms linking the TiO{sub 6} groups in these compounds, and these differences correlate with changes in optical nonlinearity. The observed nonlinearities can be rationalized if they are viewed as being dependent on the degree to which delocalized charge-transfer excited state character can be mixed into …

We have developed a 3-D FEL theory based upon the Maxwell-Vlasov equations including the effects of the energy spread and emittance of the electron beam, and of betatron oscillations. The radiation field is expressed in terms of the Green's function of the inhomogeneous wave equation and the distribution function of the electron beam. The distribution function is expanded in terms of a set of orthogonal functions determined by the unperturbed particle distribution. The coupled Maxwell-Vlasov equations are then reduced to a matrix equation, from which a dispersion relation for the eigenvalues is derived. In the limit of small betatron oscillation frequency, the present dispersion relation reduces to the well-known cubic equation of the one-dimensional theory in the limit of large beam size, and it gives the correct gain in the limit of small beam size. Comparisons of our numerical results with other approaches show good agreement. We present a handy empirical formula for the FEL gain of a 3-D Gaussian beam, as a function of the scaled parameters, that can be used for a quick estimate of the grain. 5 refs., 2 figs.

The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) baseline machine configuration and auxiliary systems design specify maintainability and repairability as fundamental requirements. Two important maintenance requirements for ITER are a device that is fully remotely maintainable, with the provision for hands-on maintenance wherever possible, and the ability to maintain components with short lives or high failure rates without moving other components or disturbing the machine's internal or external environment. Some of the maintenance tasks are accomplished through the use of specialized remote maintenance equipment that will perform crucial in-vessel and ex-vessel operations. In-vessel maintenance will be performed with a combination of horizontal and vertical access. Since the completion of the Conceptual Design Activity (CDA), systems studies by the US ITER design team have pointed to the possible benefits of a high aspect ratio design (HARD). The alternative HARD has been shown to have better performance characteristics than the present baseline. The HARD machine configuration modified in size a number of major components that must be remotely maintained or replaced. This required reevaluation of the maintenance scenarios of these components with respect to changes in physical accessibility, assembly and disassembly, and remote maintenance equipment. The CDA baseline design and HARD are compared from …

The populations of ground electronic state atomic hydrogen and ground electronic state, vibrationally-rotationally excited hydrogen molecules in a negative hydrogen ion source discharge have been measured using vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) laser absorption spectroscopy. Vibrational states up to v=8 and rotational levels as high as J=15 have been measured. The measurements have been made under a range of discharge conditions. The complete vibrational population distribution for v=1-8, J=1 has been obtained. The vibrational distribution appears to be thermalized and does not exhibit a plateau'' at the higher vibrational levels, in contrast to most models of this system. In contrast, the high rotational states are populated suprathermally. These determinations indicate that rotationally excited molecules may play an important role in the production of H{sup minus} in these sources. 5 refs., 5 figs.

Techniques for the probing of isolated metal cluster structure through adsorbate binding patterns will be described. The saturation of clusters with reagents such as ammonia and nitrogen provides information on the number of preferred binding sites for these reagents. The dependence of this number on cluster size can suggest particular structural themes. The equilibrium reaction with water can be used to identify cluster sizes having especially enhanced binding for the water molecule. Again, the sequence of cluster sizes showing such enhancement can point to specific cluster structure. The reaction with oxygen can identify cluster sizes having particularly high ionization potentials, and these can be compared to simple models for the electronic structure of metal clusters. Representative applications of these probes to iron, cobalt, nickel, and copper clusters will be discussed. 5 figs.

The U8 is a beam line under construction at the Advanced Light Source (ALS). The beam line will be described along with calculations of its performance and its current status. An 8 cm period undulator is followed by two spherical collecting mirrors, an entrance slit, spherical gratings having a 15{degree} deviation angle, a moveable exit slit, and refocusing and branching mirrors. Internal water cooling is provided to the metal M1 and M2 mirrors as well as to the gratings. Calculations have been made of both the flux output and the resolution over its photon energy range of 20--300 eV. The design goal was to achieve high intensity, 10{sup 12} photons/sec, at a high resolving power of 10,000. The U8 Participating Research Team (PRT) is planning experiments involving the photoelectron spectroscopy of gaseous atoms and molecules, the spectroscopy of ions and actinide spectroscopy.

The 'Fresh Bunch' technique is being proposed as a method of increasing the gain and power of FEL amplifiers in which the length of the optical radiation pulse is shorter than the length of the electron bunch. In multi-stage FEL, electron beam energy spread is increased by the FEL interaction in the early stages. In the 'Fresh Bunch' technique, the low energy spread of the electron beam is recovered by shifting the radiation pulse to an undisturbed part of the electron bunch, thus improving the gain and trapping fraction in later stages. A test case for the application of the Fresh Bunch method is demonstrated by numerical simulation. In this particular example we examine a subharmonically seeded VUV Free-Electron Laser. We begin with the generation of harmonic radiation, which takes place over one part of the electron bunch. Then the radiation is shifted by means of a strong dispersive section to a fresh part of the bunch for exponential amplification and tapered wiggler amplification. By starting over with a new ensemble of electrons, the energy spread introduced by the bunching in the fundamental is removed, leading to an increased gain. Furthermore, it is possible to use a much stronger seed …

In the last quarter of the 20th century, with the information revolution and the ever growing need to acquire, store, and retrieve information, the science and technologies attached to magnetic recording have experienced an explosive growth. Central to those pursuits has been the materials science of magnetism as it applies to surfaces, interfaces, and thin films. This report discusses topics on thin-film magnetism such as: theory, physical effects, prospects, opportunities and future developments. (JL)

We identify and discuss three domains where we believe that innovative application of visual programming languages is likely to make a significant impact in the near term: concurrent computing, computer-based assistance for people with disabilities, and the multimedia/multimodal environments of tomorrow in which it will be possible to hear and physically interact with information as well as see it. 33 refs., 3 figs.

The SOLID computer model was developed for calculating the effective dose equivalent from external exposure to distributed gamma sources in soil. It is designed to assess external doses under various exposure scenarios that may be encountered in environmental restoration programs. The models four major functional features address (1) dose versus source depth in soil, (2) shielding of clean cover soil, (3) area of contamination, and (4) nonuniform distribution of sources. The model is also capable of adjusting doses when there are variations in soil densities for both source and cover soils. The model is supported by a data base of approximately 500 radionuclides. 4 refs.

The effect of Au on the reliability of 0.65 mm pitch surface mount solder joints between plastic quad flat packs and Cu-Ni-Au FR-4 printed circuit boards was investigated. Cu-Ni-Au is a desirable printed circuit board finish for multi-chip modules or printed circuit boards that would otherwise require a selective Au finish, for example for edge connectors or wire bondable parts. However, Au is known to embrittle solder when it is present in sufficiently high concentrations, creating a concern that solder joint fatigue life in service will also be adversely affected. This paper reports the results of mechanical shock, mechanical vibration and thermal cycling testing of fine pitch solder joints containing varying amounts of Au. Tests were performed on as-soldered joints and on joints that had been heat-treated to evolve the microstructure toward equilibrium. The tests were designed to accelerate in-service conditions in a typical industrial environment. Under these conditions, the Au concentrations tested did not promote solder joint failures. Microstructural characterization of the distribution and morphology of the Au-, Ni-, and Cu-Sn intermetallics in the joint before and after accelerated testing was also performed. On the basis of these observations it is recommended that the Au concentration in solder joints …

Resonant ultrasound spectroscopy is used to measure the temperature dependence of all six elastic moduli of La{sub 2-x}Sr{sub x}CuO{sub 4}. A giant softening (> 50% reduction) in the in-plane shear modulus, c{sub 66}, is observed and is attributed to the tetragonal-orthorhombic structural phase transition in this material. This phase transition and the corresponding softening is examined with a simple anharmonic mechanical model and a macroscopic Ginsburg-Landau formalism exploiting the full symmetry of the crystal. 16 refs., 5 figs.

We have searched for the reaction e{sup +}e{sup {minus}} {yields} {tau}{sup +}{tau}{sup {minus}}{bar f}f, where f is either an electron, muon, or charged pion, at {radical}s = 29 GeV using the Mark 2 detector at the PEP storage ring. One candidate event is found while 2.3 events are expected from known processes. We would expect to see 11 events if the cross-section for e{sup +}e{sup {minus}} {yields} {tau}{sup +}{tau}{sup {minus}}{bar f}f at {radical}s = 29 GeV were enhanced by the factor of 4.7 which the ALEPH collaboration reports for {radical}s = 91 GeV. we also look for e{sup +}e{sup {minus}} {yields} e{sup +}e{sup {minus}}{bar f}f and e{sup +}e{sup {minus}} {yields} {mu}{sup +}{mu}{sup {minus}} {bar f}f, and for e{sup +}e{sup {minus}} {yields} {tau}{sup +}{tau}{sup {minus}} {gamma} using a similar analysis procedure and see the number of events predicted by the standard model. 10 refs., 5 figs., 3 tabs.

Magnetic field measurements have been made on twelve 17 m-long, 40 mm-aperture R D superconducting dipoles. Data on dipole field strength, multipole coefficients, and alignment have been obtained. The data indicate that the magnets as built are generally within the expectations for this design. 7 refs., 5 figs.

The use of dileptons as probes of hot, dense hadronic matter is described. Preliminary results on dileptons produced in p-p and p-d interactions at the Bevalac are presented along with potential ramifications for existing model calculations of dileptons at these energies. Future directions of the dilepton program at Berkeley are outlined. 14 refs., 3 figs.

Conventional soldering of electronic components generally requires the application of a chemical flux to promote solder wetting and flow. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) and halogenated solvents are normally used to remove the resulting flux residues. While such practice has been routinely accepted throughout the electronics industry, the environmental impact of hazardous solvents on ozone depletion will eventually limit or prevent their use. Solvent substitution or alternative technologies must be developed to meet these goals. Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque has a comprehensive environmentally conscious electronics manufacturing program underway that is funded by the DOE Office of Technology Development. Primary elements of the integrated task are the characterization and development of alternative fluxless soldering technologies that would eliminate circuit board cleaning associated with flux residue removal. Storage and handling of hazardous solvents and mixed solvent-flux waste would be consequently reduced during electronics soldering. This paper will report on the progress of the SNL fluxless soldering initiative. Emphasis is placed on the use of controlled atmospheres, laser heating, and ultrasonic soldering.

The results of high-temperature creep of various ceramic composites will be reviewed. In particular, creep results for Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} and Si{sub 3}N{sub 4} matrices reinforced with SiC whiskers will be emphasized. For a given temperature, stress and grain size, the creep rate of the Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} composite is usually lower than that of the ceramic matrix. In general, creep at low stresses occurs by grain boundary sliding accommodated by diffusion, whereas higher stresses lead to damage accumulation processes which are manifested by triple point cavitation and cracking. The quasi-steady-state creep rates depend on grain size, whisker concentration, and the amount of glass phase present between the boundary of the whisker and the matrix. Unless all of the parameters are known, including the fabrication and loading histories, comparisons between various studies that used samples prepared in different ways are difficult. 44 refs., 7 figs., 2 tabs.

The mechanical resonances of small oriented single crystals of materials of interest to basic science and engineering can be used to determine all the elastic moduli and the ultrasonic attenuation of these materials. To measure the resonances of the samples without introducing the resonances of the measuring system requires that the transducers be non-resonant at the frequencies of interest, and that they be well isolated from their mounts. However, for samples near 1 mm in the largest dimension, the transducer design problem becomes sever, and the signals become weak. In addition, no resonances can be missed, and, often, the symmetry class of the resonances must be known. We outline here appropriate transducer, electronics, and system designs to circumvent these problems. 10 refs., 4 figs.

Weld hot cracking of stainless steels is a major materials-related problem in the welding industry. This present investigation evaluates the crack susceptibility of highly-constrained EB welds made in materials whose DeLong ferrite potentials range from zero to nine FN. In addition, the effect of piece part strength level on cracking is examined. This study has revealed that these deep penetration EB welds have regions that solidify as primary austenite, even when the DeLong ferrite potential is as high as 9 FN. This points out the critical role that solidification rate plays in the crack susceptibility of these highly restrained welds. In addition, 0 FN to 0 FN welds had primarily transverse cracks while 6 FN to 0 FN welds had primarily centerline cracks. Of particular interest is the observation that cracks still occur if a high ferrite (greater than 6 FN) component is welded to a zero FN component. Cracking is always associated with regions which solidify as primary austenite and these cracks occur because there are areas in the weld which do not mix. Thus it is not a recommended production practice to compensate for low ferrite in one piece part with high ferrite in its mate. Finally, it …

This paper describes the application of a three-dimensional, global-scale Eulerian model with an explicit description of cloud and chemical processes. Simulation results describing the transport of sulfur from North America and Europe across the north Atlantic Ocean during a climatological July are presented. Wet deposition was found to contribute slightly more to total sulfur deposition than dry deposition, a feature explained by the large amounts of precipitation during this month. The wet deposition patterns did not always correspond to the emissions patterns. The precipitation rate and spatial distribution had a large effect on the calculated concentrations of soluble sulfur species. 10 refs., 7 figs., 1 tab.