In this paper, we will first indicate the key issues in designing a B-factory and a {phi}-factory, and illustrate the approaches that are being followed to address them. In general, reaching the B-factory parameter regime offers the most challenges, so we will emphasize it here. Then we will consider an extrapolation of our present understanding of collider performance and assess the maximum luminosity that could be anticipated. To reach extremely high luminosity, it may be necessary to consider possibilities beyond the scope of standard'' approaches to collider design; a few illustrative examples are outlined. For both the present designs and the extrapolated parameters, R D activities in a few key areas are required; these areas are discussed in this paper also.

I shall begin with a qualitative overview of the anomaly and B violation at zero and non-zero temperature, demonstrating how these processes may be understood on the back of an envelope. Then I shall discuss a part of the formalism necessary for doing calculations in more detail. Specifically, B violation is related to various solutions to the Euclidean equations of motion; instantons, sphalerons, and calorons (also called periodic instantons). The applicability of the various solutions may be understood by analogies with elementary quantum mechanics problems. Finally, I shall touch upon the computation of high-energy B violation mentioned above. 29 refs., 11 figs.

We describe a search for the electric dipole moment d{sub e} of the electron, carried out with {sup 205}Tl atoms in the ground state. The experiment makes use of the separated-oscillating-field magnetic-resonance method, laser state selection, fluorescence detection, and two counter-propagating atomic beams. Very careful attention is paid to systematic effects. The result for the atomic electric dipole moment is d{sub a} = (1.6 {plus minus} 5.0) {times} 10{sup {minus}24} e cm. If we assume the theoretical ratio d{sub a}/d{sub e} = {minus}600, this yields d{sub e} = ({minus}2.7 {plus minus} 8.3) {times} 10{sup {minus}27} e cm. 17 refs., 7 figs., 1 tab.

Effective supergravity theories suggested by superstrings can be explored to determine their potential for successfully describing both observed physics at zero temperature and an inflationary cosmology. An important ingredient in this study is the dynamics of gaugino condensation, which has been the subject of recent activity. 33 refs., 2 figs.

Aluminum-27 Double Rotation NMR spectroscopy (DOR) has been used to investigate framework ordering in the aluminophosphate molecular sieves VPI-5, AlPO{sub 4}-5, and AlPO{sub 4}-8. Well resolved peaks in the {sup 27}Al DOR spectra of both hydrated and dehydrated VPI-5 allow isotropic shifts to be correlated with local framework structure. more distorted aluminum environments are reflected by broader lines in {sup 27}Al DOR spectra of AlPO{sub 4}-5 and AlPO{sub 4}-8.

The physics demands of high luminosity at the SSC and the sometimes subtle measurements required to elucidate new physics will undoubtedly tax existing instrumentation. As is the case with most experimental fields, new physics follows from better measurement concepts and technologies. We expect this to be the case with the SSC as well. In what follows, we offer a glimpse of what may be possible using some of the recent results from the emerging technologies in the field of electro-optics. 12 refs., 4 figs.

Masking at the Interaction Region (IR) will presumably reduce the synchrotron radiation background in the detector. One possible layout of the IR for the B factory, shows a rather complicated system of masks. A bunch passing each mask will generate RF waves. These waves (usually called higher order modes, HOMs) will be absorbed in the beam pipe wall producing additional heating and, interacting with the beam, kicking particles in the radial and azimuthal directions. This may change the bunch motion and its emittance. These effects are estimated in the present note. 4 refs., 3 figs., 3 tabs.

The energies and configurations of interstitials and vacancies in the B2 ordered compounds NiTi and FeTi were calculated using atomistic simulation. The stable configuration of a vacancy after the removal of an Ni atom was a vacant Ni site; similarly, the removal of an Fe atom in FeTi resulted in a vacant Fe site. Removal of a Ti atom in both compounds, however, resulted in a vacant Ni or Fe site and an adjacent antisite defect. The effective vacancy formation energies in NiTi and FeTi were calculated to be 1.48 and 1.07 eV, respectively. Interstitials in NiTi formed split {l angle}111{r angle} configurations consisting of a Ni-Ni dumbbell oriented in the {l angle}111{r angle} direction with one or two adjacent antisite defects. The Fe interstitial in FeTi had a similar configuration, except the dumbbell contained Fe atoms. The Ti interstitial in FeTi formed an {l angle}110{r angle} Fe-Fe dumbbell. 8 refs., 2 tabs.

Over the last decade, the underground weapons physics laboratories fielded by LLNL's Nuclear Test and Experimental Sciences (NTES) program have experienced marked change. This change is characterized by a phenomenal growth in the amount of data returned per event. These techniques have been developed as a result of the severe demands placed upon transient instrumentation by the physics requirements of our underground nuclear laboratories. The detector front-ends must quickly detect, process and transmit a large volume of data to recording stations located approximately 1 km from the event. In a recent event, the detector front-ends successfully handled data at a prompt rate of approximately 13 Terabits/sec. Largely, this advance can be attributed directly to the increased use of electro-optic techniques. These highly-parallel high-bandwidth imaging instrumentation systems developed for the test program may have a lot to offer the high-energy physics community tackling the challenge of the unprecedented luminosity and fidelity demands at the SSC. In what follows, we discuss details of a few of our prompt instrumentation techniques and compare these capabilities to the detector requirements for the challenging physics at the SSC. 5 refs., 3 figs.

We have developed an assay for detecting variant erythrocytes that occur as a result of in vivo allele loss at the glycophorin A (GPA) locus on chromosome 4 in humans. This gene codes for an erythroid- specific cell surface glycoprotein, and with our assay we are able to detect rare variant erythrocytes that have lost expression of one of the two GPA alleles. Two distinctly different variant cell types are detected with this assay. One variant cell type (called N{O}) is hemizygous. Our assay also detects homozygous variant erythrocytes that have lost expression of the GPA(M) allele and express the GPA(N) allele at twice the heterozygous level. The results of this assay are an enumeration of the frequency of N{O} and NN variant cell types for each individual analyzed. These variant cell frequencies provide a measure of the amount of somatic cell genotoxicity that has occurred at the GPA locus. Such genotoxicity could be the result of (1) reactions of toxic chemicals to which the individual has been exposed, or (2) high energy radiation effects on erythroid precursor cells, or (3) errors in DNA replication or repair in these cells of the bone marrow. Thus, the GPA-based variant cell frequency …

Consolidated powders of nanocrystalline Cu and Pd have been studied by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and high resolution electron microscopy (HREM) as part of an investigation of the mechanical behavior of nanocrystalline pure metals. XRD line broadening measurements were made to estimate grain size, qualitative grain size distribution and average long range strains in a number of samples. Mean grain sizes range from 4--60 nm and have qualitatively narrow grain size distributions. Long range lattice strains are of the order of 0.2--3% in consolidated samples. These strains apparently persist and even increase in Cu samples after annealing at 0.35 Tm (498K) for 2h, accompanied by an apparent increase in grain size of {ge}2x. Grain size, grain size distribution width and internal strains vary somewhat among samples produced under apparently identical processing conditions. HREM studies show that twins, stacking faults and low-index facets are abundant in as-consolidated nanocrystalline Cu samples. Methodology, results, and analysis of XRD and HREM experiments are presented. 17 refs., 2 figs., 2 tabs.

In this paper complex adaptive systems are defined by a self- referential loop in which objects encode functions that act back on these objects. A model for this loop is presented. It uses a simple recursive formal language, derived from the lambda-calculus, to provide a semantics that maps character strings into functions that manipulate symbols on strings. The interaction between two functions, or algorithms, is defined naturally within the language through function composition, and results in the production of a new function. An iterated map acting on sets of functions and a corresponding graph representation are defined. Their properties are useful to discuss the behavior of a fixed size ensemble of randomly interacting functions. This function gas'', or Turning gas'', is studied under various conditions, and evolves cooperative interaction patterns of considerable intricacy. These patterns adapt under the influence of perturbations consisting in the addition of new random functions to the system. Different organizations emerge depending on the availability of self-replicators.

We summarize recent theoretical developments in CP violation related to the neutron electric dipole moment, chromo-electric dipole moments for quarks, chromo-electric dipole moment for gluon, and electric dipole moments for electron and W boson. 31 refs.

Quantum molecular dynamics (QMD) simulations provide the real-time dynamics of electrons and ions through numerical solutions of the time-dependent Schrodinger and Newton equations, respectively. Using the QMD approach we have investigated the localization behavior of an excess electron in amorphous silicon at finite temperatures. For time scales on the order of a few picoseconds, we find the excess electron is localized inside a void of radius {approximately}3 {Angstrom} at finite temperatures. 12 refs.

Technical descriptions of jet finding algorithms currently in use in p{bar p} collider experiments (CDF, UA1, UA2), e{sup +}e{sup {minus}} experiments and Monte-Carlo event generators (LUND programs, ISAJET) have been collected. 20 refs.

A nondestructive inspection for evaluating the interior surface of the small diameter valve stems on material storage container tops was mandated. The specifications required that the interior surface of the valve stem have a surface finish of {number sign}16 or better. Conventional methods which utilizes mechanical stylus-type''surface analyzing equipment could not extend into the narrow 0.312 inch diameter by 1.5 inch deep hole (of the valve stem). A visual inspection system which exploits the capabilities of a high resolution fiberoptic borescope was designed and assembled to resolve this requirement. This paper discusses the design and inspection features of the aforementioned system and includes several illustrations of inspection results. 6 figs.

During the 1988/1989 run at the Fermilab Tevatron, the CDF detector collected {approx equal}4.1 pb{sup {minus}1} of p{bar p} data at {radical}s = 1.8 TeV. The main goals of this run being physics at high p{sub t}, the CDF trigger was tuned'' for maximizing signals from Z{sup 0}s, Ws, t-quarks, etc. As such, compared to the high p{sub t} physics, the b-physics program was of secondary importance other than that which would be used for background calculations. Also, CDF had no vertex chamber capability for seeing displaced vertices. However, significant b-quark, physics results are evident in two data samples; inclusive electrons and inclusive J/{psi} where J/{psi} {yields} {mu}{sup +}{mu}{sup {minus}}. We can then ask ourselves, given all this, why is it that CDF is able to do b-quark physics The answer is that nature has been kind enough to provide b-quarks at an extremely high rate at the Tevatron. The production cross-section for b{bar b} production is quite large. In the rest of this paper, I will try to specify the goals for b-physics using the inclusive electrons and J/{psi} signals for the 1988/1989 data set. I will then provide a brief look at the data, and will finish with …

We have conducted as extensive series of laser damage measurements on highly reflective (HR) dielectric coatings which have yielded 1064-nm thresholds as high as 40 J/cm{sup 2} for 8- to 10-ns pulses at pulse-repetition frequencies (PRF) of 10 Hz. Moreover, by laser conditioning these coatings with subthreshold pulses, the thresholds of some coatings were raised to levels exceeding 70 J/cm{sup 2}. These are the highest threshold dielectric HR coatings that we have tested in this regime. The coatings were originally developed to produce HR-overcoated metal mirrors for free-electron-laser (FEL) applications at high PRF. Our tests included coatings deposited on both dielectric substrates and molybdenum (Mo) substrates. In each category we also examined coatings with a pre-coat of Mo between the substrate and the HR stack. The improved dielectric HR stacks effectively shielded the Mo from the laser irradiation so that the thresholds of virtually all Mo samples exceeded levels of the best dielectric-enhanced and dielectric-HR-coated metal mirrors we have tested to date. In addition to the low PRF measurements, we also conducted 1064-nm damage tests at 6-kHz PRF using 65-ns pulses from the Kilroy damage test facility. The coatings survived thermal loading of fluences ranging from 2 to 10 J/cm{sup …

We have used synchrotron radiation photoemission to probe the valence and core level electronic structure of compound-semiconductor monodisperse clusters (nanocrystals). These clusters exhibited a 10% or less variation relative to the mean diameter and were attached to the metal substrates via alkane chains. Direct evidence of gap broadening due to size variation in CdS clusters was observed. The novel utilization of alkane chain attachment is the key to eliminating the otherwise debilitating problem of sample charging, as occurs with powders. The quality of sample preparation was confirmed by other methods such as transmission electron microscopy, Raman scattering and x-ray diffraction. This work provides a direct link between photoemission studies of expitaxial ultra-thin films of compound semiconductors, the photon-spectroscopy measurements of cluster powders and the existing theories of quantum confinement in reduced dimensionality structures. 5 refs., 2 figs.

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with chromosome-specific probes enables several new areas of cytogenetic investigation by allowing visual determination of the presence and normality of specific genetic sequences in single metaphase or interphase cells. in this approach, termed molecular cytogenetics, the genetic loci to be analyzed are made microscopically visible in single cells using in situ hybridization with nucleic acid probes specific to these loci. To accomplish this, the DNA in the target cells is made single stranded by thermal denaturation and incubated with single-stranded, chemically modified probe under conditions where the probe will anneal only with DNA sequences to which it has high DNA sequence homology. The bound probe is then made visible by treatment with a fluorescent reagent such as fluorescein that binds to the chemical modification carried by the probe. The DNA to which the probe does not bind is made visible by staining with a dye such as propidium iodide that fluoresces at a wavelength different from that of the reagent used for probe visualization. We show in this report that probes are now available that make this technique useful for biological dosimetry, prenatal diagnosis and cancer biology. 31 refs., 3 figs.

The bottom quark should need no introduction. Other than the undiscovered top quark, it is by far the most fashionable of the six. There is good reason for this. It is bottom-quark behavior which holds out the most hope of measuring and understanding some of the most hope of measuring and understanding some of the most fundamental and delicate parameters of the standard model -- those having to do with the origin of electroweak mixing -- and thereby in all probability also the origin of quark mass. Also interwoven into this is the subject of CP violation, and its proposed interpretation in terms of electroweak mixing. In this section we shall review the basics of electroweak mixing and how it is impacted by the study of b-quark properties. There are by now many lecture series and workshop proceedings devoted to this topic, so I will not try to be comprehensive, but only hit some highlights. 28 refs., 14 figs., 4 tabs.

Special configurations of horizontal and vertical bending magnets can rotate the spin vector from the vertical to the longitudinal direction. The compact and tunable LEP spin rotator discovered recently fits neatly into the list of such configurations that generate a group of 24 rotation operators. It is shown that any of these configurations can be achieved with a string of 8 simple dipoles. Results can, in principle, be applied to electron or proton beams. 3 refs., 2 figs., 2 tabs.

p-Process modeling of some rare but stable proton-rich nuclei requires knowledge of a variety of neutron, charged particle, and photonuclear reaction rates at temperatures of 2 to 3 {times} 10{sup 9} {degrees}K. Detailed balance is usually invoked to obtain the stellar photonuclear rates, in spite of a number of well-known constraints. In this work we attempt to calculate directly the stellar rates for ({gamma},n) and ({gamma},{alpha}) reactions on {sup 151}Eu. These are compared with stellar rates obtained from detailed balance, using the same input parameters for the stellar (n,{gamma}) and ({alpha},{gamma}) reactions on {sup 150}Eu and {sup 147}Pm, respectively. The two methods yielded somewhat different results, which will be discussed along with some sensitivity studies. 16 refs., 7 figs.

Many of the projected applications of x-ray lasers require high quality output radiation with properties such as short wavelength, high power, good focusability, short pulse, and high degree of coherence. We discuss the requirements of an x-ray laser for the application of holography of biological samples. We present ideas for achieving these properties. Given that population inversions can be established to provide laser gain, we discuss how the propagation and amplification of x-rays within the lasing medium affect the quality of the output radiation. Particular attention is given toward the development of transverse coherence. Results are presented from several methods for calculating the coherence, including a modal analysis and a numerical-wave propagation code. Calculations of the expected degree of coherence of standard x-ray lasers are given, as well as designs for more coherent lasers. 9 refs., 6 figs., 1 tab.