Electron cyclotron emission measurements taken at 20 locations in the horizontal midplane during a sawtooth crash have been analysed based on the assumption of fast rigid rotation of the plasma. Due to this fast rotation (approx.100..mu..sec), which remains fairly constant throughout the sawtooth crash, we have been able to make time-to-space reconstructions of half the poloidal plane using points which are separated in time by not more than 40..mu..sec. The existence of a temperature flattening in the precursor phase, which we interpret as an m = 1 temperature island, is clearly demonstrated, and its location and width agree well with local emissivity measurements from soft x-ray tomography viewing the same poloidal plane. The rotating temperature island in the precursor phase, the outward movement of the region of high T/sub c/ during the crash phase, and the shape of T/sub e/ during the crash phase, and the shape of T/sub e/ distribution after the crash during the successor phase have all been documented in a time sequence of color contours. 4 refs., 10 figs.

Root grafting has long been observed in forest trees but the adaptive significance of this trait has not been fully explained. Various authors have proposed that root grafting between trees contributes to mechanical support by linking adjacent root systems. Keeley proposes that this trait would be of greatest advantage in swamps where soils provide poor mechanical support. He provides as evidence a greenhouse study of Nyssa sylvatica Marsh in which seedlings of swamp provenance formed between-individual root grafts more frequently than upland provenance seedlings. In agreement with this within-species study, Keeley observed that arid zone species rarely exhibit grafts. Keeley also demonstrated that vines graft less commonly than trees, and herbs never do. Since the need for mechanical support coincides with this trend, these data seem to support his model. In this paper, the authors explore the mechanisms and ecological significance of root grafting, leading to predictions of root grafting incidence. Some observations support and some contradict the mechanical support hypothesis.

The following Ceramatec tasks are reported: electrolyte development and fabrication, edge seal development/fabrication, electrode, and interconnector. The following IGT tasks are reported: cell design analysis, and program liaison and test facility preparation.

This document describes recommendations for a multiyear plan developed for the US Department of Energy (DOE) as part of the Advanced Energy Design and Operation Technologies (AEDOT) project. The plan is an outgrowth of earlier planning activities conducted for DOE as part of design process research under the Building System Integration Program (BSIP). The proposed research will produce intelligent computer-based design and operation technologies for commercial buildings. In this document, the concept is explained, the need for these new computer-based environments is discussed, the benefits are described, and a plan for developing the AEDOT technologies is presented for the 9-year period beginning FY 1989. 45 refs., 37 figs., 9 tabs.

The initial conceptual design configuration was completed. Baseline on-site electrodes were tested at electric utility conditions in 2 x 2 inch cells. GSB-18P cathodes were fabricated. Design of small area development stack was initiated and long lead time items ordered. Molded cooler thermal cycling tests were initiated. Equipment to evaluate alternative manifold coating processes and materials were procured.

Report on Texas air quality, including information on automobile fuel programs, sky visibility, acid rain, and other air pollutants.

Successful operation of the APS facility requires a very stable particle beam. Vibration coupled through mechanical systems, such as magnet supports, beam tube supports, and other paths can cause deterioration of the particle beam. There are two sources of vibration: external, or far field, which is generated external to the APS site and internal, or near field, which is generated on site and associated with operation of the facility. Internal vibration sources can be controlled or minimized using good design practices to eliminate or reduce vibration amplitudes of machinery and equipment. Depending on their origin, external vibration sources may or may not be controllable, therefore it is necessary to have sufficient knowledge of their amplitude level and frequency content to predict any adverse effects on the operation of the APS facility. The primary objective of this study was to measure the far field ground vibration at the 7 GeV site over long time periods to get an accurate representation of its frequency and amplitude characteristics.

Our work on this contract was divided into two major categories; two thirds of the total effort was in support of the Laboratory Microfusion Facility (LMF), and one third of the effort was in support of Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) commercial reactors. This final report includes copies of the formal reports, memoranda, and viewgraph presentations that were completed under this contract.

It is observed in many tokamaks that particle and heat fluxes from the core region are poloidally asymmetric, favoring higher cross field transport on the large major radius edge of the torus. We propose a novel technique that may allow one to control this asymmetric flux into the tokamak boundary plasma. The scheme principally involves the formation of a mobility limited transport layer or 'electrostatic barrier' to inhibit the flow of plasma into the boundary layer at large major radii, forcing plasma to exit on the small major radius side of the torus instead. At the same time, the technique produces an 'ExB divertor' effect, efficiently exhausting plasma and impurities within the boundary layer. The implications of such a scheme are potentially important. By forcing plasma to exit on the inside half of the torus where the intrinsic cross-field transport is lower, the overall confinement characteristics of the central plasma may be improved. Furthermore, scrape-off plasma fluxes, subsequent recycling conditions, and their asymmetries at limiter, divertor, and wall structures can be actively controlled. An important feature of the technique is that it may be employed in both limiter and divertor configurations. The first-order response of the scrape-off layer plasma to …

The original CMX hydraulic data for the Mark 22 assembly, obtained by L.W. Ridenhour in 1972, is analyzed and documented. Comparisons are made to Ridenhour's working notebooks and summary document, and to the Mark 22 hydraulics manual. Several errors in these documents are corrected. Correlations are given in a form suitable for revisions to the hydraulics manual. The experimental setup and measurements are briefly described, and the original data is compiled in the appendix to this report. An error in the recorded length between channel pressure taps was found in Ridenhour's notebook. This error impacts the channel pressure drop correlations obtained by Ridenhour and used in the hydraulics manual. The hydraulics of the two purge channels are analyzed based on the geometry of the orifices and on the limited data available. The limited data is shown to be in reasonable agreement with accepted orifice correlations. Purge channel correlations are given, and the purge channel flow splits are shown to be about 1.5% of the total flow.

The accomplishments to date of this research in collaboration with PPPL are the following: (1) full access capability to the TFTR data system has been achieved at Georgia Tech; (2) procedures to enable PPPL codes to be used in conjunction with ``in house`` programs for data analysis have been developed; (3) evaluation of the experimental data has been performed; and (4) a preliminary comparison of several momentum transport theories against experimental measurements has been performed.

The purpose of this report is to summarize the activities of the Analytical Chemistry Laboratory (ACL) at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) for fiscal year 1988 (October 1987 through September 1988). The Analytical Chemistry Laboratory is a full-cost recovery service center, with the primary mission of providing a broad range of analytical chemistry support services to the scientific and engineering programs at ANL. In addition, the ACL conducts a research program in analytical chemistry, works on instrumental and methods development, and provides analytical services for governmental, educational, and industrial organizations. The ACL handles a wide range of analytical problems, from routine standard analyses to unique problems that require significant development of methods and techniques.

This is the annual report of the California Energy Company

The Western Area Power Administration (Western) has established a formal environmental protection, auditing, monitoring, and planning program which has been in effect since 1978. The significant environmental projects and issues Western was involved with in 1988 are discussed in this annual site environmental report. It is written to demonstrate the nature and effectiveness of the environmental protection program. Western is responsible for the operation and maintenance of 16,376 miles of transmission lines, 254 substations, and various appurtenant power facilities in the above geographic areas. Western also is responsible for planning, construction, and operation and maintenance of additional Federal transmission facilities that may be authorized in the future. There is a combined total of 51 hydroelectric power generating plants in the service areas. Additionally, Western markets the US entitlement from the large Navajo coal-fired plant near Page, Arizona, and power generated at a wind farm in Wyoming. The Department of Energy requires the preparation of an annual site environmental report. Because Western has numerous facilities located in these states, this report was written to address the environmental activities in all of the facilities as one site.

Formal and computational aspects of light cone quantization are studied by application to quantum chromodynamics (QCD) in one spatial plus one temporal dimension. This quantization scheme, which has been extensively applied to perturbative calculations, is shown to provide an intuitively appealing and numerically tractable approach to non-perturbative computations as well. In the initial section, a light-cone quantization procedure is developed which incorporates fields on the boundaries. This allows for the consistent treatment of massless fermions and the construction of explicitly conserved momentum and charge operators. The next section, which comprises the majority of this work, focuses on the numerical solution of the light-cone Schrodinger equation for bound states. The state space is constructed and the Hamiltonian is evaluated and diagonalized by computer for arbitrary number of colors, baryon number and coupling constant strength. As a result, the full spectrum of mesons and baryons and their associated wavefunctions are determined. These results are compared with those which exist from other approaches to test the reliability of the method. The program also provides a preliminary test for the feasibility of, and an opportunity to develop approximation schemes for, an attack on three-plus-one dimensional QCD. Finally, analytic results are presented which include a …

This paper considers the application of quaternary phase diagrams to understanding and predicting the behavior of II-VI thin film interfaces in photovoltaic devices under annealing conditions. Examples, listed in a table, include semiconductor/insulator/semiconductor (SIS) layered structures, II-VI/II-VI and III-V/II-VI epitaxial heterojunctions and oxidation of ternary compounds. Solid solubility is taken into account for quaternary phase diagrams of semiconductor systems. Using free energies of formation, a method to calculate the quaternary phase diagrams was developed. The Ga-As-II-VI and Cd-Te-Zn-O phase diagrams are reviewed as examples of quaternary phase diagrams without and with solid solubility.

The behavior of arctic ecosystems is directly related to the ongoing physical processes of heat and mass transfer. Furthermore, this system undergoes very large fluctuations in the surface energy balance. The buffering effect of both snow and the surface organic soils can be seen by looking at the surface and 40 cm soil temperatures. The active layer, that surface zone above the permafrost table, is either continually freezing or thawing. A large percentage of energy into and out of a watershed must pass through this thin veneer that we call the active layer. Likewise, most water entering and leaving the watershed does so through the active layer. To date, we have been very successful at monitoring the hydrology of Imnavait Creek with special emphasis on the active layer processes. The major contribution of this study is that year-round hydrologic data are being collected. An original objective of our study was to define how the thermal and moisture regimes within the active layer change during an annual cycle under natural conditions, and then to define how the regime will be impacted by some imposed terrain alteration. Our major analysis of the hydrologic data sets for Imnavait Creek have been water balance …

This report discusses risk assessment as a analytic process by which the nature and magnitude of risk is identified.

This study examined the potential for using several aquatic organisms as biological indicators of historic levels of radionuclides released to the Hanford Reach of the Columbia River. The purpose of the study was to determine the types of environmental samples that could be collected to further our understanding of previous releases of radionuclides at Hanford. Information was initially collected to determine the relative abundance and persistence of radionuclides historically released at Hanford. The potential for long-lived radionuclides to bioaccumulated in aquatic organisms was then assessed. The life history of several common aquatic organisms was examined to evaluate their use as potential bioindicators of radionuclides released to the Columbia River. Considerations for analyzing strontium (ZSr) in biological samples were determined. Based on our review of radionuclides released to the environment and their potential for bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms, strontium appears to be the only radionuclide suitable for further study. White sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) and the common mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) are suitable candidates for developing dose reconstruction scenarios. Considerations for tissue analysis of radionuclide concentration in these species include potential for biological turnover and tissue mass. 48 refs., 1 fig., 4 tabs.

None

This program has two components: quantification and improvement of ultrasensitive techniques, and development of isotopic ratio standards in the ultrasensitive range of 10{sup {minus}10} and lower. Data sheets were developed.

We have studied barrier anodic film formation on 6061-T6 aluminum alloy substrates as a function of electrolyte composition for five mixtures of ammonium tartrate dissolved in water and diluted with different amounts of ethanol. The effects of electrolyte temperatures within the range of 18/degree/C to 38/degree/C were explored. The results of this study indicate that the best dielectric coatings and the shortest processing times occur for the 100% water-ammonium tartrate electrolyte. The second best coatings and processing times occur in conjunction with the use of 98% ethanol, 2% water plus ammonium tartrate electrolyte. In general, visibly flawed coatings, scintillation events at cell voltages in excess of approximately 750-800 volts and/or abnormally long processing times occur in conjunction with the use of electrolyte mixtures containing 20%, 60%, and 90% water. We analysed samples of electrolyte as a function of usage, and evaluated the composition of the coatings using Fourier Transform Infrared Analysis to better understand the mechanisms which contribute to anodic coating growth that result in the observed variations in the dielectric properties. All of the coatings exhibited similar compositions except with regard to the amount of CO2 that was physisorbed in the coatings. The dielectrically inferior coatings that were typically …

This report describes a beneficiation facility designed to process 1620 tons per day of run-of-mine Alabama oil shale containing 12.7 gallons of kerogen per ton of ore (based on Fischer Assay). The beneficiation facility will produce briquettes of oil shale concentrate containing 34.1 gallons of kerogen per ton (based on Fischer Assay). The beneficiation facility will produce briquettes of oil shale concentrate containing 34.1 gallons of kerogen per ton (based on Fischer Assay) suitable for feed to a hydroretort oil extraction facility of nominally 20,000 barrels per day capacity. The beneficiation plant design prepared includes the operations of crushing, grinding, flotation, thickening, filtering, drying, briquetting, conveying and tailings empoundment. A complete oil shale beneficiation plant is described including all anticipated ancillary facilities. For purposes of determining capital and operating costs, the beneficiation facility is assumed to be located on a generic site in the state of Alabama. The facility is described in terms of the individual unit operations with the capital costs being itemized in a similar manner. Additionally, the beneficiation facility estimated operating costs are presented to show operating costs per ton of concentrate produced, cost per barrel of oil contained in concentrate and beneficiation cost per barrel of …

Coefficients and equations for calculating mineral hydrolysis constants, solubility products and formation constants for 60 minerals and 57 aqueous species in the 13 component thermodynamic system K/sub 2/O-Na/sub 2/O-CaO-MgO-FeO-Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/-SiO/sub 2/-CO/sub 2/-H/sub 2/O-HF-HCl-H/sub 2/S-H/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ are presented in a format suitable for inclusion in the MINTEQ computer code. The temperature functions presented for minerals are based on the MINTEQ data base at 25/degree/C and the integration of analytical heat capacity power functions. This approach ensures that the temperature functions join smoothly with the low-temperature data base. A new subroutine, DEBYE, was added to MINTEQ that is used to calculate the theoretical Debye-Hueckel parameters A and B as a function of temperature. In addition, this subroutine also calculates a universal value of the extended Debye-Hueckel parameter, b/sub i/, as a function of temperature. The coefficients and equations provide the capability to use MINTEQ to more accurately calculate water/rock equilibrium for temperatures of up to 250/degree/C, and in dilute, low-sulfate, near neutral groundwaters to 300/degree/C. 52 refs., 1 fig., 6 tabs.