A three-dimensional MHD equilibrium code is described that does not assume the existence of good surfaces. Given an initial guess for the magnetic field, the code proceeds by calculating the pressure-driven current and then by updating the field using Ampere's law. The numerical algorithm to solve the magnetic differential equation for the pressure-driven current is described, and demonstrated for model fields having islands and stochastic regions. The numerical algorithm which solves Ampere's law in three dimensions is also described. Finally, the convergence of the code is illustrated for a particular stellarator equilibrium with no large islands.

The minimum fusion-neutron flux needed to observe nuclear-pumped lasing with tokamaks can be reduced substantially by optimizing neutron scattering into the laser cell, located between adjacent toroidal-field coils. The laser lines most readily pumped are probably the /sup 3/He-Ne lines at 0.633 ..mu.. and in the infrared, where the /sup 3/He-Ne gas is excited by energetic ions produced in the /sup 3/He(n,p)T reaction. These lines are expected to lase at the levels of D-T neutron flux foreseen for the TFTR in 1989 (>>10/sup 12/ n/cm/sup 2//s), while amplification should be observable at the existing levels of D-D neutron flux (greater than or equal to 5 x 10/sup 9/ n/cm/sup 2//s). Lasing on the 1.73 ..mu.. and 2.63 ..mu.. transitions of Xe may be observable at the maximum expected levels of D-T neutron flux in TFTR enhanced by scattering.

We investigated the analysis method used by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to determine the plutonium isotopic composition of highly enriched mixed oxides (MOX). The IAEA currently uses the Cicero multichannel analyzer and the IAEAPU algorithm for its analysis. In our investigation the plutonium isotopic measurements were found to be good for PuO/sub 2/ powder or low-enriched MOX, but acceptable for highly enriched MOX in IAEA special nuclear material (SNM) accountability applications. The gamma-ray interferences from /sup 235/U resulted in underestimation of the isotopic composition of /sup 239/Pu and overestimation of all other plutonium isotopes. Samples with high /sup 240/Pu content were found to have significantly higher error in plutonium isotopic analyses of highly enriched MOX. Code modifications or use of calibration curves are necessary for plutonium isotopic analyses of highly enriched MOX in IAEA SNM accountability applications.

Radiative transfer in a magnesium vapor has been studied. The experimental cell was designed to provide stable density measurements with a ..delta..lambda/sup -2/ variation with respect to the magnesium resonance line, which indicated pure Rayleigh scattering and no evidence of impurities. Total intensity measurements show the radiation field to be highly anisotropic, although somewhat less at late times. 8 refs., 7 figs. (WRF).

Regular changes in solution composition were observed experimentally during granite reaction with dilute NaCl (+CaCl/sub 2/) solutions; these changes closely follow the empirical Na-K-Ca geothermometer relationship. Initial minerals forming the granite (quartz, plagioclase, K-feldspar, and biotite) were etched by the reactions. Alteration phases formed include calcium-zeolite at <300/sup 0/C, feldspar overgrowths at >300/sup 0/C, and minor amounts of clay and calcsilicate at all temperatures. Amphibole overgrowths were also found at 340/sup 0/C. Quartz is near saturation in all experiments, and preliminary calculations of aqueous species distributions and mineral affinities indicate that the solutions achieve super-saturation with feldspars as the temperature increase. A consistent variation attributable to pH differences was observed in the empirical geothermometer relationship for all experimental data. At 340/sup 0/C, the experimental solutions appear to have deviated slightly from the empirical Na-K-Ca relationship. Such deviations may also be found in natural systems that attain such temperatures.

ATM-11 glass is designed to be representative of defense high-level waste glasses that will be produced by the Defense Waste Processing Facility at the Savannah River Plant in Aiken, South Carolina. It is representative of a 300-year-old nuclear waste glass and was intended as a conservative compromise between 10-year-old waste and 1000-year-old waste. The feedstock material for this glass was supplied by Savannah River Laboratory, Aiken, SC, as SRL-165 black frit to which was added Ba, Cs, Mo, Nd, Ni, Pd, Rb, Ru, Sr, Te, Y, and Zr, as well as /sup 241/Am, /sup 237/Np, /sup 239+240/Pu, /sup 151/Sm, /sup 99/Tc, and depleted U. The glass was melted under the reducing conditions that resulted from the addition of 0.7 wt% graphite during the final melting process. Nearly 3 kg of ATM-11 glass were produced from a feedstock melted in a nitrogen-atmosphere glove box at 1250/sup 0/C in Denver Fire Clay crucibles. After final melting, the glass was formed into stress-annealed rectangular bars 1.9 x 1.9 x 10 cm nominal size. Twenty-six bars were cast with a nominal weight of about 100 g each. The analyzed composition of ATM-11 glass is tabulated. Examination of a single transverse section from one bar …

The Schroedinger Integral Equation is derived for an N-body system, and solutions for required Green's functions are obtained. The initial method of numerical solution has yielded the correct ground states and lower excited states of He (test case) and dt..mu... Steps are being taken to improve the numerical accuracy.

The microscopic spatial distribution of energy deposition in irradiated tissue plays a significant role in the final biological effect produced. Therefore, it is important to have accurate microdosimetric spectra of radiation fields used for radiobiology and radiotherapy. The experiments desribed here were designed to measure the distributions of energy deposition around high energy heavy ion tracks generated at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory's Bevalac Biomedical Facility. A small proportional counter mounted in a large (0.6 by 2.5 m) vacuum chamber was used to measure energy deposition distributions as a function of the distance between detector and primary ion track. The microdosimetric distributions for a homogeneous radiation field were then calculated by integrating over radial distance. This thesis discusses the rationale of the experimental design and the analysis of measurements on 600 MeV/amu iron tracks. 53 refs., 19 figs.

The project being reported in this document had three components: (1) a research project to carry out cost-benefit analysis of an ethyl alcohol plant at Tuskegee University, (2) seminars to improve the high-technology capabilities of minority persons, and (3) a class in energy management. The report provides a background on the three components listed above. The results from the research on the ethyl alcohol plant, are discussed, along with the seminars, and details of the energy management class.

NAPAP is examining a number of potential ways to reduce the precursors (sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) to acid deposition. However, the policies to reduce acid deposition will have other physical, biological and economic effects unrelated to acid deposition. For example, control policies that reduce sulfur dioxide emissions may also increase visibility. The effects of an acid deposition policy that are unrelated to acid deposition are referred to as ''ancillary'' effects. This reserch identifies and characterizes the principle physical and economic ancillary effects associated with acid deposition control and mitigation policies. In this study the ancillary benefits associated with four specific acid deposition policy options were investigated. The four policy options investigated are: (1) flue gas desulfurization, (2) coal blending or switching, (3) reductions in automobile emissions of NO/sub x/, and (4) lake liming. Potential ancillary benefits of each option were identified and characterized. Particular attention was paid to the literature on economic valuation of potential ancillary effects.

This annual report for the Atmospheric and Geophysical Sciences Division (G-Division) summarizes the activities and highlights of the past three years, with emphasis on significant research findings in two major program areas: the Atmospheric Release Advisory Capability (ARAC), with its recent involvement in assessing the effects of the Chernobyl reactor accident, and new findings on the environmental consequences of nuclear war. The technical highlights of the many other research projects are also briefly reported, along with the Division's organization, budget, and publications.

Historical and future energy use by fuel type in the residential sector of the United States are examined. Of interest is the likely relative demand for fuels as they affect national policy issues such as the potential shortfall of electric generating capacity in the mid to late 1990's and the ability of the residential sector to switch rapdily among fuels in response to fuel shortages, price increases and other factors. Factors affecting the share of a fuel used rather than the aggregate level of energy use are studied. However, the share of a fuel used is not independent of the level of energy consumption. In the analysis, the level of consumption of each fuel is computed as an intermediate result and is reported for completeness.

The propagation of laser beams through the atmosphere is discussed. Processes which are pertinent are Raman scattering, self-focusing of beams, and two-photon absorption. Comments on the subroutine PRAMAN are given in the appendix. This subroutine calculates the effect of stimulated Raman scattering in the atmosphere. (WRF)

The formal names and common names for all devices in the final focus system of the SLC are listed. The formal names consist of a device type designator, microprocessor designator, and a four-digit unit number. (LEW)

This report presents a comparison of the characteristics of some prominent examples of independent government corporations and agencies with respect to the Department of Energy's (DOE) uranium enrichment enterprise. The six examples studied were: the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA); the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA); the Synthetic Fuels Corporation (SYNFUELS); the Consolidated Rail Corporation (CONRAIL); the British Telecommunications Corporation (British TELECOM); and the Communications Satellite Organization (COMSAT), in order of decreasing levels of government ownership and control. They range from BPA, which is organized as an agency within DOE, to COMSAT, which is privately owned and free from almost all regulations common to government agencies. Differences in the degree of government involvement in these corporations and in many other characteristics serve to illustrate that there are no accepted standards for defining the characteristics of government corporations. Thus, historical precedent indicates considerable flexibility would be available in the development of enabling legislation to reorganize the enrichment enterprise as a government corporation or independent government agency.

The objective of this study was to determine the maximum number of specialized repository waste packages that could be shipped from the Monitored Retrievable Storage (MRS) facility in Pb-, Fe-, and U-shielded casks weighing 200,000 or 300,000 lbs. The study included 18 different waste packages designed for the Salt, Tuff, and Basalt repositories. Nine of these contained consolidated PWR fuel pins, and nine contained consolidated BWR fuel pins. Discrete ordinates calculations were performed to determine the neutron and gamma shield thicknesses that would ensure a dose rate of 10 millirem/hr, 10 ft from the centerline of the cask(s). Over 100 casks of particular interest have been identified, while preliminary design information is also given for 522 casks of potential interest. Relative to the 200,000-lb casks, 50 to 100% more fuel may be shipped in the larger 300,000-lb casks. Placing the spent fuel canisters in overpacks prior to shipment from the MRS will reduce the net payload by 30 to 50%. The highest-capacity cask/waste package combination studied corresponds to a 300,000-lb U-shielded cask containing 84 consolidated PWR fuel assemblies in 21 canisters, or 171 consolidated BWR fuel assemblies in 19 canisters. Criticality analyses have shown these high-capacity casks to be safely …

Releases of radioactive materials in airborne and liquid effluents from commercial light water reactors during 1983 have been compiled and reported. Data on solid waste shipments as well as selected operating information have been included. This report supplements earlier annual reports issued by the former Atomic Energy Commission and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. The 1983 release data are summarized in tabular form. Data covering specific radionuclides are summarized.

Objectives of this research were to review and critically evaluate economic methods and models for assessing the economic impacts of acid deposition-induced changes in forest productivity; to scope and assess the sensitivity of the potential economic impacts of changes in forest productivity; and to provide information and recommendations that will enhance Federal efforts to assess the economic impacts of acid deposition and to determine the benefits of alternative acid deposition mitigation and control strategies. A conceptual framework was developed for understanding and valuing the economic impacts of acid deposition-induced changes in forest productivity in markets for hardwood and softwood stumpage and the prducts made from this stumpage. Although the framework focuses on valuing the economic impacts of acid deposition, it could be used for any factor that causes changes in forest productivity. The scope of potential economic impacts due to changes in forest productivity was characterized. Based on this analysis, key methodological features were identified which would contribute substantially to providing accurate estimates of the economic damages caused by changes in forest productivity. These features served as the basis for identifying and critically evaluating existing models.

A correlation has been developed that predicts the surface area created by cracking to within the accuracy of the existing data. The correlation is a simple linear equation; the surface area can be computed from a knowledge of the steady-state radial temperature difference and the radial temperature difference when the glass centerline temperature was at 500/sup 0/C. This correlation should be easy to use for waste glass canister applications since, in many cases, a two-dimensional heat transfer analysis can be used to determine the radial temperature differences. Although the correlation is useful for scoping purposes, there is a need to validate the correlation against additional canister cracking data, particularly in the case of stainless steel canisters. The use of Fiberfrax liners deserves serious consideration for use in stainless steel waste glass canisters. The amount of cracking is reduced because the liner eliminates the metal-glass interactions that produce significant stresses in the glass. Another less obvious, but very important, advantage of using Fiberfrax is that thermal shocking during decontamination and post-fill operations is reduced because of the liner's insulating capacity. More extensive studies to verify these results are recommended; canisters should be produced, under identical cooling conditions, that differ only in …

An extensive effort has been directed toward a major redesign of the Fermilab Direct Neutral Lepton Facility (DNLF). The goal has been a very significant cost reduction of the facility, with minimal sacrifice of physics potential. Hence the name ''Econodump'' applied to the redesign effort.

This report is divided into: theoretical solid-state physics, surface and near-surface properties of solids, defects in solids, transport properties of solids, neutron scattering, and synthesis and properties of novel materials. (DLC)

In an effort to determine whether US Army activities on the Dugway Proving Ground (DPG) have had an impact on resident wildlife, intensive studies have been conducted on the biology and ecology of the black-tailed jack rabbit (Lepus californicus) since 1965. in addition, the incidence of endemic diseases in several species of resident wildlife on the DPG have been studied from the late 1950s through the mid-1970s. The objectives of this report are to: (1) compile and summarize the jack rabbit data and some of the disease information that is presently contained only in annual reports; (2) compare the DPG jack rabbit data to data available on other jack rabbit populations; and (3) analyze the data for unusual or unexplained fluctuations in population densities or in incidence of disease.

A simple empirical particle transport model has been constructed with the purpose of gaining insight into the L- to H-mode transition in tokamaks. The aim was to construct the simplest possible model which would reproduce the measured density profiles in the L-regime, and also produce a qualitatively correct transition to the H-regime without having to assume a completely different transport mode for the bulk of the plasma. Rather than using completely ad hoc constructions for the particle diffusion coefficient, we assume D = 1/5 chi/sub total/, where chi/sub total/ approx. = chi/sub e/ is the thermal diffusivity, and then use the kappa/sub e/ = n/sub e/chi/sub e/ values derived from experiments. The observed temperature profiles are then automatically reproduced, but nontrivially, the correct density profiles are also obtained, for realistic fueling rates and profiles. Our conclusion is that it is sufficient to reduce the transport coefficients within a few centimeters of the surface to produce the H-mode behavior. An additional simple assumption, concerning the particle mean-free path, leads to a convective transport term which reverses sign a few centimeters inside the surface, as required by the H-mode density profiles.

The general procedure for the analysis of low-frequency electrostatic and electro-magnetic modes in toroidal geometry is now well known. In the collisionless limit, the relevant dynamics (e.g., trapped particles, resonances, etc.) can be treated appropriately. However, with the introduction of collisional effects, it is customary, for tractability, to employ model collision operators of varying degrees of complexity. Guided by results of earlier studies of alternative collision operators in unsheared slab geometry and in toroidal geometry, an improved model collision operator is introduced here for calculating toroidal eigenmodes. Analytic and numerical results are presented to support its relevance and to demonstrate its improvement over earlier models. The associated quasilinear particle and energy transport coefficients for each species are also calculated, and compared with the usual D/sub j/ approx. = kappa/sub j/ approx. = ..gamma../k /sub perpendicular//sup 2/ estimate.