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Analysis of the results of the Midland PRA
This paper presents the results of a limited review of the Midland PRA (MPRA), aimed at facilitating regulatory analyses and at providing insights into safety related plant failures. In particular, stress was laid on the root causes of accident sequences, particularly their failure modes, viz., hardware, human, maintenance, test, and repair. Because this information was difficult to extract in this detailed and sophisticated PRA (and in certain others) a special algorithm was developed to display the leading sequences contributing to core damage and/or to public risk in terms of the above generic failure modes. This was done in a hierarchical fashion to allow tracing the important accident sequences to the systems failures. The weighted core damage frequency (CDF) values of the sequences considered then provided a (quantitative) ranked importance listing of these failure modes, led by hardware failures (in 78%) and human factors (in 37%), etc. Multiple maintenance situations (reflecting on test and maintenance specifications) were also evaluated, but played only a small role (less than or equal to3%). Similar tabulations were also made of the (weighted) importance of the support systems (such as the electric power system, the component cooling water systems, etc.) and of the role of the …
Date:
January 1, 1986
Creator:
Bozoki, G. & Teichmann, T.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Manipulator comparative testing program
The Manipulator Comparative Testing Program examined differences among manipulator systems from the United States and Japan. The manipulator systems included the Meidensha BILARM 83A, the Model M-2 of Central Research Laboratories Division of Sargent Industries (CRL), and the GCA Corporation PaR Systems Model 6000. The site of testing was the Remote Operations Maintenance Demonstration (ROMD) facility, operated by the Fuel Recycle Division in the Consolidated Fuel Reprocessing Program at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). In all stages of testing, operators using the CRL Model M-2 manipulator had consistently lower times to completion and error rates than they did using other machines. Performance was second best with the Meidensha BILARM 83A in master-slave mode. Performance with the BILARM in switchbox mode and the PaR 6000 manipulator was approximately equivalent in terms of criteria recorded in testing. These data show no impact of force reflection on task performance.
Date:
January 1, 1986
Creator:
Draper, J. V.; Handel, S. J.; Sundstrom, E.; Herndon, J. N.; Fujita, Y. & Maeda, M.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
In-Vitro and in-Vivo Characterization of Ruthenium-Bleomycin Compared to Cobalt- and Copper-Bleomycin
Bleomycin (BLM) has undergone extensive investigation both as a cancer chemotherapeutic agent, and as a carrier for radionuclides for tumor imaging. The available methods or the radionuclides used, however, have had limited effectiveness. Although labeling of BLM with /sup 103/Ru has been reported earlier, we carried out a study to develop a more reproducible method of labeling particularly for use with Brookhaven Linac Isotope Producer produced /sup 97/Ru. Ruthenium-97 has favorable physical properties that make it ideal for imaging applications: decay by electron capture; ..gamma.. 216 keV, 85%; t/sub 1/2/ 2.9 d. A novel method based on the reduction of Ru/sup 3 +/ to Ru/sup 2 +/ using stannous chloride was investigated for labeling BLM with /sup 97/Ru and/or /sup 103/Ru. In-vitro and in vivo comparisons of the product(s) with /sup 57/Co and /sup 67/Cu-labeled BLM were also carried out. 4 refs., 3 tabs.
Date:
January 1, 1986
Creator:
Shao, H. S.; Meinken, G. E.; Srivastava, S. C.; Slosman, D.; Sacker, D. F.; Som, P. et al.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Radiation-induced segregation in HT-9 martensitic steel
Miniature notched-bar specimens of normalized and tempered HT-9 were neutron irradiated to approx.13 dpa and broken at liquid nitrogen temperatures in a UHV chamber. Fracture surfaces were analyzed using scanning Auger electron spectroscopy. Following irradiation at 410/sup 0/C, the fracture surface contained a small number of large relatively smooth facets, which are thought to be prior austenite grain boundaries. Strong segregation of Ni, Cr, Si, and P was detected at these surfaces, the remainder of the fracture surface showing no evidence of segregation. At irradiation temperatures of 520/sup 0/ and 565/sup 0/C, there was relatively little segregation and none was found in thermal controls.
Date:
January 1, 1986
Creator:
Clausing, R.E.; Heatherly, L.; Faulkner, R.G.; Rowcliffe, A.F. & Farrell, K.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Insights from an overview of four PRAs
This paper summarizes the findings of an investigation of four probabilistic risk assessments (PRAs), those for Millstone 3, Seabrook, Shoreham, and Oconee 3, performed by Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) for the Reliability and Risk Assessment Branch of the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). This group of four PRAs was subjected to an overview process with the basic goal of ascertaining what insights might be gained (beyond those already documented within the individual PRAs) by an independent evaluation of the group with respect to nuclear plant safety and vulnerability. Specifically, the objectives of the study were (1) to identify and rank initiators, systems, components, and failure modes from dominant accident sequences according to their contribution to core melt probability and public risk; and (2) to derive from this process plant-specific and generic insights. The effort was not intended to verify the specific details and results of each PRA but rather - having accepted the results - to see what they might mean in a more global context. The NRC had previously sponsored full detailed reviews of each of these PRAs, but only two, those for Millstone 3 and Shoreham, were completed and documented in time to allow their consideration within the …
Date:
January 1, 1986
Creator:
Fitzpatrick, R.; Arrieta, L.; Teichmann, T. & Davis, P.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Control room habitability study: findings and recommendations
The Advisory Committee on Reactor Safeguards (ACRS) has raised a number of concerns related to control room habitability and has recommended actions which they believe could alleviate these concerns. As a result of the ACRS's concerns, the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission's (NRC) Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation (NRR) in conjunction with the Offices of Research and Inspection and Enforcement, and the NRC regional offices, embarked upon a program to reevaluate Control Room Habitability. Argonne National Laboratory was contracted by the NRC to perform a Control Room Habitability Study on twelve licensed power reactors. The plants selected for the study were chosen based upon architect engineer, nuclear steam system supplier, utility, and plant location. Participants in the study review the plant design as contained in the Updated Safety Analysis Report, Technical Specifications, Three Mile Island action item III.D.3.4 submittal on Control Room Habitability, NRC staff evaluation of the III.D.3.4 submittal, appropriate plant operating procedures, system drawings, and significant Licensee Event Reports on Loss of Cooling to the Control Room Envelope. A two-day visit is then made to the plant to determine if the as-built systems are built, operated, and surveillance performed as described in the documentation reviewed prior to the visit. …
Date:
January 1, 1986
Creator:
Driscoll, J.W.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Massive sulfide deposits and hydrothermal solutions: incremental reaction modeling of mineral precipitation and sulfur isotopic evolution
Incremental reaction path modeling of chemical and sulfur isotopic reactions occurring in active hydrothermal vents on the seafloor, in combination with chemical and petrographic data from sulfide samples from the seafloor and massive sulfide ore deposits, allows a detailed examination of the processes involved. This paper presents theoretical models of reactions of two types: (1) adiabatic mixing between hydrothermal solution and seawater, and (2) reaction of hydrothermal solution with sulfide deposit materials. In addition, reaction of hydrothermal solution with sulfide deposit minerals and basalt in feeder zones is discussed.
Date:
January 1, 1986
Creator:
Janecky, D.R.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Advanced accelerator research at Argonne
A facility with which to experimentally measure methods of advanced acceleration is at the point of completion at Argonne National Laboratory. The new facility consists a system which produces pulse ''doublets'' of energetic electrons, pulse shaping hardware, a space for experimental apparatus, and a high resolution spectrometer. The leading 21 MeV pulse in a doublet can contain up to 15 nano-coulombs of charge and can be adjusted to be from 6 to over 100 pic-seconds in length. The trailing doublet pulse is at 15 MeV, contains about 10/sup 6/ electrons, and can be precisely positioned behind the first from 0 to more than 2000 pico-seconds. This second pulse serves as a probe of fields produced by the intense leading pulse. The initial experimental program includes studies of wake field effects in structures and in plasma. The high resolution of the spectrometer will also make possible measurements of the wakes of various components such as bellows, beam signal pickups, and vacuum connections. Commissioning of the facility is to begin in September, 1986. Tests using cavities and plasma are expected to begin soon thereafter.
Date:
January 1, 1986
Creator:
Konecny, R.; MacLachlan, J.; Norem, J.; Ruggiero, A.; Schoessow, P. & Simpson, J.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
RIMS diagnostics for laser desorption/laser ablation
Laser desorption mass spectrometry is a useful method for interrogating materials and events at or near surfaces. Laser desorption/ablation combined with Resonance Ionization Mass Spectrometry (RIMS) provides a powerful tool to obtain information on chemical composition and speciation and, in some cases, internal and translational energy distributions. The application of this technique to the interrogation of materials and interfaces is discussed for several systems, including the analysis of conventional analytical samples, and the study of optical damage events. 8 refs., 2 figs., 1 tab.
Date:
January 1, 1986
Creator:
Apel, E. C.; Nogar, N. S.; Miller, C. M. & Estler, R. C.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Some effects on the kinetics of muon-catalyzed fusion
Two important stages in the kinetics of muon-catalyzed d-t fusion are discussed: (1) atomic thermalization and hyperfine-state relaxation preceding molecular formation and (2) muon stripping and x-ray production if sticking occurs after nuclear fusion. Thermalization is accurately treated by Monte Carlo simulation. It is shown that thermalization and triplet quenching of the ..cap alpha mu.. atom may not finish before dt..mu.. formation in low-tritium targets, but that epithermal transients are most important in high-tritium targets. A complete kinetic treatment of muon stripping from ..cap alpha mu.. is made using newly calculated stripping (ionization and charge transfer) and inelastic excitation cross sections and explicitly treating the 2s-2p Stark mixing. The calculated values of the sticking probability and K..cap alpha.. ..cap alpha mu.. x-rays per fusion are ..omega../sub s/ = 0.53% (0.59%) and I/sub K..cap alpha..//chi = 0.23% (0.28%) at density phi = 1.2 (0.1) times liquid-hydrogen density. Sensitivities to the various kinetic rates are evaluated, and error bars are estimated.
Date:
January 1, 1986
Creator:
Cohen, J.S.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Giotto observations of the bow shock at Comet Halley
Preliminary results from the JPA instrument on Giotto indicate that Comet Halley, even on the flanks, has a bow shock which moves backwards and forwards over the spacecraft. To understand the structure properly will require more detailed investigation of the relationships between three particle populations, cometary ions, solar wind ions and electrons.
Date:
January 1, 1986
Creator:
Formisano, V.; Amata, E.; Wilken, B.; Jockers, K.; Johnstone, A.; Coates, A. et al.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Source-term development for commercial low-level radioactive waste
Generic source terms base don historical data have been developed for commerical low-level radioactive waste (LLRW) from fuel-cycle and non-fuel-cycle facilities. These source terms are used in DOE's Integrated Data Base (IDB) Program to estimate historical and projected volumes, radioactivity, and thermal power (from radioactive decay) of LLRW to the year 2020. Periodically, the source terms are updated as new waste is generated and as information on older waste is reviewed, redefined, and upgraded by the generator. Other segments of the nuclear industry also use source terms in planning for waste treatment, transportation, and storage systems. Several uses of source terms are illustrated. For example, the reported volume and radioactivity of LLRW added annually to commerical burial sites are compared with the calculated annual values obtained by summing contributions based on source terms for each generator. Likewise, accumulative radioactivity and thermal power of buried LLRW obtained by using an average source term and a synthesis of individual source terms are compared. 6 refs., 8 figs, 5 tabs.
Date:
January 1, 1986
Creator:
Godbee, H. W.; Kibbey, A. H.; Forsberg, C. W.; Storch, S. N. & Clower, T. J.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Low cost hydrogen/novel membrane technology for hydrogen separation from synthesis gas, Phase 1. [Poly(methyl pentene) and poly(etherimide)]
This report summarizes the development of polymer membranes useful in the separation of hydrogen from coal-derived synthesis gas during period 1 October 1985--30 September 1986. During the last year several high performance membranes were developed for the separation of hydrogen from nitrogen and carbon monoxide. The heat resistant resins poly(methyl pentene) (TPX), Mitsui Petrochemical Industries, New York, NY and poly(etherimide) (ULTEM, General Electric, Pittsfield, MA) have been selected as polymers with outstanding properties for membrane preparation. The properties of membranes prepared from these polymers are presented. TPX is an example of a moderately selective and highly permeable membrane; the poly(etherimide) membranes are more selective but have lower fluxes. These membranes will cover the range of properties required in our hydrogen separation program and the bulk of our future work will be on these membranes. A few experiments with palladium/silver membranes are also planned, as described in the Test Plan.
Date:
January 1, 1986
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Support of International Waste Management Agreements in the field of TRU Waste Management
The USDOE has implemented technical information exchange agreements in the field of TRU waste management with the United Kingdom, Federal Republic of Germany, Japan, and France. This has been done in an effort to minimize research and development costs, and ensured maximum safety to man and the environment during waste handling and disposal. In this report, the technical work plan for fiscal year 1986 is presented. (JDL)
Date:
January 1, 1986
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Strange particle production in neutrino-neon charged current interactions
Neutral strange particle production in charged-current muon-neutrino interactions have been studied in the Fermilab 15-foot neon bubble chamber. Associated production is expected to be the major source of strange particles in charged-current neutrino interactions. sigma-neutral and xi-minus production by neutrinos was observed. The dependence on various leptonic and hadronic variables is investigated. A fit to single and associated production of s, s/anti-s, and c quarks is described based on the number of single and double strange particle production events. Inclusive neutral strange particle decays (V/sup 0/) production rates as a fraction of all charged-current events are measured and are tabulated. The lambda/K ratio is found to be 0.39 +- 0.04 and the fraction of lambda coming from sigma-neutral is (16 +- 5)%. The single- and double V/sup 0/ production was used to determine the associated s anti-s production rate and single s-quark production rate. 13 refs., 7 figs., 3 tabs. (LEW)
Date:
January 1, 1986
Creator:
Plano, R.; Baker, N. J.; Connolly, P. L.; Kahn, S. A.; Murtagh, M. J.; Palmer, R. B. et al.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Dose-rate models for human survival after exposure to ionizing radiation
This paper reviews new estimates of the L/sub 50/ in man by Mole and by Rotblat, the biological processes contributing to hematologic death, the collection of animal experiments dealing with hematologic death, and the use of regression analysis to make new estimates of human mortality based on all relevant animal studies. Regression analysis of animal mortality data has shown that mortality is dependent strongly on dose rate, species, body weight, and time interval over which the exposure is delivered. The model has predicted human LD/sub 50/s of 194, 250, 310, and 360 rad to marrow when the exposure time is a minute, an hour, a day, and a week, respectively.
Date:
January 1, 1986
Creator:
Jones, T.D.; Morris, M.D. & Young, R.W.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Trends in resonance ionization spectroscopy
The author reviews the history of resonance ionization spectroscopy and then comments on the delineations of RIS with reference to many related laser processes. The substance of the paper deals with the trends in RIS and especially how the needs for sensitive analytical methods have overshadowed the orginal plan to study excited species. 9 refs., 1 fig.
Date:
January 1, 1986
Creator:
Hurst, G.S.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
(Performance evaluation of fabric bag filters on a bench-scale coal gasifier)
The objective of the proposed work is to demonstrate the operational and economic feasibility of using high-temperature ceramic filters for particulate control in a variety of coal gasification power generating systems.
Date:
January 15, 1986
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Lasers for open structures
Laser-driven accelerator schemes place unique demands on the specifications of the invoked laser systems. We review the laser requirements for driving open microstructures. The specific advantages and disadvantages that lasers bring to this scheme are listed, and the appropriateness and scalabitity of existing technology is discussed. Finally we review the plans and status for the laser activities of the Brookhaven/Los Alamos collaboration on a proof-of-principle experiment.
Date:
January 1, 1986
Creator:
Bigio, I.J.; Kurnit, N.A.; Harrison, R.F. & Shimada, T.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Purification and Characterization of a Thylakoid Protein Kinase
Control of state transitions in the thylakoid by reversible phosphorylation of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein complex of photosystem II (LHC-II) is modulated by a kinase. The kinase catalyzing this phosphorylation is associated with the thylakoid membrane, and is regulated by the redox state of the plastoquinone pool. The isolation and partial purification from spinach thylakoids of two protein kinases (CPK1, CPK2) of apparent molecular masses 25 kDa and 38 kDa has been reported. Neither enzyme utilizes isolated LHC-II as a substrate. The partial purification of a third protein kinase (LHCK) which can utilize both lysine-rich histones (IIIs and Vs) and isolated LHC-II as substrate has now been purified to homogeneity and characterized by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as a 64 kDa peptide. From a comparison of the two isolation procedures we have concluded that CPK1 is indeed a protein kinase, but has a lower specific activity than that of LHCK. 8 refs., 4 figs.
Date:
January 1, 1986
Creator:
Coughlan, S. J. & Hind, G.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Effect of irradiation-induced defects on fusion reactor ceramics
Structural, thermal, and electrical properties critical to performance of ceramics in a fusion environment can be profoundly altered by irradiation effects. Neutron damage may cause swelling, reduction of thermal conductivity, increase in dielectric loss, and either reduction or enhancement of strength depending on the crystal structure and defect content of the material. Absorption of ionizing energy inevitably leads to degradation of insulating properties, but these changes can be reduced by alterations in structural or compositional makeup. Assessment of the irradiation response of candidate ceramics Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/, MgAl/sub 2/O/sub 4/, SiC and Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/ shows that each may find use in advanced fusion devices. The present understanding of irradiation-induced defects in ceramics, while far from complete, nevertheless points the way to methods for developing improved materials for fusion applications.
Date:
January 1, 1986
Creator:
Clinard, F.W. Jr.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Resonance ionization mass spectrometry at Los Alamos National Laboratory
Two approaches to RIMS will be discussed here. The first is the use of continuous-wave (cw) dye lasers as the ionization source. Continuous excitation effectively matches the ionization to the evaporation of sample from a resistively heated filament, providing for efficient use of the sample. In addition, cw ionization permits pulse counting detection, necessary for the measurement of large isotope ratios on small samples. In the cases of lutetium and technetium discussed below, average ionization rates with cw ionization are much larger than with pulsed ionization. The second approach to RIMS is the use of multiphoton resonances in the pulsed laser excitation of atoms. The potential advantages derived from the use of n-photon resonances (n greater than or equal to 2) include minimal laser hardware, since the fundamental output of a single dye laser is sufficient to effect ionization in a large number of elements. The possibility also exists for Doppler-free excitation, which could be used to increase the selectivity of the ionization process. Experiments with 2 + 1 (photons to resonance plus photons to ionize) RIMS schemes for several elements will be discussed. 5 refs., 2 figs., 1 tab.
Date:
January 1, 1986
Creator:
Miller, C. M.; Nogar, N. S.; Apel, E. C. & Downey, S. W.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Low cost hydrogen/novel membrane technology for hydrogen separation from synthesis gas, Phase 1. [Polyetherimide, cellulose acetate and ethylcellulose]
The goal of this program is to develop polymer membranes useful in the preparation of hydrogen from coal-derived synthesis gas. During this quarter the first experiment were aimed at developing high performance composite membranes for the separation of hydrogen from nitrogen and carbon monoxide. Three polymers have been selected as materials for these membranes: polyetherimide cellulose acetate and ethylcellulose. This quarter the investigators worked on polyetherimide and cellulose acetate membranes. The overall structure of these membranes is shown schematically in Figure 1. As shown, a microporous support membrane is first coated with a high flux intermediate layer then with an ultrathin permselective layer and finally, if necessary, a thin protective high flux layer. 1 fig., 4 tabs.
Date:
January 1, 1986
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Radiographic detection of 100 A thickness variations in 1-. mu. m-thick coatings applied to submillimeter-diameter laser fusion targets
We have developed x-ray radiography to measure thickness variations of coatings on laser fusion targets. Our technique is based on measuring the variation in x-ray transmission through the targets. The simplest targets are hollow glass microshells or microballoons 100 to 500 ..mu..m in diameter, that have several layers of metals or plastics, 1 to 100 ..mu..m thick. Our goal is to examine these opaque coatings for thickness variations as small as 1% or 0.1%, depending on the type of defect. Using contact radiography we have obtained the desired sensitivity for concentric and elliptical defects of 1%. This percentage corresponds to thickness variations as small as 100 A in a 1-..mu..m-thick coating. For warts and dimples, the desired sensitivity is a function of the area of the defect, and we are developing a system to detect 0.1% thickness variations that cover an area 10 ..mu..m by 10 ..mu..m. We must use computer analysis of contact radiographs to measure 1% thickness variations in either concentricity or ellipticity. Because this analysis takes so long on our minicomputer, we preselect the radiographs by looking for defects at the 10% level on a video image analysis system.
Date:
January 1, 1986
Creator:
Stupin, D.M.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library