The objective of the present study was to develop a one-dimensional, unsteady state model for coal-water mixture droplet combustion, and to compare the characteristic times for the various processes, such as water vaporization, devolatilization and char oxidation with available experimental data. A water film surrounding a spherical coal particle is considered to undergo vaporization by heat transfer from the hot air. After the water vaporization is complete, devolatilization begins. This process is assumed to be kinetically controlled. Water vaporization and devolatilization processes are modeled by using a hybrid Eulerian-Lagrangian method to obtain the properties of the gas-phase and the condensed-phase. An explicit finite difference scheme is used to solve the Eulerian gas-phase equation where as a Runga-Kutta scheme is employed to solve the Lagrangian condensed-phase equations. The predicted characteristic times for water vaporization is in good agreement with values proposed in the literature. At the present time there is insufficient data to draw any conclusions on the model. Methods are proposed to refine the simple kinetic model which takes into account pore diffusion and mass transfer for devolatilization and char oxidation. 9 references, 12 figures.

Analytic derivatives of the potential energy for Self-Consistent-Field (SCF) wave functions have been developed in recent years and found to be useful tools. The first derivative for configuration interaction (CI) wave functions is also available. This work details the extension of analytic methods to energy second derivatives for CI wave functions. The principal extension required for second derivatives is evaluation of the first order change in the CI wave function with respect to a nuclear perturbation. The shape driven graphical unitary group approach (SDGUGA) direct CI program was adapted to evaluate this term via the coupled-perturbed CI equations. Several iterative schemes are compared for use in solving these equations. The pilot program makes no use of molecular symmetry but the timing results show that utilization of molecular symmetry is desirable. The principles for defining and solving a set of symmetry adapted equations are discussed. Evaluation of the second derivative also requires the solution of the second order coupled-perturbed Hartree-Fock equations to obtain the correction to the molecular orbitals due to the nuclear perturbation. This process takes a consistently higher percentage of the computation time than for the first order equations alone and a strategy for its reduction is discussed.

We report results from neutral current scattering of muon neutrinos and antineutrinos on iron nuclei by the CCFRR experiment at Fermilab. Our objective is the measurement of sin/sup 2/theta/sub w/ from inclusive semileptonic neutrino-nucleon interactions. Such a measurement, even though it is subject to more corrections than the analogous measurement in neutrino-electron scattering (e.g. due to the presence of a strange quark sea in the nucleon), has a high degree of statistical accuracy and may afford the most precise test of the standard model of electro-weak interactions. Furthermore, the recent observations of the Z/sup 0/ and W/sup +-/ in proton-antiproton collisions give such a measurement added topical interest. The comparison of sin/sup 2/theta/sub w/ determined from the masses of the Z/sup 0/ and W/sup +-/ and from neutrino interactions, i.e. from different processes and energy regions, may hold some surprises. Finally, the grand-unified theories make definite predictions about the value of sin/sup 2/theta/sub w/ and the lifetime of the proton; sin/sup 2/theta/sub w/ measurements test the validity of these theories. The experiment was performed in Fermilab's dichromatic neutrino beam and utilized a large detector consisting of an iron-scintillator target calorimeter followed by a steel toroidal muon spectrometer.

Properly quantified performance of a solar-thermal cavity receiver must not only account for the energy gains and losses as dictated by the First Law of thermodynamics, but it must also account for the quality of that energy. However, energy quality can only be determined from the Second Law. In this paper an equation for the Second-Law efficiency of a cavity receiver is derived from the definition of available energy or availability (occassionally called exergy), which is a thermodynamic property that measures the maximum amount of work obtainable when a system is allowed to come into unrestrained equilibrium with the surrounding environment. The fundamental concepts of the entropy and availability of radiation are explored from which a convenient relationship among the reflected cone half angle, the insolation, and the concentrator geometric characteristics is developed as part of the derivation of the Second-Law efficiency. A comparison is made between First- and Second-Law efficiencies around an example of data collected from two receivers that were designed for different purposes. The author attempts to demonstrate that a Second-Law approach to quantifying the performance of a solar-thermal cavity receiver lends greater insight into the total performance than does the conventional First-Law method.

Pulverized coal particles, in a flowing inert nitrogen stream, have been heated by high power Carbon Dioxide Laser. The consequence of such an irradiation have proved to be both novel and surprising as a result of the rapid quenching of primary coal products. It ahs been found that the gas phase yield from such heating (typically, temperatures in excess of 1400 K at rates approx. 2 x 10/sup 5/ K/s) is very small (< 0.2 percent of coal carbon and hydrogen). Analysis of the solid residue has shown the presence of fine lacy particulate chains of material of 0.1 ..mu..m diameter, which appears to be soluble in tetrahydrofuran. The yields of solute were significantly much higher than for raw coals. Molecular weight of the solute material was high, being in the range of 600 to 3000. The above and substantiating evidence point to a new mechanism of high heating rate pyrolysis in which only tar-like materials are produced as primary products from the coal. It is hypothesized that gas phase products are primarily the result of secondary reactions of these primary products in the hot gas environments usually employed by other heating techniques.

Research conducted at Giner, Inc. during 1981 to 1983 under the present contract has been a continuation of the investigation of a high temperature regenerable desulfurization process capable of reducing the sulfur content in coal gases from 200 ppM to 1 ppM. The overall objective has been the integration of a coal gasifier with a molten carbonate fuel cell, which requires that the sulfur content be below 1 ppM. Commercially available low temperature processes incur an excessive energy penalty. Results obtained with packed-bed and fluidized bed reactors have demonstrated that a CuO/ZnO mixed oxide sorbent is regenerable and capable of lowering the sulfur content (as H/sub 2/S and COS) from 200 ppM in simulated hot coal-derived gases to below 1 ppM level at 600 to 650/sup 0/C. Four potential sorbents (copper, tungsten oxide, vanadium oxide and zinc oxide) were initially selected for experimental use in hot regenerable desulfurization in the temperature range 500 to 650/sup 0/C. Based on engineering considerations, such as desulfurization capacity in per weight or volume of sorbents, a coprecipitated CuO/ZnO was selected for further study. A structural reorganization mechanism, unique to mixed oxides, was identified: the creation of relatively fine crystallites of the sulfided components (Cu/sub …

This volume contains extensive data for the following chapters: (1) solid breeder tritium recovery, (2) solid breeder blanket designs, (3) alternate blanket concept screening, and (4) safety analysis. The following appendices are also included: (1) blanket design guidelines, (2) power conversion systems, (3) helium-cooled, vanadium alloy structure blanket design, (4) high wall loading study, and (5) molten salt safety studies. (MOW)

The methods adopted by the Mark II collaboration to study heavy quark production at PEP are described. Two complementary techniques are used: D* tagging using the decay chain D*/sup +/. D/sup 0/..pi../sup +/, D/sup 0/ ..-->.. K/sup -/..pi../sup +/, and inclusive lepton tagging using the characteristic p/sub T/ distributions to distinguish contributions from b and c quarks. These techniques are used to derive information about heavy quark fragmentation and about the weak coupling of heavy quarks.

The field-ionization mass spectral hydrocarbon data from F-45 (Wyodak coal-derived SRC) and F-51 (Kentucky 9/14 coal-derived SRC) were recalculated so the various hydrocarbon fractions could be compared directly on a weight percent basis. A computer program was developed which allows the field-ionization mass spectral hydrocarbon data to be compared in a three dimensional fashion. This approach provides for a rapid general comparson of all the field-ionization hydrocarbon data. The solubility of preasphaltenes was tested in several solvents. The preasphaltenes-2 were found to be largely soluble in pyridine:chloroform 9:1(v/v) or 7:3(v/v) and pyridine:chloroform:tetrahydrofuran 7:1:2(v/v/v). Experiments were carried out in which Chromasorb T was tested as a replacement for Fluoropak in the Fluoropak-basic alumina procedure. The results indicated Chromasorb T would be an adequate substitute for Fluoropak, but additional experiments will be run to confirm this. The chromatographic characteristics of numerous hydroxyl aromatics, nitrogen heterocycles, and aromatic amines were obtained on several normal-phase and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic systems. 30 references, 30 figures, 10 tables.

Reported are fluid mechanics experiments performed in models of the 20.8-cm Nova amplifier lamp and disk cavities. Lamp cavity nitrogen flows are shown, by both flow visualization and velocity measurements, to be acceptably uniform and parallel to the flashlamps. In contrast, the nitrogen flows in the disk cavity are shown to be disordered. Even though disk cavity flows are disordered, the simplest of three proposed nitrogen introduction systems for the disk cavity was found to be acceptable based on convection measurements made at the surfaces of simulated laser disks.

This report describes a facility for generating engineering data on the nuclear technologies needed to build an engineering test reactor (ETR). The facility, based on a tandem mirror operating in the Kelley mode, could be used to produce a high neutron flux (1.4 MW/M/sup 2/) on an 8-m/sup 2/ test area for testing fusion blankets. Runs of more than 100 h, with an average availability of 30%, would produce a fluence of 5 mW/yr/m/sup 2/ and give the necessary experience for successful operation of an ETR.

A comparison is made between the production of high intensity beams of helium-like uranium ions, U/sup 90 +/, by conventional and exotic ion sources, and by the foil stripping of highly accelerated ions output from the Bevalac. The parameter requirements are specified and compared to the parameters achievable by present day ion source technology. The EBIS (Electron Beam Ion Source) comes closest to satisfying the necessary parameters, and this possibility is considered in some detail. We conclude that existing and near-future ion source technology does not provide a means of production of high intensity U/sup 90 +/ beams. Foil stripping of lower charge state species that have been accelerated through the Bevalac provides a convenient approach.

Polystyrene-divinylbenzene (PS-DVB) based ion exchangers are commonly used in water demineralization or decontamination operations at nuclear facilities. Self-irradiation from sorbed radionuclides may affect the properties of radwaste containing these ion-exchange media. The effects of external irradiation on anion, cation, and mixed bed PS-DVB ion exchangers have been investigated under conditions relevant to radwaste storage and disposal. Three effects are emphasized in the present report: (1) release of acids, radionuclides or chemically aggressive species through radiolytic attack on the functional group, (2) radiolytic generation/uptake of corrosive or combustible gases, (3) effect of irradiation on solidification of resins in cement. Special consideration was placed on external variables such as radiation dose rate, resin chemical loading and moisture conditions, accessibility to atmospheric oxygen, and interactions in multicomponent systems. Such variables may affect the correspondence between laboratory results and field performance. 40 references, 24 figures, 28 tables.

As part of its contrast to design, build and operate the SRC-1 Demonstration Plant in cooperation with the US Department of Energy (DOE), International Coal Refining Company (ICRC) was required to collect and evaluate data related to wastewater streams and wastewater treatment procedures at the SRC-1 Pilot Plant facility. The pilot plant is located at Wilsonville, Alabama and is operated by Catalytic, Inc. under the direction of Southern Company Services. The plant is funded in part by the Electric Power Research Institute and the DOE. ICRC contracted with Catalytic, Inc. to conduct wastewater sampling. Tasks 1 through 5 included sampling and analysis of various wastewater sources and points of different steps in the biological treatment facility at the plant. The sampling program ran from May 1 to July 31, 1982. Also included in the sampling program was the generation and analysis of leachate from SRC product using standard laboratory leaching procedures. For Task 6, available plant wastewater data covering the period from February 1978 to December 1981 was analyzed to gain information that might be useful for a demonstration plant design basis. This report contains a tabulation of the analytical data, a summary tabulation of the historical operating data that …

This report first provides some background information on intrinsic point defects, and on carbon and oxygen in silicon in so far as it may be relevant for the efficiency of solar cells fabricated from EFG ribbon material. We discuss the co-precipitation of carbon and oxygen and especially of carbon and silicon self interstitials. A simple model for the electrical activity of carbon-self-interstitial agglomerates is presented. We assume that the self-interstitial content of these agglomerates determines their electrical activity and that both compressive stresses (high self-interstitial content) and tensile stresses (low self-interstitial content) give rise to electrical activity of the agglomerates. The self-interstitial content of these carbon-related agglomerates may be reduced by an appropriate high-temperature treatment and enhanced by a supersaturation of self-interstitials generated during formation of the p-n junction of solar cells. It is suggested that oxygen present in supersaturation in carbon-rich silicon may be induced to form SiO/sub 2/ precipitates by self-interstitials generated during phosphorus diffusion. It is proposed that the SiO/sub 2/-Si interface of the precipates gives rise to a continuum of donor states and that these interface states are responsible for at least part of the light-enhancement effects observed in oxygen containing EFG silicon after phosphorus diffusion.

The purpose of this program is to investigate some of the basic physics and chemistry of the electron beam induced NO/sub x/ and SO/sub x/ removal process. The program involves both kinetic modelling and diagnostic development. The development of an adequate kinetic model is necessary in order to scale the laboratory results, which are currently available, to process conditions closer to those that will be encountered at full scale operation. It is also necessary in order to place the laboratory data on a firm theoretical foundation. The development of real time optical diagnostics is a necessary supporting task for these goals in order to obtain kinetic data on some of the myriad of species that are present in this hostile environment (X-rays present; hot, acidic gas) which is difficult to access by conventional methods. This particular NO/sub x//SO/sub x/ removal process involves the irradiation of combustion products t temperatures around 100/sup 0/C with a beam of high energy electrons. The current study expands upon the mechanistic studies. A detailed kinetic model is described which includes all the necessary assumptions that enter in order to take the very large number of possible processes that occur in e-beam irradiated mixtures and reduce …

Three liquid-based solar heating systems employing different types of solar collectors were tested side by side near Chicago, Illinois for one year. The three different types of collectors were: (1) a flat plate collector with a black-chrome coated absorber plate and one low-iron glass cover; (2) an evacuated-tube compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) with a concentration ratio of 1.1, oriented with tubes and troughs along a north-south axis; and (3) an evacuated-tube CPC collector with a concentration ratio of 1.3 and one low-iron glass cover, with tubes and troughs oriented along an east-west axis. Results indicate that the flat plate collector system was the most efficient during warm weather, but the CPC systems were more efficient during cold weather, but the CPC systems were more efficient during cold weather, and the CPC systems operated under conditions too adverse for the flat plate collector. The computer simulation model ANSIM was validated by means of the side-by-side tests. The model uses analytical solutions to the storage energy balance. ANSIM is compared with the general simulation TRNSYS.

The TOEPLITZ package is a collection of Fortran subroutines for the numerical solution of systems of linear equations with coefficient matrices of Toeplitz or circulant form. This report provides a description of the algorithms and software in the package and includes program listings.

The transport of resonance radiation through an optically thick vapor of Sr atoms is studied. A pulsed dye laser tuned to the 461 nm resonance line excites a narrow (approx. 60 ..mu..m diam) column of Sr atoms along the axis of a cylindrical oven containing Sr vapor and Ar buffer gas. After a delay of less than or equal to 80 ns, a second dye laser excites the atom from the first excited state (5s5p) to a higher excited state (5s7s). The fluorescence from this latter transition is monitored as the second laser is translated parallel to the first. Since the excited state-excited state fluorescence is not trapped the result is a plot of density of atoms in the 5s5p state as a function of position from the originally excited volume. The results are discussed qualitatively.

SLC beams of opposite charge can be transversely deflected in the same direction by RF fields in the accelerating cavities caused by girder tilts, coupler-asymmetries, or manufacturing errors. A symmetric deflection can be corrected by a magic angle bump if the deflection is located adjacent to one of the linac quadrupoles. However, if the deflection is located between quadrupoles, two magic angle bumps or a magic angle bump and a magic translation bump are needed for the correction. Several examples of translation bumps are included. A new magic angle bump is also presented which is longitudinally compressed and has significantly reduced particle excursions. Finally, if new correctors are added midway along the girders so that the number of correctors are doubled, then the longitudinal extent and the maximum particle excursion of these new magic bumps can be further reduced.

This research involved the study of heat transfer and fluid mechanic characteristics around a horizontal tube in the freeboard region of fluidized beds. Heat transfer coefficients were experimetnally measured for different bed temperatures, particle sizes, gas flow rates, and tube elevations in the freeboard region of air fluidized beds at atmospheric pressure. Local heat transfer coefficients were found to vary significantly with angular position around the tube. Average heat transfer coefficients were found to decrease with increasing freeboard tube elevation and approach the values for gas convection plus radiation for any given gas velocity. For a fixed tube elevation, heat transfer coefficients generally increased with increasing gas velocity and with high particle entrainment they can approach the magnitudes found for immersed tubes. Heat transfer coefficients were also found to increase with increasing bed temperature. It was concluded that this increase is partly due to increase of radiative heat transfer and partly due to change of thermal properties of the fluidizing gas and particles. To investigate the fluid mechanic behavior of gas and particles around a freeboard tube, transient particle tube contacts were measured with a special capacitance probe in room temperature experiments. The results indicated that the tube surface experiences …

This report covers the topics of fragmentation of quarks and gluons and tests of QCD in e/sup +/e/sup -/ annihilation and is a summary of a rapporteur talk given at the 1983 International Symposium on Lepton and Photon Interactions at High Energies. New data on the general characteristics of the e/sup +/e/sup -/ environment at the UPSILON and at PETRA and PEP are discussed. For the first time there is a lot of data on resonance production - eta, K*, rho, phi, ..xi... There is more data on c quark fragmentation from tagged D/sup *+-/ and direct observation of D/sup +/ and D/sup 0/. There are four experiments using high P/sub t/ leptons to measure the b quark fragmentation function - agreement amongst the experiments is very good. All these measurements can usefully be incorporated in the Monte Carlo simulation models. QCD tests are discussed. ..cap alpha../sub 3/ has been measured using the energy dependence of the total hadronic cross section. Unfortunately this method is not very precise. Other measurements of ..cap alpha../sub 3/ from shape analyses and energy-energy correlations have been done including the effects of all second order QCD diagrams. The results seem to depend both on the …

The trommel screen located at the Baltimore County municipal solid waste processing plant operated by Teledyne National was evaluated for a 1-year period. This trommel is used to remove noncombustibles from refuse derived fuel (RDF) and thereby reduce ash content and increase heating value of the RDF. The trommel is 8 m in length, 3.7 m in diameter, has 32-mm holes, and can be operated at 6 to 12 rpm. Economic operating and maintenance data were collected for the period November 1980 through October 1981. Trommel performance was measured during October 1980 and January, May, and August 1981 in order to determine performance during the four seasons of the year. Test runs were conducted to evaluate screening performance as a function of feedrate and rotational speed. Physically the trommel can convey infeed rates as high as 46 Mg/h, but screening efficiency decreases with increased feedrates. An infeed range of 7 to 13 Mg/h is practical as this insures the greatest probability of meeting fuel specifications and achieving optimum economic contribution. While high screening efficiencies can be achieved at low feedrates, the value of the heating value increase may not always offset the trommel cost below a feedrate of 5 mg/h. …

The problem of a critical flow of two-phase mixture, boosted to a selected stagnation state and allowed to flow through a nozzle orifice into a long straight tube, is treated generically and analytically, making use of the basic laws of fluid mechanics and thermodynamics. Specific calculations have been performed using R-114 as the flowing medium. An attempt is made to identify and describe all possible flow conditions in and downstream of the nozzle for all possible stagnation conditions. (LEW)