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Enhanced oil recovery by CO/sub 2/ foam flooding. Annual report, October 1, 1982-September 30, 1983
The objective is to identify commercially available additives which are effective in reducing the mobility of carbon dioxide, CO/sub 2/, thereby improving its efficiency in the recovery of tertiary oil, and which are low enough in cost to be economically attractive. During the past year significant progress has been made in developing a commercial method of reducing the mobility of carbon dioxide in enhanced oil recovery processes. Four basic chemical structures, listed below, appear to show most promise for gas mobility control: (1) ethoxylated adducts of C/sub 8/ - C/sub 14/ linear alcohols; (2) sulfate esters of ethoxylated C/sub 9/ - C/sub 16/ linear alcohols; (3) low molecular weight co-polymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide; and (4) synthetic organic sulfonates. With the exception of the sulfonates, the above types are compatible with normal oil field brines, unaffected by the presence of crude oil and stable under conditions common in a petroleum reservoir. The second significant result during the year involves identification of several sulfonate structures that have high potential for mobility control for carbon dioxide. Commercial sulfonate additives are available that appear optimum for reservoirs where freshwater will be used to inject the surfactant solution. They can also be …
Date:
December 22, 1983
Creator:
unknown
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Microcrystalline silicon growth for heterojunction solar cells. Second quarterly report, 1 April 1983-30 June 1983
In this reporting period, a single source of evaporation with B mixed with highly doped Si was used instead of the co-evaporation of separate Si and B sources. The purpose was to reduce possible carbon contamination. The results of both the heterojunction or heteroface structures, however, were similar to last quarter when evaporation was used. The best Voc of the heterojunction was about 460mV and no improvement in Voc in the heteroface structure, was observed; slight Voc degradation occurred. A study of the p m-Si/p c-Si structure showed a negative Voc in many cases. The highest /sup 0/C voltage was up to -150mV. This indicated that the interface properties between the two materials are such that instead of repelling minority carriers from the substrate carrier, collection actually occurred. This structure defeated the purpose, but it might also mean that n-type m-Si could be beneficial and should be included in future study. Another study of cells made in the part of substrates not covered by m-Si resulted in performance lower than the controls. This indicated possible substrate degradation in the process, the extent of which will be studied in the future.
Date:
January 1, 1983
Creator:
Iles, P. A.; Leung, D. C. & Fang, P. H.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Final Report of Modeling of CWM Droplet Combustion
The objective of the present study was to develop a one-dimensional, unsteady state model for coal-water mixture droplet combustion, and to compare the characteristic times for the various processes, such as water vaporization, devolatilization and char oxidation with available experimental data. A water film surrounding a spherical coal particle is considered to undergo vaporization by heat transfer from the hot air. After the water vaporization is complete, devolatilization begins. This process is assumed to be kinetically controlled. Water vaporization and devolatilization processes are modeled by using a hybrid Eulerian-Lagrangian method to obtain the properties of the gas-phase and the condensed-phase. An explicit finite difference scheme is used to solve the Eulerian gas-phase equation where as a Runga-Kutta scheme is employed to solve the Lagrangian condensed-phase equations. The predicted characteristic times for water vaporization is in good agreement with values proposed in the literature. At the present time there is insufficient data to draw any conclusions on the model. Methods are proposed to refine the simple kinetic model which takes into account pore diffusion and mass transfer for devolatilization and char oxidation. 9 references, 12 figures.
Date:
October 1, 1983
Creator:
Pandalai, Krish; Aggarwal, Suresh & Sirignano, William
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Confirmation test for gas/slurry flow in SRC-I coal liquefaction process. Internal R and D final report
The overall objective of program 12.11.1 was to provide data needed to confirm the design of the transport system, slurry heat exchangers, and slurry feed manifolds for the SRC-I Demonstration Plant. Because of lack of funds, the program was terminated before most of the work was completed. Two studies related to distribution of two-phase flow in the heat exchanger tubes were finished. A special system was designed to measure slurry concentration and flow rate in different tubes. Results showed that withdrawing slurry samples from the sides of the tubes gives a reasonably accurate measure of the concentration. Flow rate was measured indirectly with a photodiode/digital counter arrangement that measured velocity of a gas slug injected in the tube. A simple linear correlation was found to exist between the average slurry velocity and the gas-slug velocity. 1 reference, 25 figures.
Date:
September 1, 1983
Creator:
Moujaes, S.F.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Development of BEACON technology. Quarterly report, April-June 1982
The BEACON process involves the catalytic deposition of a highly reactive form of carbon from a gas stream which contains carbon monoxide. The carbon-depleted gas is combusted with air to produce power, and the carbon is reacted with steam to produce methane or hydrogen. Experiments were continued this quarter with the objective of improving the carbon deposition efficiency using a Paraho retort off-gas mixture. Analysis has shown that the use of the Paraho off-gas to make hydrogen would be attractive if the ratio of the heat content of the feedgas to the heat content of the hydrogen produced is less than 3. Experimental conditions to achieve this ratio have been established. Recent work had shown that the volume of a BEACON supported catalyst bed increased with an increase in carbon loading level. Four series of experiments were performed where sieve analyses were made after one or more BEACON process cycles. These tests showed that the volume expansion is due to an increase in the number and size of the larger catalyst particles. The bench-scale testing of unsupported catalysts concentrated in two areas: (a) the completion of batch testing in the 4-inch reactor, and (b) the construction of the Tandem Reactor …
Date:
March 1, 1983
Creator:
unknown
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Low Cost Solar Array Project cell and module formation research area. Process research of non-CZ silicon material. Final report, November 26, 1980-September 30, 1983
The primary objective of the work reported was to investigate high-risk, high-payoff research areas associated with the Westinghouse process for producing photovoltaic modules using non-Czochralski sheet material. These tasks were addressed: technical feasibility study of forming front and back junctions using liquid dopant techniques, liquid diffusion mask feasibility study, application studies of antireflective material using a meniscus coater, ion implantation compatibility/feasibility study, and cost analysis. (LEW)
Date:
January 1, 1983
Creator:
Campbell, R.B.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Fluidized-bed waste-heat recovery system development. Semiannual report, February 1, 1983-July 31, 1983
A major energy loss in industry is the heat content of the flue gases from industrial process heaters. One effective way to utilize this energy, which is applicable to all processes, is to preheat the combustion air from the process heater. Although recuperators are available to preheat this air when the flue gases are clean, recuperators to recover the heat from dirty and corrosive flue gases do not exist. The Fluidized-Bed Waste-Heat Recovery (FBWHR) System is designed to preheat this combustion air using the heat available in dirty flue gas streams. In this system, a recirculating medium is heated by the flue gas in a fluidized bed. The hot medium is then removed from the bed and placed in a second fluidized bed where it is fluidized by the combustion air. Through this process, the combustion air is heated. The cooled medium is then returned to the first bed. Initial development of this concept is for the aluminum smelting industry. In this report, the accomplishments of the proceeding six-month period are described.
Date:
August 1, 1983
Creator:
Cole, W. E.; De Saro, R. & Joshi, C.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Studies in Coal Liquefaction with Application to the SRC and Related Processes. Final Report, November 1978-September 1983
The objective of this research program is to systematically investigate, characterize, and delineate the effects of changes in process operating conditions, equipment configuration, and nature of raw materials upon the kinetics, mechanism, and extent of coal dissolution, heteroatom removal, and hydrogenation in the SRC and closely related processes, for the purpose of providing an increased fundamental understanding of SRC process chemistry as well as guidelines and recommendations leading to economic and technical improvements in SRC technology. The program objectives were carried out in cooperation with the Souther Services' SRC pilot plant operation at Wilsonville, Alabama, and with the Rust Engineering subsidiary of Wheelabrator-Frye, Inc. The program is composed of the following 3 tasks: (1) mechanistic studies of coal particle dissolution; (2) catalysis by coal mineral matter; and (3) analytical support. A summary of the most important aspects of the work is presented in this report. Detailed results can be found by referring to the twenty quarterly reports and over thirty technical papers and presentations resulting from work under this contract.
Date:
January 1, 1983
Creator:
Tarrer, A. R.; Guin, J. A. & Curtis, C. W.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Studies on transition metals and alloy Fischer-Tropsch catalysts, their electronic and bulk properties. (I: Fe/MnO; II: Fe/TiO/sub 2/; III: Fe/Mord. ). Final report, July 1, 1982-September 30, 1983
The objectives were: (1) to characterize samples D1, 10% FeO/90% MnO, and D2, 48% FeO/52% MnO, under varying conditions of reduction (at 250/sup 0/C or 350/sup 0/C in H/sub 2/) and of syngas reaction 1:1 of CO:H/sub 2/ at 290/sup 0/C) and in some cases use CO only for reduction and to identify species by Moessbauer Spectroscopy and Magnetization (sigma/sub s) measurement; (2) similarly, to see if there is any metal (oxide)/support (Mordenite) interaction by the same techniques. The characterization was carried out with above techniques and the kinetic results for syngas were obtained on the above systems mostly at PETC. During reduction of Fe-oxide/Mn-oxide an intermediate Mn-ferrite phase was detected. After reduction, species such as Fe/sup 0/+Fe/sup 3 +/+Fe/sup 2 +/ in varying total proportions (45% at 290/sup 0/C and Fe/sup 0/+Fe/sup 2 +/ 75% were found at 350/sup 0/C). Syngas conversion showed Fe-carbides (Fe/sub 2/C/sub 2/+Fe/sub 3/C) depending on the reaction conditions, and the composition of D/sub 1/ and D/sub 2/. With the fresh ..gamma..-Fe/sub 2/O/sub 3/ (identified by Moessbauer) on Mordenites with varying ratios of SiO/sub 2//Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/, a decrease in (sigma/sub s/) was found with lowering of the ratios from 60 to 17. At 17% …
Date:
November 1, 1983
Creator:
Mulay, L.N.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Hot gas cleanup using solid supported molten salt for integrated coal gasification/molten carbonate fuel cell power plants. Topical report, October 1982-December 1983
Battelle, Pacific Northwest Laboratories is developing a solid supported molten salt (SSMS) hot gas cleanup process for integrated coal gasification/molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) power plants. Exploratory and demonstration experiments have been completed to select a salt composition and evaluate its potential for simultaneous hydrogen sulfide (H/sub 2/S) and hydrogen chloride (HCl) removal under the conditions projected for the MCFC plants. Results to date indicate that equilibrium capacity and removal efficiencies may be adequate for one step H/sub 2/S and HCl removal. Regeneration produced a lower H/sub 2/S concentration than expected, but one from which sulfur could be recovered. Bench scale experiments will be designed to confirm laboratory results, check carbonyl sulfide removal, refine dual cycle (sulfide-chloride) regeneration techniques and obtain data for engineering/economic evaluation and scale-up. 8 references, 24 figures, 7 tables.
Date:
December 1, 1983
Creator:
Lyke, S. E.; Sealock, L. J. Jr. & Roberts, G. L.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Centrifugal slurry pump wear and hydraulic studies. Phase II report. Experimental studies
This report describes the work performed by Ingersoll-Rand Research, Inc., under Phase II, Experimental Studies for the contract entitled, Centrifugal Slurry Pump Wear and Hydraulic Studies. This work was carried out for the US Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC-82PC50035. The basic development approach pursued this phase is presented, followed by a discussion on wear relationships. The analysis, which resulted in the development of a mathematical wear model relating pump life to some of the key design and operating parameters, is presented. The results, observations, and conclusions of the experimental investigation on small scale pumps that led to the selected design features for the prototype pump are discussed. The material investigation was performed at IRRI, ORNL and Battelle. The rationale for selecting the materials for testing, the test methods and apparatus used, and the results obtained are presented followed by a discussion on materials for a prototype pump. In addition, the prototype pump test facility description, as well as the related design and equipment details, are presented. 20 references, 53 figures, 13 tables.
Date:
January 1, 1983
Creator:
Mistry, D.; Cooper, P.; Biswas, C.; Sloteman, D. & Onuschak, A.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Application of the graphical unitary group approach to the energy second derivative for CI wave functions via the coupled perturbed CI equations
Analytic derivatives of the potential energy for Self-Consistent-Field (SCF) wave functions have been developed in recent years and found to be useful tools. The first derivative for configuration interaction (CI) wave functions is also available. This work details the extension of analytic methods to energy second derivatives for CI wave functions. The principal extension required for second derivatives is evaluation of the first order change in the CI wave function with respect to a nuclear perturbation. The shape driven graphical unitary group approach (SDGUGA) direct CI program was adapted to evaluate this term via the coupled-perturbed CI equations. Several iterative schemes are compared for use in solving these equations. The pilot program makes no use of molecular symmetry but the timing results show that utilization of molecular symmetry is desirable. The principles for defining and solving a set of symmetry adapted equations are discussed. Evaluation of the second derivative also requires the solution of the second order coupled-perturbed Hartree-Fock equations to obtain the correction to the molecular orbitals due to the nuclear perturbation. This process takes a consistently higher percentage of the computation time than for the first order equations alone and a strategy for its reduction is discussed.
Date:
October 1, 1983
Creator:
Fox, D.J.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Open Cycle Lithium Chloride Cooling System. Final Report, March 1, 1982-May 28, 1983
A lithium chloride open cycle absorption chiller has been designed, built and tested. Solution reconcentration takes place in a small counter-current packed column supplied with solar heated air. Removal of non-condensable gases that enter the chiller dissolved in the strong solution and the make-up refrigerant streams is accomplished by a liquid-jet ejector and a small vacuum pump. Cooling capacities approaching 1.4 tons and COP levels of 0.58 have been achieved at non-optimum operating conditions. Test results from preliminary system operation suggest that mass transfer processes in both the packed column reconcentrator and the absorber are controlled by concentration gradients in the lithium chloride solution. Liquid phase controlled mass transfer dictates an operating strategy different from the previously assumed gas phase controlled process to obtain maximum rates of evaporation in the packed column. Determination of optimal operating conditions leading to decreased electrical power consumption and improved cooling capacity and coefficient of performance will require further analysis and testing.
Date:
May 1, 1983
Creator:
Lenz, T. G.; Loef, G. O.G.; Iyer, R. & Wenger, J.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Some Scoping Experiments for a Space Reactor
Some scoping experiments were performed to evaluate fuel performance in a lithium heat pipe reactor operating at a nominal 1500K heat pipe temperature. Fuel-coolant and fuel-coolant-clad relationships showed that once a failed heat pipe occurs temperatures can rise high enough so that large concentrations of uranium can be transported by the vapor phase. Upon condensation this uranium would be capable of penetrating heat pipes adjacent to the failed pipe. The potential for propagation of failure exists with UO/sub 2/ and a lithium heat pipe. Changing the composition of the metal of the heat pipe would have only a second order effect on the kinetics of the failure mechanism. Uranium carbide and nitride were considered as potential fuels which are nonreactive in a lithium environment. At high temperatures the nitride would be favored because of its better compatibility with potential cladding materials. Compositions of UN with small additions of YN appear to offer very attractive properties for a compact high temperature high power density reactor.
Date:
July 7, 1983
Creator:
Alexander, C. A. & Ogden, J. S.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Advanced development of a pressurized ash agglomerating fluidized-bed coal gasification system. Quarterly progress report, October 1-December 31, 1982
The overall objective of the Westinghouse coal gasification program is to demonstrate the viability of the Westinghouse pressurized, fluidized bed, gasification system for the production of medium-Btu fuel gas for syngas, electrical power generation, chemical feedstocks, or industrial fuels and to obtain performance and scaleup data for the process and hardware. Progress reports are presented for the following tasks: (1) operation and maintenance of the process development unit (PDU); (2) process analysis; (3) cold flow scaleup facility; (4) process component engineering and design; and (5) laboratory support studies involving gas solids flow modeling and coal/ash behavior. 9 figures, 19 tables.
Date:
April 21, 1983
Creator:
unknown
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Assessment of tritium breeding requirements for fusion power reactors
This report presents an assessment of tritium-breeding requirements for fusion power reactors. The analysis is based on an evaluation of time-dependent tritium inventories in the reactor system. The method presented can be applied to any fusion systems in operation on a steady-state mode as well as on a pulsed mode. As an example, the UWMAK-I design was analyzed and it has been found that the startup inventory requirement calculated by the present method significantly differs from those previously calculated. The effect of reactor-parameter changes on the required tritium breeding ratio is also analyzed for a variety of reactor operation scenarios.
Date:
December 1, 1983
Creator:
Jung, J.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Kinetic analysis of dynamic PET data
Our goal is to quantify regional physiological processes such as blood flow and metabolism by means of tracer kinetic modeling and positron emission tomography (PET). Compartmental models are one way of characterizing the behavior of tracers in physiological systems. This paper describes a general method of estimating compartmental model rate constants from measurements of the concentration of tracers in blood and tissue, taken at multiple time intervals. A computer program which applies the method is described, and examples are shown for simulated and actual data acquired from the Donner 280-Crystal Positron Tomograph.
Date:
December 1, 1983
Creator:
Knittel, B.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Physical-Chemical Treatment of Tar Sand Processing Wastewater: [Final Report, Tasks 3-5]
The dewatering properties of residuals generated by flotation/foam fractionation treatment of TS-1S wastewater were evaluated. The leachate potential was studied for both chemical coagulation and flotation/foam fractionation sludges. A preliminary economic analysis was made comparing selected sludge disposal options and summarizing previously reported economic analysis of the chemical treatment alternatives.
Date:
November 1983
Creator:
King, Paul H.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Development of BEACON technology. Quarterly report, October-December 1982
The BEACON process involves the catalytic deposition of a highly reactive form of carbon from a gas stream which contains carbon monoxide. The carbon-depleted gas is combusted with air to produce power, and the carbon is reacted with steam to produce methane or hydrogen. During the quarter both SOHIO and TRW worked on catalysts which would suppress methane formation during steaming thus increasing the amount of hydrogen formed. At SOHIO a C77-K2 catalyst promoted with a Class II compound showed promise in laboratory tests for suppressing methane. At TRW a K-1 unsupported catalyst promoted with 10% of Additive F maintained methane suppression over 30 cycles in laboratory scale tests. Shakedown of the Tandem Reactor Apparatus was completed and testing was initiated under quasi-continuous transfer of solids between reactors. Nine short term tests were performed with K-1 based BEACON solids. The data from these tests indicate that the Tandem Reactor concept is valid and BEACON solids can be transferred efficiently in the fluidized state between the deposition and gasification reactors. A preliminary analysis of the potential of a BEACON combined cycle/hydrogen system with a hydrogen fuel cell has been performed. The BEACON process can be used to coproduce hydrogen and electric …
Date:
April 1, 1983
Creator:
unknown
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Critical Technology List update. Final technical report
ICRC has reviewed and updated its List of critical technology. The List comprises all proposed SRC-I Demonstration Plant equipment whose use has been determined to involve some degree of potential safety, performance, or environmental risk. ICRC has subjected equipment on the Critical Technology c to special technical review to ensure the highest possible level of quality and lowest cost commensurate with acceptable overall risks. Equipment or equipment systems still considered to be high risk are the following: Coal Slurry/Hot Oil Heat Exchangers, Coal Slurry Heaters, Second-Stage Feed Heaters, Vacuum Tower Heater, Vacuum Column, SRC/Light SRC Stripper - CSD, Severe Service Valves, Wastewater Reuse System, and the Solid Waste Disposal System. Equipment systems or pieces of equipment that have been downgraded to a lower risk category are the following: Coal Weigh-Feed System, Coal Slurry Dissolvers, Coal Dissolver Effluent Separator, and LC-Fining Reactors. Finally, ICRC has determined that many types of equipment are no longer Critical Technology, and has therefore removed them from the List.
Date:
March 1, 1983
Creator:
unknown
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Measurement of sin/sup 2/theta/sub w/ in Semileptonic nu Fe and anti nu Fe Interactions
We report results from neutral current scattering of muon neutrinos and antineutrinos on iron nuclei by the CCFRR experiment at Fermilab. Our objective is the measurement of sin/sup 2/theta/sub w/ from inclusive semileptonic neutrino-nucleon interactions. Such a measurement, even though it is subject to more corrections than the analogous measurement in neutrino-electron scattering (e.g. due to the presence of a strange quark sea in the nucleon), has a high degree of statistical accuracy and may afford the most precise test of the standard model of electro-weak interactions. Furthermore, the recent observations of the Z/sup 0/ and W/sup +-/ in proton-antiproton collisions give such a measurement added topical interest. The comparison of sin/sup 2/theta/sub w/ determined from the masses of the Z/sup 0/ and W/sup +-/ and from neutrino interactions, i.e. from different processes and energy regions, may hold some surprises. Finally, the grand-unified theories make definite predictions about the value of sin/sup 2/theta/sub w/ and the lifetime of the proton; sin/sup 2/theta/sub w/ measurements test the validity of these theories. The experiment was performed in Fermilab's dichromatic neutrino beam and utilized a large detector consisting of an iron-scintillator target calorimeter followed by a steel toroidal muon spectrometer.
Date:
October 1983
Creator:
Blair, R. E.; MacFarlane, D. B.; Messner, R. L.; Novikoff, D. B.; Purohit, M. V.; Merritt, F. S. et al.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Second-law efficiency of solar-thermal cavity receivers
Properly quantified performance of a solar-thermal cavity receiver must not only account for the energy gains and losses as dictated by the First Law of thermodynamics, but it must also account for the quality of that energy. However, energy quality can only be determined from the Second Law. In this paper an equation for the Second-Law efficiency of a cavity receiver is derived from the definition of available energy or availability (occassionally called exergy), which is a thermodynamic property that measures the maximum amount of work obtainable when a system is allowed to come into unrestrained equilibrium with the surrounding environment. The fundamental concepts of the entropy and availability of radiation are explored from which a convenient relationship among the reflected cone half angle, the insolation, and the concentrator geometric characteristics is developed as part of the derivation of the Second-Law efficiency. A comparison is made between First- and Second-Law efficiencies around an example of data collected from two receivers that were designed for different purposes. The author attempts to demonstrate that a Second-Law approach to quantifying the performance of a solar-thermal cavity receiver lends greater insight into the total performance than does the conventional First-Law method.
Date:
October 1, 1983
Creator:
Moynihan, P. I.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Fluidized bed waste heat recovery system. Annual report, 1 October 1981-31 March 1983
An agreement was reached in July 1982 with the Aluminum Company of America regarding the Massena operations in New York. Since that agreement, a specification has been published which characterizes the waste stream and includes ALCOA, DOE and Aerojet design requirements. Installation of the test unit has been engineered in preliminary form by ALCOA in close liaison with Aerojet and details are being established. A subcontract has been awarded for the design and fabrication of the fluid bed heat exchanger. Initial thermal analyses are complete and a preliminary arrangement layout has been started. Materials corrosion tests were conducted by Oak Ridge National Laboratory on samples of fluid bed heat exchanger materials under the range of temperatures expected. Samples included carbon steel, stainless steels and Incoloy. Test atmospheres included hydrogen chloride and chlorine corrosive species. A study was completed of the research and development which would be necessary to raise the gas inlet temperature rating of the heat exchanger above 1100/sup 0/F. This study has been formalized and submitted in a topical report and discussions are ongoing regarding an activity (Task VI) added to the present contract to conduct high temperature R and D work.
Date:
January 1, 1983
Creator:
Williams, H. W. & Unmack, K. E.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Internal R and D task summary report: analytical methods development
International Coal Refining Company (ICRC) conducted two research programs to develop analytical procedures for characterizing the feed, intermediates,and products of the proposed SRC-I Demonstration Plant. The major conclusion is that standard analytical methods must be defined and assigned statistical error limits of precision and reproducibility early in development. Comparing all SRC-I data or data from different processes is complex and expensive if common data correlation procedures are not followed. ICRC recommends that processes be audited analytically and statistical analyses generated as quickly as possible, in order to quantify process-dependent and -independent variables. 16 references, 10 figures, 20 tables.
Date:
July 1, 1983
Creator:
Schweighardt, F.K.
System:
The UNT Digital Library