Technical and economic assessments are given of solar water heaters, both circulating, and of air-based and liquid-based solar space heating systems. Both new and retrofit systems are considered. The technical status of flat-plate and evacuated tube collectors and of thermal storage is also covered. Non-technical factors are also briefly discussed, including the participants in the use of solar heat, incentives and deterrents. Policy implications are considered as regards acceleration of solar use, goals for solar use, means for achieving goals, and interaction of governments, suppliers, and users. Government actions are recommended. (LEW)

The status for related beneficial uses including agriculture, greenhousing, and geothermal wetlands is presented. Data published for the geothermal fluids found in areas of China have been examined and compared with the geothermal fluids used in the agriculture evaluations in the United States. This comparison indicates that the geothermal fluids found in parts of China are similar to those used in the US agriculture experiments. Greenhousing is addressed largely from the standpoint of hardware systems and technology being employed or being proposed in the United States.

In- and out-of plane angular distributions have been measured for sequential alpha decay from target-like fragments produced in fully relaxed heavy-ion collisions. At angles equal to or larger than the target-recoil direction, the {alpha}-particle energy spectra are evaporation- like and the in-plane angular distributions are consistent with isotropy in the rest frame of the target recoil. The out-of-plane distributions exhibit an anisotropy of approximately two. Fragment spins were extracted from these distributions as a function of mass asymmetry. These spins are in agreement with those obtained from a simultaneous gamma-ray multiplicity measurement. Both the fragment kinetic energies and intrinsic spins are consistent with rigid rotation of an intermediate complex consisting of two substantially deformed spheroids in near proximity.

General background is given for an understanding of the potential health effects in populations exposed to low-level ionizing radiations. The discussion is within the framework of the scientific deliberations and controversies that arose during preparation of the current report of the committee on the biological effects of ionizing radiation of the National Academy of Science - National Research Council (1980 Beir-III Report). (ACR)

From elemental analyses, thermogravimetric-mass spectroscopy studies and re-evaluation of previous water diffusion studies in Kevlar 49 fibers it is concluded that these fibers can contain two types of sorbed moisture. The fibers can absorb up to approx. 6 wt % loosely bound water with an activation energy for outgassing by desorption of 6 kcal/mole. This loosely bound water is a direct result of the presence of Na/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ impurities and the perturbations they induce on the packing of the rod-like poly (p-phenylene terephthalamide) macromolecules. Kevlar 49 fibers also inherently contain up to 30 wt % additional water which is tightly bound within the crystal lattice. This water exhibits an activation energy for outgassing by diffusion of approx. 40 kcal/mole and is only evolved from the fiber in significant quantities at t > 350/sup 0/C over a period of hours.

A method has been developed for determining the dose received by a person while crossing a plume of radioactive material. The method uses a Gaussian plume model to arrive at a dose rate on the plume centerline at the position of the plume crossing. This dose rate may be due to any external or internal dose pathway. An algebraic formula can then be used to convert the plume centerline dose rate to a total dose integrated over the total time of plume crossing. Correction factors are presented for dose pathways in which the dose rate is not normally distributed about the plume centerline. The method is illustrated by a study done at the Pacific Northwest Laboratory, and results of this study are presented.

The advent of the personal microcomputer provides a new tool for the debugging, calibration and monitoring of small scale physics apparatus, e.g., a single detector being developed for a larger physics apparatus. With an appropriate interface these microcomputer systems provide a low cost (1/3 the cost of a comparable minicomputer system), convenient, dedicated, portable system which can be used in a fashion similar to that of portable oscilloscopes. Here, an interface between the Apple computer and CAMAC which is now being used to study the detector for a Cerenkov ring-imaging device is described. The Apple is particularly well-suited to this application because of its ease of use, hi-resolution graphics, peripheral bus and documentation support.

The selective reduction of NO by NH/sub 3/ addition has been studied in a lean-burning oil-fired laboratory combustion tunnel as a function of equivalence ratio, NH/sub 3/ injection temperature, concentration of NH/sub 3/ added, and the source of NO. Ammonia breakthrough was found to depend strongly on the NH/sub 3/ addition temperature. The total concentration of nitrogen containing species other N/sub 2/, NO, and NH/sub 3/ was measured with a variety of techniques and was found to be less than 5 ppM over the range of conditions studied.

The dynamic response to a seismic event is calculated for a piping system using a response spectrum analysis method and two time history analysis methods. The results from the analytical methods are compared to identify causes for the differences between the sets of analytical results. Comparative methods are also presented which help to gain confidence in the accuracy of the analytical methods in predicting piping system structure response during seismic events.

When plastics are combined with mixtures of inorganic materials, high-strength, durable, fast-setting composites are produced. These materials are used in structural engineering and other applications, and as a result of the successes obtained to date, considerable research and development work is in progress throughout the world. One family of polymer-based composites receiving considerable attention is the concrete-polymer materials. Work in this area is directed toward developing new high-strength durable materials by combining cement and concrete technology with that of polymer chemistry. In addition to the significant property enhancement, many combinations of siliceous materials with polymers require lower energy inputs per unit of performance than either component alone.

A model is presented to characterize solar radiation with just three input parameters for each day. This compressed daily radiation data may be used in place of hourly data in simulations of passive solar buildings. This method is tested with the SUNCAT passive simulation. Global horizontal and direct normal radiation data are input using the compressed daily form instead of by hour. Simulation results are found to be comparable to results based on hourly radiation data.

The rationale, methodology, finished product, and evaluation of a series of short, topical films of various solar applications are presented. They were produced for use on prime-television news programming.

The energy problem in a residence is substantially different from that in a commercial building; therefore, the approach to using renewable resources in a commercial building differs from that in a residence. For this reason, educational materials, seminars, and workshops developed to teach architects and engineers basic design principles to integrate renewable energy into commercial buildings must differ from that developed for residential building designers. The purpose of this paper is to identify some of the differences in approach between residential and commercial solar design, discuss what the Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI) Commercial Buildings Group has learned about educating commercial building design professionals through experience, and describe the American Institute of Architects (AIA) national effort to educate architects about energy-conscious design.

We have developed an in-situ electromagnetic velocity (EMV) gauge system for use in multiple-gauge studies of initiating and detonating explosives. We have also investigated the risetime of the gauge and the manner in which it perturbs a reactive flow. We report on the special precautions that are necessary in multiple gauge experiments to reduce lead spreading, simplify target fabrication problems and minimize cross talk through the conducting explosive. Agreement between measured stress records and calculations from multiple velocity gauge data give us confidence that our velocity gauges are recording properly. We have used laser velocity interferometry to measure the gauge risetime in polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). To resolve the difference in the two methods, we have examined hydrodynamic and material rate effects. In addition, we considered the effects of shock tilt, electronic response and magntic diffusion on the gauge's response time.

A new model has been developed for calculation of fluid-phase equilibria of asymmetric mixtures. This local-composition model extends the quasi-chemical theory of Guggenheim (known to correlate well liquid-state activity coefficients) to fluids of all densities. The model can be applied to any equation of state, contains only one new adjustable parameter per binary pair, and can be extended to multicomponent mixtures of large and small molecules by use of the surface areas of the molecules. Although the local-composition model is a nonrandomness approach, all randomness boundary conditions are met. Significant improvement over the random-mixing model is shown for the prediction of vapor-liquid equilibria of methane/water and ethane/water systems.

Miniature holes are produced on 16 different types of mechanical drilling equipment. Each equipment type has significant advantages for a specific type of part. The basic capabilities vary greatly between equipment types. Some produce very precise holes and others produce very high volumes of commercial tolerance holes. At the present time machines are available for mechanicaly drilling up to 100,000 miniature holes per hour. Lasers currently are drilling as many as 15,000,000 ultra-miniature holes per hour.

The role of fluctuations in deep inelastic collisions is discussed. The relevance of the statistical equilibrium limit to the description of substantially relaxed degrees of freedom is assessed. The effects of fluctuations are considered specifically for the following processes: (a) the correlation between entrance-channel angular momentum and exit-channel kinetic energy; (b) the sharing of the dissipated kinetic energy between the two fragments; (c) the alignment of the fragment angular momentum. It is found that statistical fluctuations play a major role and that the statistical equilibrium limit seems to have been reached in a number of instances.

The purpose of this communication is threefold. 1) To confirm the presence of and to characterize the precipitates in the ferrite phase of the base + Nb and base + Mo steels, 2) to study any possible variation in precipitate density as the martensitic volume fraction is changed and 3) to determine the level of precipitation strengthening.

Data from four independent water flow tests of 217 pin wire wrap spaced LMFBR fuel assemblies were analyzed and a friction factor correlation was developed. The data show that the mean friction factor varied little from one test to the next and the test statistics show that at a 3sigma confidence level, the uncertainty of predicting the friction factor is less than 1.7% from Reynolds numbers of 1000 to 100,000.

Results compiled from a parametric study of several variables that effect ground-coupling techniques for buildings in hot, arid regions are discussed. Finite difference models were devised and analyzed by the computer program SPICE to quantify these effects. Earlier results showed that berming or burying a structure to a depth of 3.6 m and insulating only the roof plane reduce the cooling load by 40% and virtually eliminate the heating load compared to a well-insulated building on the surface. Soil isotherm contours and heat flux results from surface and earth-integrated buildings are presented to further compare their thermal behavior.

Three experiments are described in which H/sup -/ or D/sup -/ ions have been produced by backscattering from surfaces coated with alkali metals: (1) Backscattering of H/sup -/ and D/sup -/ produced by 0.15- to 4-keV/nucleus H/sub 2//sup +/, H/sub 3//sup +/, D/sub 2//sup +/, and D/sub 3//sup +/ bombarding clean targets of Cs, Rb, K, Na, and Li. For each target, the H/sup -/ and D/sup -/ yields were maximized at incident energies between 300 and 1200 eV/nucleus and always at a lower incident energy for H than for D on a given target. At any given incident energy, both the H/sup -/ and D/sup -/ yields decreased in going from Cs to Li in the order given above. (2) A Mo surface was bombarded by a low-energy flux of H atoms produced in a tungsten furnace. As the surface work function was reduced by evaporating Cs onto the target, a small fraction (10/sup -9/) of the incident hydrogen atoms was observed as backscattered H/sup -/ ions. (3) Surfaces of Mo, W, Pt, Ni, Cu, Re, Ta, and Pd were bombarded by hydrogen ions produced in a discharge. Two classes of H/sup -/ ions were observed when Cs was …

Calculations suggest that experiments relating to beam deposition, focusing and transport can be performed within the context of current test-bed accelerator design proposals. Since the test beds have lower ion kinetic energy and beam pulse power as compared to reactor drivers, we achieve high-beam intensities at the focal spot by using short focal distance and properly designed beam optics. In this regard, the extremely low beam emittance of suggested multi-beam designs are very useful. Preliminary results suggest that intensities of greater than 100 TW/cm/sup 2/ are achievable. Given these intensities, deposition experiments with heating of disks to greater than 100 eV are expected. We could also expect as much as 1 to 3 kA of incident ion current on these disks with beam intensities almost comparable to that of reactor targets. Thus, if any anomalous plasma effects on deposition emerge, the conditions should be available for testing some of them. On the other hand, these deposition experiments have low ion kinetic energy per nucleon. About 4 to 5 MeV/nucleon is achievable if lighter ions such as sodium were used. But for lighter ions, plasma effects in deposition might be more severe because heavy-ion beams are more stiff.

This study is aimed at studying the possible alteration of the groundwater regime in and around the C-a and the C-b tracts due to the proposed MIS strategies. Results suggest that mine-inflow rates will gradually increase with time and that the phreatic surface will be drawn down significantly over several square kilometers around the C-a and C-b tracts. These drawdowns could have profound effects on the shallow groundwater and surface water supplies. The expected inflow rates may vary from 0.15 to 1.4 m/sup 3//s at the C-a tract and from 0.5 to 0.9 m/sup 3//s at the C-b tract. The computations suggest that over a 30-y period of activity at the C-a tract, the water table in the vicinity of a tributary to the Yellow Creek may be drawn down by as much as 31 m. Similarly, 60 years of MIS retorting at the C-b tract may draw down the water table in the vicnity of the Piceance Creek by 100 m or more. The studies indicate that in an expanding mine, the inflows are likely to be concentrated in the neighborhood of newly excavated regions where hydraulic gradients will be highest. It has been estimated that inflow into individual …

The roles of the various participants in the Residential Conservation Service (RCS) program are examined, with special attention to their potential influence on the program's effectiveness in accelerating solar commercialization. Cooperation and support of the participants will be necessary for the information and implementation assistance goals of the program to be achieved, but resistance and obstructions are noted.