A laser system specifically designed to study the kinetics of electron-beam driven systems is described. Details of the system are given along with measurements of the electron-beam uniformity and deposition in the laser medium. Some HF laser results obtained with this system are also given.

The 200 Sand Steamflood Demonstration Project is testing an enhanced steamflooding technique in the Midway-Sunset Field, Kern County, California. This project was initiated to demonstrate the operational, recovery, and economic aspects of steamflooding a typical heavy oil reservoir which had unfavorable response to cyclic steam stimulation. A pilot test was conducted in four (4) 2.35 acre inverted seven-spot steam drive patterns, which were not fully developed with producers. As a result of the response shown by the pilot, in April 1980, work began to expand the pilot area to a total of fourteen (14) fully developed 2.35 acre inverted seven-spot patterns. Expansion to a full-scale steamflood test will consist of drilling and completing 30 producing wells and 10 steam injection wells. The reservoir contains approximately 50 million barrels of oil-in-place in a structure that lies between 400 and 700 feet in depth.

The Coolidge Solar Irrigation Facility at Coolidge, Arizona, consists of a 2136.8-m/sup 2/ (23,000-ft/sup 2/) line-focus parabolic trough collector subsystem, a 113.55-m/sup 3/ (30,000-gallon) thermal storage subsystem, and a 150-kW/sub e/ (142.2-Btu/s) organic Rankine cycle power generation unit. The performance of the facility and its operational and maintenance requirements are reported. The period from the the facility's initial operation in October 1979 to 31 August 1980 is covered.

The absolute cross sections for the single, double, triple and quadruple ionization of Cs/sup +/ ions by electron impact have been measured from below their respective thresholds to approximately 5000 eV. This determination has been accomplshed using a crossed beam facility in which monoenergetic beams of ions and electrons are caused to intersect at right angles in a well-defined collision volume. Multiply charged, product ions born as a result of the electron impact are deflected into their respective detectors by cascaded electrostatic analyzers. The multiply charged beam current component is measured by means of a vibrating reed electrometer operating in the rate-of-charge mode.

The procedures and status of the absolute measurement of the neutron capture cross sections for /sup 115/In and /sup 232/Th are described. Work on the /sup 239/Pu fission fragment anisotropy and absolute measurement of the fast neutron fission cross section for /sup 233/U are briefly described. Progress in establishing the 14 MeV neutron measurements at the facility are discussed. (WHK)

The techniques used for acquisition and preparation of large specimens of rock for laboratory testing depend upon the location of the specimen, the type of rock and the equipment available at the sampling site. Examples are presented to illustrate sampling and preparation techniques used for two large cylindrical samples of granitic material, one pervasively fractured and one containing a single fracture.

The surface layers of tokamak plasmas are strongly unstable to low frequency oscillations. The limiter, by imposing a non-axisymmetric state in the plasma scrape-off layer, may be the source of the free energy driving the instabilities. An active, two-faced sandwich limiter is proposed to symmetrize the scrape-off layer, thereby minimizing the mismatch between the inner and outer tokamak states.

This report presents the results of work performed from October 1, 1980 through December 31, 1980 on the Advanced Gas- Cooled Nuclear Reactor Materials Evaluation and Development Program.

The purpose of this research is to develop methods to process fly ash for the separation and use of an iron-rich fraction, for the recovery of metals, primarily Al and Ti, and for use of the process residues. Research during this report period of the HiChlor process for the extraction of alumina and titania by high-temperature chlorination of a fly ash-reductant mixture included investigation of the simulation of the reactions as a design tool, the assembly of a unit to measure reaction kinetic rates and particle specific surface areas and porosities, and the design of equipment to measure necessary chloride product separation data. A pretreatment chlorination reaction using CO and Cl/sub 2/ was found to be capable of removing 80% of the iron with only minimal alumina and silica reaction. Development of the lime-soda sinter process includes the collection of data on the phenomenon of auto-disintegration of lime-fly ash sinters. Results indicate that it is the presence of minor constituents having +5 pr +6 valence cations of a size that can enter the lattice of the calcium silicate which prevent sinter auto-disintegration.

The objectives of the current test program include: validation of predictions from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Coal Atmospheric Fluidized Bed Combustor System Model; experimental studies supporting AFBC process developments; and the collection of transient data for process control design. This topical report summarizes results from cold mode testing, i.e., experiments performed without combustion for MIT Model verification. During these tests, sulfated limestone (generated from normal AFBC operations) was fluidized with air at temperatures ranging from 80 to 500/sup 0/F in the 3' x 3' (nominal) size PDU at Alexandria, VA. The MIT Model predictions tested include: slumped bed height, minimum fluidization velocity, and expanded bed height. In all cases, there were large discrepancies between the Model predictions and corresponding experimental results. Other results obtained included solids size distribution and particle size profiles in the bed. Size distribution was adequately modeled by the Rosin-Rammler equation. No transient process data was collected due to hardware problems with the Data Acquisition System. Tests were also performed to determine the effect of maldistribution of air, caused by leaks in the air distributor, on experimental results. The data indicated that effects of these leaks seemed to be undetectable.

The resonance absorption of fast Alfven waves at the proton ctclotron resonance of a predominately deuterium plasma is investigated. An approximate dispersion relation is derived, valid in the vicinity of the resonance, which permits an exact calculation of transmission and reflection coefficients. For reasonable plasma parameters significant linear resonance absorption is found.

Progress is reported on the following: theoretical modeling, deposition and doping studies, experimental methods for the characterization of a-Si:H, formation of solar-cell structures, theoretical and experimental evaluation of solar-cell parameters, and stability studies. (MHR)

Progress has been ahead of planned expectations in three instances: (a) achievement of 4 mA/cm/sup 2/, short circuit current density in a MIS structure solar cell under AM1 illumination; (b) fabrication of large area (4 cm/sup 2/) MIS cells with external J/sub sc/ > 3 mA/cm/sup 2/; and (c) deposition of p/sup +/ layers by B/sub 2/H/sub 6/ gas phase doping. A program status table is included. Reproducible n layers are now routinely deposited by sputtering in Ar, H/sub 2/, and PH/sub 3/ gases. The major remaining obstacle to the goal of a 3.5% cell is the deposition of a quality i-layer. Although information deduced from infrared absorption and Raman data indicates that most of the hydrogen is bonded in the SiH configuration, the photoconductivity of the intrinsic material requires marked improvement. Two forms of magnetron sputtering, planar and cylindrical, are being exploited. The planar deposition system has the advantage that experimental costs are low; the cylindrical system is easily scalable to large product throughput. Schematic illustrations of the two systems and descriptions of apparatus modifications incorporated are included.

A number of binary geothermal cycles utilizing mixed hydrocarbon working fluids were analyzed with the overall objective of finding a working fluid which can produce low-cost electrical energy using a moderately-low temperature geothermal resource. Both boiling and supercritical shell-and-tube cycles were considered. The performance of a dual-boiling isobutane cycle supplied by a 280/sup 0/F hydrothermal resource (corresponding to the 5 MW pilot plant at the Raft River site in Idaho) was selected as a reference. To investigate the effect of resource temperature on the choice of working fluid, several analyses were conducted for a 360/sup 0/F hydrothermal resource, which is representative of the Heber resource in California. The hydrocarbon working fluids analyzed included methane, ethane, propane, isobutane, isopentane, hexane, heptane, and mixtures of those pure hydrocarbons. For comparison, two fluorocarbon refrigerants were also analyzed. These fluorocarbons, R-115 and R-22, were suggested as resulting in high values of net plant geofluid effectiveness (watt-hr/lbm geofluid) at the two resource temperatures chosen for the study. Preliminary estimates of relative heat exchanger size (product of overall heat transfer coefficient times heater surface area) were made for a number of the better performing cycles.

An evaluation of 11 types of secondary batteries for energy storage in photovoltaic electric power systems is given. The evaluation was based on six specific application scenarios which were selected to represent the diverse requirements of various photovoltaic systems. Electrical load characteristics and solar insulation data were first obtained for each application scenario. A computer-based simulation program, SOLSIM, was then developed to determine optimal sizes for battery, solar array, and power conditioning systems. Projected service lives and battery costs were used to estimate life-cycle costs for each candidate battery type. The evaluation considered battery life-cycle cost, safety and health effects associated with battery operation, and reliability/maintainability. The 11 battery types were: lead-acid, nickel-zinc, nickel-iron, nickel-hydrogen, lithium-iron sulfide, calcium-iron sulfide, sodium-sulfur, zinc-chlorine, zinc-bromine, Redox, and zinc-ferricyanide. The six application scenarios were: (1) a single-family house in Denver, Colorado (photovoltaic system connected to the utility line); (2) a remote village in equatorial Africa (stand-alone power system); (3) a dairy farm in Howard County, Maryland (onsite generator for backup power); (4) a 50,000 square foot office building in Washington, DC (onsite generator backup); (5) a community in central Arizona with a population of 10,000 (battery to be used for dedicated energy storage for …

In 1977, Congress directed DOE to create an energy grants program with the object of funding individuals, small businesses, and nonprofit organizations to develop technologies that use renewable energy resources. The Small Grants Program was created and this report assesses the energy savings potential of the program. The first step in the analysis was to assess the energy-savings potential of 57 projects. Program energy savings were then estimated from project savings using statistical inference. Chapter 2 presents estimates of direct energy savings for the 57 projects and discusses direct energy savings. Chapter 3 discusses the methods and results of the economic analysis. Chapter 4 examines the indirect savings. Because of the large size of the sample, neither project descriptions nor specific details of each project analysis are included. Instead, two examples from the analysis are presented in Chapters 2, 3, and 4 to illustrate the methods. The results of the analysis and key project data are summarized. Chapter 5 presents estimates of program energy savings and the methods used to obtain them. The report concludes with a discussion of how improved project selection can increase program energy savings and present two approaches for conducting future energy-impact studies.

This study enhances the formulation of a national incentive policy for renewable resource utilization by examining past incentives for traditional energy forms. The research summarized builds on an analysis which estimated that in the years between 1918 and 1977 the Federal government expended $217.4 billion (1977 dollars), representing 33 distinct incentives, for incentives to stimulate energy production. The energy types considered were nuclear, hydroelectricity, coal, oil, natural gas, and electricity. The present study shows that extra production induced by the incentives considered was at least 61 quadrillion Btu (quad). A summary is presented of the results of the 33 incentives in terms of their effects on energy price and quantity as well as on nonquantifiable values such as Federal-state relations, competition, and capital formation. The findings are reported so that the dialog can continue to incorporate the lessons from past incentives to the production of energy from traditional sources into a Federal renewable resource energy policy. They are reported as a budget to serve as a point of departure for future debate centering on the cost of specific Federal actions over relatively short periods.

The Energy Policy and Conservation Act (EPCA) authorized DOE to implement an energy-conservation program for major household consumer products. Included in this legislation is a mandate to establish minimum energy-efficiency standards for each type or class of covered consumer product. In order to assure compliance by all manufacturers, procedures must be developed and implemented to permit DOE to verify that each manufacturer's products meet or exceed the prescribed efficiency standard. Vitro Laboratories performed analysis to assist DOE in developing a Certification/Enforcement Program for Consumer-Product Efficiency Standards meeting the requirements of EPCA. The specific work performed was defined by three tasks under the orginal contract and five tasks under a subsequent modification of the contract. Each task is described.

Categorization supports decision making, letting an analyst look at data from different perspectives and different levels of detail. An approach to data analysis is described in which membership in subjectively defined categories is modeled by the fuzzy nature of color categories and presented via computer graphics for visual inspection by the analyst.

Assessment of the post-closure performance of a nuclear waste repository has two basic components: the identification and analysis of potentially disruptive sequences and the pattern of geologic events and processes causing each sequence, and the identification and analysis of the environmental consequences of radionuclide transport and interactions subsequent to disruption of a repository. The AEGIS Scenario Analysis Task is charged with identifying and analyzing potenially disruptive sequences of geologic events and processes. The Geologic Simulation Model (GSM) was developed to evaluate the geologic/hydrologic system surrounding an underground repository, and describe the phenomena that alone, or in concert, could perturb the system and possibly cause a loss of repository integrity. The AEGIS approach is described in this report. It uses an integrated series of models for repository performance analysis; the GSM for a low-resolution, long-term, comprehensive evaluation of the geologic/hydrologic system, followed by more detailed hydrogeologic, radionuclide transport, and dose models to more accurately assess the consequences of disruptive sequences selected from the GSM analyses. This approach is felt to be more cost-effective than an integrated one because the GSM can be used to estimate the likelihoods of different potentially disruptive future evolutionary developments within the geologic/hydrologic system. The more costly …

Individual papers were indexed for inclusion in the data base.

In developing solar collectors, wind loading is the major structural design consideration. Wind loading investigations have focused on establishing safe bounds for steady state loading and verifying rational but initial and conservative design approaches for the various solar collector concepts. As such, the effort has been very successful, and has contributed greatly to both the recognition and qualitative understanding of many of the physical phenomena involved. Loading coefficients corresponding to mean wind velocities have been derived in these prior studies to measure the expected structural loading on the various solar collectors. Current design and testing procedures for wind loading are discussed. The test results corresponding to numerous wind tests on heliostats, parabolic troughs, parabolic dishes, and field mounted photovoltaic arrays are discussed and the applicability of the findings across the various technologies is assessed. One of the most significant consistencies in the data from all the technologies is the apparent benefit provided by fences and field shielding. Taken in toto, these data show that load reductions of three or possibly more seem feasible, though a more thorough understanding of the phenomena involved must be attained before this benefit can be realized. It is recommended that the required understanding be developed …

The development of mathematical models that describe the complex heat transfer processes which occur in industrial combustion chambers is discussed. These combustor models are grouped as either pure heat transfer models or as coupled fluid flow, combustion, and heat transfer models. Two models of the first type and one of the second type are described together with some basic assumptions and sample problems which illustrate their major features and capabilities. (LCL)

At current production levels, direct energy savings achievable in primary magnesium production are 1.2 milliquads of energy per annum. Were magnesium to penetrate the automotive market to an average level of 50 pounds per vehicle, the resultant energy savings at the production stage would be somewhat larger, but the resulting savings in gasoline would conserve an estimated 325 milliquads of energy per year. The principal barrier to more widespread use of magnesium in the immediate future is its price. A price reduction of magnesium of 10% would lead to widespread conversion of aluminum die and permanent mold castings to magnesium. This report addresses the technology of electrolytic and thermic magnesium production and the economics of expanded magnesium production and use.