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Start Over Year 1981 Day 4th Language English

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(open access)

Preliminary plan for the development of geothermal energy in the town of Hawthorne, Nevada

Site characteristics pertinent to the geothermal development are described, including: physiography, demography, economy, and goals and objectives of the citizens as they relate to geothermal development. The geothermal reservoir is characterized on the basis of available information. The probable drilling depth to the reservoir, anticipated water production rates, water quality, and resource temperature are indicated. Uses of the energy that seem appropriate to the situation both now and in the near future at Hawthorne are described. The essential institutional requirements for geothermal energy development are discussed, including the financial, environmental, and legal and regulatory aspects. The various steps that are necessary to accomplish the construction of the geothermal district heating system are described.

Date: November 4, 1981

Creator: unknown

Object Type: Report

System: The UNT Digital Library

(open access)

Constructibility issues associated with a nuclear waste repository in basalt

This report contains the text and slide reproductions of a speech on nuclear waste disposal in basalt. The presentation addresses the layout of repository access shafts and subsurface facilities resulting from the conceptual design of a nuclear repository in basalt. The constructibility issues that must be resolved prior to construction are described. (DMC)

Date: December 4, 1981

Creator: Turner, D.A.

Object Type: Article

System: The UNT Digital Library

(open access)

Self-actuating reactor-shutdown system. [LMFBR]

A control system for the automatic or self-actuated shutdown or scram of a nuclear reactor is described. The system is capable of initiating scram insertion by a signal from the plant protection system or by independent action directly sensing reactor conditions of low-flow or over-power. Self-actuation due to a loss of reactor coolant flow results from a decrease of pressure differential between the upper and lower ends of an absorber element. When the force due to this differential falls below the weight of the element, the element will fall by gravitational force to scram the reactor. Self-actuation due to high neutron flux is accomplished via a valve controlled by an electromagnet and a thermionic diode. In a reactor over-power, the diode will be heated to a change of state causing the electromagnet to be shorted thereby actuating the valve which provides the changed flow and pressure conditions required for scramming the absorber element.

Date: June 4, 1981

Creator: Barrus, D.M.; Brummond, W.A. & Peterson, L.F.

Object Type: Patent

System: The UNT Digital Library

(open access)

Health and environmental effects document on geothermal energy: 1981

Several of the important health and environmental risks associated with a reference geothermal industry that produces 21,000 MW/sub e/ for 30 y (equivalent to 20 x 10/sup 18/ J) are assessed. The analyses of health effects focus on the risks associated with exposure to hydrogen sulfide, particulate sulfate, benzene, mercury, and radon in air and arsenic in water. Results indicate that emissions of hydrogen sulfide are likely to cause odor-related problems in geothermal resources areas, assuming that no pollution controls are employed. For individuals living within an 80 km radius of the geothermal resources, chronic exposure to particulate sulfate could result in between 0 to 95 premature deaths per 10/sup 18/ J of electricity generated. The mean population risk of leukemia from the inhalation of benzene was calculated to be 3 x 10/sup -2/ cases per 10/sup 18/ J. Exposure to elemental mercury in the atmosphere could produce between 0 and 8.2 cases of tremors per 10/sup 18/ J of electricity. Inhalation of radon and its short-lived daughters poses a mean population risk of 4.2 x 10/sup -1/ lung cancers per 10/sup 18/ J. Analysis of skin cancer risk from the ingestion of surface water contaminated with geothermally derived arsenic …

Date: December 4, 1981

Creator: Layton, D. W.; Anspaugh, L. R. & O'Banion, K. D.

Object Type: Report

System: The UNT Digital Library

(open access)

Preliminary plan for the development of geothermal energy in the town of Hawthorne, Nevada

The results of the analyses as well as a plan for the development of the geothermal resource are described. Site characteristics pertinent to the geothermal development are described. These characteristics include physiography, demography, economy, and goals and ojectives of the citizens as they would relate to geothermal development. The geothermal resource is described. The reservoir is characterized on the basis of available information. The probable drilling depth to the reservoir, anticipated water production rates, water quality, and resource temperatures ae indicated. Uses of the energy that seem appropriate to the situation both now and in the near future at Hawthorne are described. The amounts and types of energy currently consumed by end users are estimated. Using this data base, conceptual engineering designs and cost estimates for three alternative district heating systems are presented. In addition, the results of a life cycle cost analysis for these alternatives are discussed. The essential institutional requirements for geothermal energy development, including the financial, environmental, and legal and regulatory aspects are discussed. The various steps that are necessary to accomplish the construction of the geothermal district heating system at Hawthorne are described. A time-line chart shows the tasks, the time estimated to be required for …

Date: November 4, 1981

Creator: unknown

Object Type: Report

System: The UNT Digital Library

(open access)

Status of Measurements for Radiation Protection

The Dose Equivalent Index (DEI) has been proposed as a dosimetric standard. We have considered the impact of the change on health physics instrumentation measurements and have evaluated the probable errors of representative instruments for measuring the DEI. Little change is found from earlier slab standards. A more important consideration is the appropriateness of the use of the DEI as a dosimetric standard. The DEI may be satisfactory from a conservative viewpoint, but is not necessarily proportional to the true radiological risks involved. An alternate parameter (such as the 1 cm depth dose equivalent for an isotropically irradiated 30 cm sphere as suggested by Kramer) may be more appropriate.

Date: December 4, 1981

Creator: Armantrout, G. A.

Object Type: Report

System: The UNT Digital Library

(open access)

Delta-t protocol specification: working draft

This document is one of a series describing protocols associated with the Livermore Interactive Network Communication System (LINCS) hierarchical architecture. At the heart of LINCS is its basic interprocess communication (LINCS-IPC) service. LINCS-IPC defines a reliable, flow controlled, full duplex, uninterpreted, labeled bit stream communication service. LINCS-IPC is level 4 in the LINCS architecture. Level 3 of LINCS is the Network layer defining an internetwork datagram type service. LINCS-IPC interfaces to User processes that utilize higher level syntactic and semantic conventions for process interaction. The transport service provided by the Delta-t protocol can be considered a sublayer of the LINCS-IPC layer. Delta-t augments the Network level service as required to support LINCS-IPC. This document specifies the services provided by the Delta-t protocol to support LINCS-IPC, the operation of Delta-t, and the services Delta-t requires of the Network level. This document was written to be self-contained but the reader will find it useful to have available for reference the LINCS-IPC and LINCS DeltaGram Network layer protocol specifications. Implementations are underway in Pascal for the PDP-11 running under RT11 and RX11, in BLISS for the VAX running under VMS, in MODEL for the CRAY-1 and CDC 7600 running under NLTSS and LTSS, …

Date: December 4, 1981

Creator: Watson, R.W.

Object Type: Report

System: The UNT Digital Library

(open access)

The Tulia Herald (Tulia, Tex.), Vol. 73, No. 23, Ed. 1 Thursday, June 4, 1981

Weekly newspaper from Tulia, Texas that includes local, state and national news along with extensive advertising.

Date: June 4, 1981

Creator: Tooley, Wendell

Object Type: Newspaper

System: The Portal to Texas History

(open access)

Freeze-protection loop for direct solar-water-heating systems. Final report

Even a one-time freeze condition can do destructive damage to a direct solar water heating system. The project funded under grant DE-FG4480R4, 1-1-80 to 8-1-81, proposed to demonstrate a simple installation procedure whereby thermosiphoning warm water from storage would prevent solar collectors from freezing. Installing the freeze protection loop in owner maintained solar systems was inconclusive. Owners were not attentive to freeze warnings or did not understand the simple instructions. A controlled situation was established using a refrigerator to produce below freezing temperatures. Experiments conducted with this equipment showed that the thermosiphoning principle could not be relied on to prevent freezing. Thermosiphoning cannot be relied on to prevent freezing in a direct solar water heating system. The direct system is an effective means of heating water in north Florida, but the system must be drained, either manually or automatically, to provide reliable system protection.

Date: November 4, 1981

Creator: unknown

Object Type: Report

System: The UNT Digital Library

(open access)

Methods for developing seismic and extreme wind-hazard models for evaluating critical structures and equipment at US Department of Energy facilities and commercial plutonium facilities in the United States

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) is developing seismic and wind hazard models for the US Department of Energy (DOE). The work is part of a three-phase effort to establish building design criteria developed with a uniform methodology for seismic and wind hazards at the various DOE sites throughout the United States. In Phase 1, LLNL gathered information on the sites and their critical facilities, including nuclear reactors, fuel-reprocessing plants, high-level waste storage and treatment facilities, and special nuclear material facilities. Phase 2 - development of seismic and wind hazard models - is discussed in this paper, which summarizes the methodologies used by seismic and extreme-wind experts and gives sample hazard curves for the first sites to be modeled. These hazard models express the annual probability that the site will experience an earthquake (or windspeed) greater than some specified magnitude. In the final phase, the DOE will use the hazards models and LLNL-recommended uniform design criteria to evaluate critical facilities. The methodology presented in this paper also was used for a related LLNL study - involving the seismic assessment of six commercial plutonium fabrication plants licensed by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). Details and results of this reassessment are documented …

Date: February 4, 1981

Creator: Coats, D. W.; Murray, R. C. & Bernreuter, D. L.

Object Type: Article

System: The UNT Digital Library

(open access)

Neutron response characteristics of CR-39 polymer for reactor and dosimetry applications

A desensitized etching technique has been developed which has resulted in an excellent differential energy response for alpha particles in the energy range 3 to 14 MeV. This response complements the previously reported differential proton and integral alpha energy responses obtained with different etching techniques. Proton recoil track yields and diameter distributions have been measured for CR-39 polymer solid state track recorders which were exposed to monoenergetic neutron sources in the energy range 0.57 to 15.1 MeV using various thicknesses and types of proton radiator materials.

Date: September 4, 1981

Creator: Ruddy, F. H.; Gold, R.; Preston, C. C.; Roberts, J. H.; Benton, E. V. & Schraube, H.

Object Type: Article

System: The UNT Digital Library

(open access)

Buffon needle method of track counting

A new technique of quantitative track counting, the Buffon needle method, is advanced. It is based on random sampling of the solid state track recorder (SSTR) surface. This new method extends quantitative track scanning to track densities well up into the track pile-up regime. It is shown that the Buffon needle method possesses a reduced dependence upon both track density nonuniformity and track size distribution. Sources of experimental error arising in the Buffon needle method are assessed. The validity of the Buffon needle method is demonstrated down to at least the 10% uncertainty level (1sigma) by manual sampling of high fission track density mica SSTR observed with scanning electron microscopy.

Date: September 4, 1981

Creator: Gold, R.; Roberts, J.H. & Ruddy, F.H.

Object Type: Article

System: The UNT Digital Library

(open access)

Design and performance of the 1. 5 MV injector for FXR

The new flash x-ray machine (FXR) at LLNL is scheduled for completion in late 1981. This is a 54 module, linear induction accelerator, designed to deliver 500 Roentgen at 1 m as bremsstrahlung from a 20 MeV, 4 kA, 60 ns pulsed electron beam. The 1.5 MV, cold cathode injector makes use of six accelerator modules as voltage sources. High voltage testing of the accelerator modules and their associated pulse forming lines and Marx banks has been completed, and beam tests of the complete injector assembly are in progress. Design information and preliminary test results are presented.

Date: March 4, 1981

Creator: Kulke, B.; Ravenscroft, D.S. & Vogtlin, G.E.

Object Type: Article

System: The UNT Digital Library

(open access)

Conference on legal aspects of geothermal development

Fifteen papers and abstracts are included. Separate abstracts were prepared for six papers and nine abstracts were listed by title.

Date: December 4, 1981

Creator: unknown

Object Type: Article

System: The UNT Digital Library

(open access)

Thermal Conductivity, Diffusivity and Expansion of Avery Island Salt at Pressure and Temperature

Preliminary data on the thermal propertes of a course-grained rock salt from Avery Island, Louisiana, indicate that hydrostatic pressure to 50 MPa has little effect on the thermal conductivity, diffusivity and linear expansion at temperatures from 300 to 573 K. The measurements were made in a new apparatus under conditions of true hydrostatic loading. At room temperature and effective confining pressure increasing from 10 to 50 MPa, thermal conductivity and diffusivity are constant at roughly 7 W/mK and 3.6 x 10/sup -6/m/sup 2//s, respectively. At 50 MPa and temperature increasing from 300 to 573 K, both conductivity and diffusivity drop by a factor of 2. Thermal linear expansion at 0 MPa matches that at 50 MPa, increasing from roughly 4.2 x 10/sup -5//K at 300 K to 5.5 x 10/sup -5//K at 573 K. The lack of a pressure effect on all three properties is confirmed by previous work. Simple models of microcracking suggest that among common geological materials the lack of pressure dependence is unique to rock salt.

Date: March 4, 1981

Creator: Durham, W. B.; Abey, A. E. & Trimmer, D. A.

Object Type: Article

System: The UNT Digital Library

(open access)

Radiation-to-light converters for nuclear environments: near-infrared emitters

The use of fiber optics in the diagnosis of hostile nuclear environments has brought about a pressing need for the development of suitable radiation-to-light converters. These converters must meet stringent diagnostic requirements of linearity and time response while having a wavelength of emission that is compatible with transmission over relatively long lengths of optical fibers. Initial investigations of two, near-infrared-emitting semiconducting materials - CdTe and GaAs are described. Data are presented on the wavelength of emission, linearity, time response, and relative efficiency of these semiconductors. Most data were taken at 77 K because of a dramatic increase in efficiency at this temperature. Measurments show that the intensity-vs-dose curves are linear over several decades of useful input levels. Measurements indicate that GaAs has an efficiency and time response that promise to be useful in diagnostic systems.

Date: May 4, 1981

Creator: Roeske, F.; Rotter, M. D.; Calavan, P. M. & Lutz, S. S.

Object Type: Article

System: The UNT Digital Library

(open access)

Barrier-potential model

A useful model for calculating the variation in the electron density, ion density, and ambipolar potential along magnetic field lines in the thermal barrier cell of a tandem mirror is presented.

Date: August 4, 1981

Creator: Pearlstein, L. D. & Nevins, W. M.

Object Type: Report

System: The UNT Digital Library

(open access)

H-coal pilot plant. Phase II. Construction. Phase III. Operation. Annual report No. 3

At the request of DOE Oak Ridge, ASFI agreed to assume responsibility for completion of Plant construction in December, 1979, at which time Badger Plants' on-site work was ended. This construction effort consisted of electric heat tracing and insulation of piping and instrumentation. At the close of the reporting period the work was completed, or was projected to be completed, within the ASFI budgeted amounts and by dates that will not impact Plant operations. Engineering design solutions were completed for problems encountered with such equipment as the High Pressure Letdown Valves; Slurry Block Valves; Slurry Pumps; the Bowl Mill System; the Dowtherm System; and the Ebullating Pump. A Corrosion Monitoring Program was established. With the exception of Area 500, the Antisolvent Deashing Unit, all operating units were commissioned and operated during the reporting period. Coal was first introduced into the Plant on May 29, 1980, with coal operations continuing periodically through September 30, 1980. The longest continuous coal run was 119 hours. A total of 677 tons of Kentucky No. 11 Coal were processed during the reporting period. The problems encountered were mechanical, not process, in nature. Various Environmental and Health programs were implemented to assure worker safety and protection …

Date: February 4, 1981

Creator: unknown

Object Type: Report

System: The UNT Digital Library