Many of the basic elements of passive solar design are reviewed. The unique design constraints presented in passive homes are introduced and many of the salient issues influencing design decisions are described briefly. Passive solar construction is described for each passive system type: direct gain, thermal storage wall, attached sunspace, thermal storage roof, and convective loop. For each system type, important design and construction issues are discussed and case studies illustrating designed and built examples of the system type are presented. Construction details are given and construction and thermal performance information is given for the materials used in collector components, storage components, and control components. Included are glazing materials, framing systems, caulking and sealants, concrete masonry, concrete, brick, shading, reflectors, and insulators. The Load Collector Ratio method for estimating passive system performance is appended, and other analysis methods are briefly summarized. (LEW)

A description is given of a number of the features of discrete and continuous spectra of electrons interacting with polar molecules. Attention is focused on the extent to which theoretical predictions concerning cross sections, resonances, and bound states are strongly influenced by the various approximations that are so ubiquitous in the treatment of such problems. Similarly, threshold scattering and photodetachment processes are examined for the case of weakly bound dipole states whose higher members overlap the continuum.

ISABELLE will be commissioned a few years after the anti p p colliders, whose plans and first results have been presented here. A look at the design goals for ISABELLE reveals that the two salient features offered in compensation for the later turn-on are high luminosity and (2 x 10/sup 5/-10/sup 6/mb/sup -1/sec/sup -1/) and the number of intersections available for physics. With expected Z/sup 0/ detection rates of in UA1, it is clear that all but the most rudimentary features of the standard picture will remain obscure until ISABELLE-like luminosity is available. Some nonstandard models will be hard to distinguish from the standard one until high statistics can be accumulated above the masses of the standard vector bosons. The availability of a relatively large number of intersections at ISABELLE means that there will be room for some highly specific setups which can capitalize on the high luminosity in high-precision or rare-process studies.

The paramagnetic scattering was recently measured for EuO. It was found that spin-wave-like excitations develop for wave vectors approaching the zone boundary. The spectrum was found to be well described by damped harmonic oscillators (also called the two-pole-approximation). This approximation was used previously in the correlation theory primarily to calculate static properties. Selfconsistent dynamic and static calculations have been performed for EuO, which is an ideal Heisenberg magnet with significant second nearest neighbor interaction (J/sub 2/ = J/sub 1/5). The two-pole approximation describes accurately the correlation range, the static susceptibility and the qualitative behavior of the dynamic properties (i.e., the wave vector at which peaks appear in the spectrum as a function of temperature). However, in order to also obtain the correct frequency scale it is necessary to use a cut-off of the spectrum at high frequencies, which cannot be seen experimentally, but which significantly influences the frequency moments. It was found that the finite J/sub 2/ has significant importance for a comparison between theory and experiment. It is concluded that the calculation for a simple cubic n.n. magnet by Hubbard does not describe the EuO data accurately, neither with respect to lineshape nor frequency scale. Significant differences are to …

A Hamiltonian approach to plasma dynamics has numerous advantages over equivalent formulations which ignore the underlying Hamiltonian structure. In addition to achieving a deeper understanding of processes, Hamiltonian methods yield concise expressions (such as the Kubo form for linear susceptibility), greatly shorten the length of calculations, expose relationships (such as between the ponderomotive Hamiltonian and the linear susceptibility), determine invariants in terms of symmetry operations, and cover situations of great generality. In addition, they yield the Poincare invariants, in particular Liouville volume and adiabatic actions.

The Sixth annual conference on materials for coal conversion and utilization was held October 13-15, 1981 at the National Bureau of Standards Gaithersburg, Maryland. It was sponsored by the US Department of Energy, the Electric Power Research Institute, the Gas Research Institute and the National Bureau of Standards. Fifty-eight papers from the proceedings have been entered individually into EDB and ERA; four papers had been entered previously from other sources. (LTN)

The successful design of full-scale, open-cycle, coal-fired MHD generators for baseload electrical production requires a detailed understanding of the plasma chemical and plasma dynamic characteristics of anticipated combustor and channel fluids. Progress in efforts to model the efficiency of an open-cycle, coal-fired MHD channel based on the characterization of the channel flow as well as laboratory experiments to validate the modeling effort is reported. In addition, studies related to understanding arcing and corrosion phenomena in the vicinity of an anode are reported.

Work has progressed in fabrication and characterization of solar cells from UCP wafers and LASS ribbons. Gettering tests applied to UCP wafers made little change on their performance compared with corresponding baseline data. Advanced processes such as SJ, BSF, and MLAR were also applied. While BSF by Al paste had shunting problems, cells with SJ and BSF by evaporated Al, and MLAR did achieve 14.1% AM1 on UCP silicon. The study of LASS material was very preliminary. Only a few cells with SJ, BSR, (no BSF) and MLAR were completed due to mechanical yield problems after lapping the material. Average efficiency was 10.7% AM1 with 13.4% AM1 for CZ controls. Relatively high minority carrier diffusion lengths were obtained. The lower than expected Jsc could be partially explained by low active area due to irregular sizes.

As part of our continuing evaluation of A150 plastic equivalent gases for neutron dosimetry, we have measured ionization ratios which are related to anti W ratios between gases in the p(66)Be(49) neutron beam at Fermilab. Additionally we have extended our earlier measurements (DeLuca, et al., 1980) at the UW gas target /sup 3/H(d,n)/sup 4/He neutron source to include an uncollimated beam geometry with ion chambers close to the target. Observed differences from the earlier results can probably be explained on the basis of neutron spectra, which await further determination.

This report addresses the land use impacts of past and future energy development and summarizes the major federal and state legislation which influences the potential land use impacts of energy facilities and can thus influence the locations and timing of energy development. In addition, this report describes and presents the data which are used to measure, and in some cases, predict the potential conflicts between energy development and alternative uses of the nation's land resources. The topics section of this report is divided into three parts. The first part describes the myriad of federal, state and local legislation which have a direct or indirect impact upon the use of land for energy development. The second part addresses the potential land use impacts associated with the extraction, conversion and combustion of energy resources, as well as the disposal of wastes generated by these processes. The third part discusses the conflicts that might arise between agriculture and energy development as projected under a number of DOE mid-term (1990) energy supply and demand scenarios.

The general principles for beneficiation of titanium ores are reviewed and the specific processes used in individual units in various countries are discussed. This is followed by a critical evaluation of various current and potential reduction methods for the production of titanium metal from the processed concentrates. Finally, the report outlines a research program for the development of a commercially viable alternative method for the production of titanium metal.

We have derived two new techniques for solving the finite-element heat-transfer equations with highly nonlinear boundary conditions and material properties. When compared with the more commonly employed successive substitution and Newton-Raphson procedures, the new methods speed convergence rates and simultaneously increase the radius of convergence. We have observed reductions in computation time in excess of 80% when the new techniques are employed. The first method accelerates the standard Newton-Raphson approach when the degree of the nonlinearity is known (for example, radiation boundary conditions or a prescribed temperature dependence in the thermal conductivity). The second technique employs feedback to regulate the solution algorithm during execution. Comparisons of these techniques are given for several practical examples.

The PRAISE (Piping Reliability Analysis Including Seismic Events) computer code estimates the influence of earthquakes on the probability of failure at a weld joint in the primary coolant system of a pressurized water reactor. Failure, either a through-wall defect (leak) or a complete pipe severance (a large-LOCA), is assumed to be caused by fatigue crack growth of an as-fabricated interior surface circumferential defect. These defects are assumed to be two-dimensional and semi-elliptical in shape. The distribution of initial crack sizes is a function of crack depth and aspect ratio. PRAISE treats the inter-arrival times of operating transients either as a constant or exponentially distributed according to observed or postulated rates. Leak rate and leak detection models are also included. The criterion for complete pipe severance is exceedance of a net section critical stress. Earthquakes of various intensity and arbitrary occurrence times can be modeled. PRAISE presently assumes that exactly one initial defect exists in the weld and that the earthquake of interest is the first earthquake experienced at the reactor. PRAISE has a very modular structure and can be tailored to a variety of crack growth and piping reliability problems. Although PRAISE was developed on a CDC-7600 computer, it was, …

During the fifth quarterly period of the program, efforts have continued to focus on the analytical tool development and verification task, and on the bench-scale experimental reactor studies for the screening of key combustion variables. In previous quarters, the selection, upgrading and verification of the required furnace heat transfer models have been reported. These models are now fully operational and have been used to complete a series of screening studies to identify those parameters which most significantly affect the thermal performance of combustion systems. In this present period, the multizone furnace heat transfer model has been further refined by the development of a separate but fully coupled submodel for the calculation of char burnout. This aspect of combustor performance is believed to be an important consideration in the conversion of furnaces to coal firing. Char burnout will not only impact the amount of unburned carbon at the stack, but will also affect local heat transfer levels through the extension of heat-release zones and modification of the properties of the radiating species. In the experimental portion of the program, efforts have focused on the modification of the reactor feed system and measurement techniques in order to alleviate problems leading to poor …

MESOI is an interactive Lagrangian trajectory puff diffusion model based on an earlier model by Start and Wendell at the Air Resources Laboratory Field Office at Idaho Falls, Idaho. Puff trajectories are determined using spatially and temporally varying wind fields. Diffusion in the puffs is computed as a function of distance traveled and atmospheric stability. Exposures are computed at nodes of a 31 by 31 grid. There is also provision for interpolation of short term exposures at off-grid locations. This report discusses: the theoretical bases of the model, the numerical approach used in the model, and the sensitivity and accuracy of the model. It contains a description of the computer program and a listing of the code. MESOI is written in FORTRAN. A companion report (Athey, Allwine and Ramsdell, 1981) contains a user's guide to MESOI and documents utility programs that maintain the data files needed by the model.

Progress on the second Phase of a six Phase program to develop commercially viable on-site integrated energy systems (OS/IES) using phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) modules to convert fuel to electricity is reported. Phase II is a planned two year effort to develop appropriate fuel cell module and fuel conditioner conceptual designs. The fuel cell module development effort comprises three coordinated tasks: (1) design of large cell stacks; (2) stack fabrication; and (3) stack testing. The results of pretesting and performance testing of Stack 564 are reported. The pretesting was done in the new 2 kW loop at ERC. The design features, progress in fabrication and plans for assembly of Stack 800 are given. The status of endurance testing of Stack 560 is reported. The design, fabrication, test procedures and preliminary tests of the 10 kW counterflow reformer and the reformer test stand are described. Results of vendor contacts to define the performance and cost of fuel conditioning system components are reported, and the results of burner tests and continuing development of the BOLTAR program are reported. (WHK)

A geological reconnaissance of the Hot Springs Mountains and adjacent areas, which include parts of the Brady-Hazen and the Stillwater-Soda Lake Known Geothermal Resource Areas (KGRA's), resulted in a reinterpretation of the nature and location of some Basin and Range faults. This reconnaissance took place during June-December 1975. In addition, the late Cenozoic stratigraphy has been modified, chiefly on the basis of radiometric dates of volcanic rocks by US Geological Survey personnel and others. The Hot Springs Mountains are in the western part of the Basin and Range province, which is characterized by east-west crustal extension and associated normal faulting. In the surrounding Trinity, West Humboldt, Stillwater, and Desert Mountains, Cenozoic rocks overlie basement rocks of Paleozoic and Mesozoic age. A similar relation is inferred in the Hot Springs Mountains. Folding and faulting have taken place from the late Tertiary to the present.

This paper presents a survey of methods, commonly in use or under development, to produce beams of polarized negative ions for injection into accelerators. A short summary recalls how the hyperfine interaction is used to obtain nuclear polarization in beams of atoms. Atomic-beam sources for light ions are discussed. If the best presently known techniques are incorporated in all stages of the source, polarized H/sup -/ and D/sup -/ beams in excess of 10 ..mu..A can probably be achieved. Production of polarized ions from fast (keV) beams of polarized atoms is treated separately for atoms in the H(25) excited state (Lamb-Shift source) and atoms in the H(1S) ground state. The negative ion beam from Lamb-Shift sources has reached a plateau just above 1 ..mu..A, but this beam current is adequate for many applications and the somewhat lower beam current is compensated by other desirable characteristics. Sources using fast polarized ground state atoms are in a stage of intense development. The next sections summarize production of polarized heavy ions by the atomic beam method, which is well established, and by optical pumping, which has recently been demonstrated to yield very large nuclear polarization. A short discussion of proposed ion sources for …

Reagents were developed which bind covalently to side chains of kallikrein, thereby inactivating the enzyme. Both temporary and irreversible inhibitors have been synthesized. (ACR)

This ARES user's manual provides detailed instructions for a general understanding of the Automated Response Function Code and gives step by step instructions for using the complete code package on a HP-1000 system. This code is designed to calculate response functions of NaI gamma-ray detectors, with cylindrical or rectangular geometries.

High energy x-ray backlighters are necessary to diagnose the implosion symmetry and stability of intermediate and high density targets. Synchronization requirements between the target irradiating pulse and the radiograph place severe constraints on the type of x-ray sources which can be used and favors laser irradiated backlighters. Data gathered on line emitters as a function of laser pulselength, wavelength and intensity in the 5 to 10 keV region are used to determine which diagnostic instruments will be feasible for ICF target experiments, and the requirements for backlighter irradiation.

The objective of the BX In Situ Oil Shale Project is to demonstrate the technical feasibility of using superheated steam as a heat-carrying medium to retort in situ the oil shale in the Green River Formation leached zone and provide a mechanism for the recovery of this shale oil with a minimum impact on the environment. Utilizing primarily the natural porosity in the leached zone, approximately one trillion Btus of heat will be injected into a site over a two-year period to heat to retorting temperature a shale zone approximately 550 feet thick and covering about one acre. The field project is located at Equity's BX In Situ site in Rio Blanco County in northwestern Colorado. Environmental activities conducted from March 1, 1980 through February 28, 1981 were a continuation of operational monitoring initiated the previous year that included meteorology, water quality and aquatic ecology monitoring.

Continued development of a system designed to grow crystals by physical vapor transport in the environment of Spacelab III will be described, with special emphasis on simulation of expected space conditions, adjustment of crystal growth parameters, and on board observation and control of the experiment by crew members and ground personnel. A critical factor in the use of mercuric iodide for semiconductor detectors of x-rays and gamma-rays is the crystalline quality of the material. The twofold purpose of the Spacelab III experiment is therefore to grow single crystals with superior electronic properties as an indirect result of the greatly reduced gravity field during the growth, and to obtain data which will lead to improved understanding of the vapor transport mechanism. The experiments planned to evaluate the space crystals, including gamma-ray diffractometry and measurements of stoichiometry, lattice dimensions, mechanical strength, luminescense, and detector performance are discussed.

Low to moderate temperature (< 150/sup 0/C) geothermal fluids are being developed in the southern Raft River Valley of Idaho. Five deep geothermal wells ranging in depth from 4911 feet to 6543 feet (1490 to 1980 meters) and two intermediate depth (3858 feet or 1170 meters) injection wells have been drilled within the Raft River KGRA. Several shallower (1423-500 feet or 430-150 meters) wells have also been constructed to monitor the environmental effects of geothermal development of the shallower aquifer systems. Sampling of water from wells within the KGRA has been conducted since the onset of the project in 1974. Five analytical laboratories have conducted analyses on waters from the KGRA. Charge-balance error calculations conducted on the data produced from these laboratories indicated that data from three laboratories were reliable while two were not. A method of equating all data was established by using linear regression analyses on sets of paired data from various laboratories. The chemical data collected from the deep geothermal wells indicates that a two reservoir system exists within the Raft River KGRA. Each reservoir is associated with a major structural feature. These features are known as the Bridge Fault System (BFS) and the Narrows Structure (NS).