There has been recently a revival of interest in supersymmetric gauge theories, stimulated by the hope that supersymmetry might help in clarifying some of the questions which remain unanswered in the so called Grand Unified Theories and in particular the gauge hierarchy problem. In a Grand Unified Theory one has two widely different mass scales: the unification mass M approx. = 10/sup 15/GeV at which the unification group (e.g. SU(5)) breaks down to SU(3) x SU(2) x U(1) and the mass ..mu.. approx. = 100 GeV at which SU(2) x U(1) is broken down to the U(1) of electromagnetism. There is at present no theoretical understanding of the extreme smallness of the ratio ..mu../M of these two numbers. This is the gauge hierarchy problem. This lecture attempts to review the various mechanisms for spontaneous supersymmetry breaking in gauge theories. Most of the discussions are concerned with the tree approximation, but what is presently known about radiative correction is also reviewed.

The work described here was completed more than three years ago, and represents, in large part the PhD and MS thesis research of two of the present authors. Much of it has been reported previously elsewhere. It constitutes an effort to develop and study a moderately low cost, moderate resolution, high sensitivity, on-line method for digital neutron radiography, intended for use where neutron fluence was limited by source strength, or received dose. The basic imaging system consisted of a position-sensitive gas proportional chamber together with its associated imaging electronics, and a plane neutron converter. Enriched-boron, gadolinium, and polyethylene (for fast neutrons) converters were analyzed and tested. Some work was done on digital data enhancement, and efforts to improve spatial resolution included pressurizing the proportional-chamber gas to reduce the track lengths of the neutron-interaction products.

Annular-coated (graphite)-pressurized and sphere-pac fuel rod designs, which are expected to exhibit improved PCI-failure resistance, and, thus, more reliable extended burnup performance, are being developed. Data sufficient to provide the technical bases needed to license lead test assemblies of the improved designs for irradiation in commercial LWRs are being obtained. Out-of-reactor experiments, in-reactor instrumented experiments, in-reactor power-ramp tests, and lead-rod demonstration irradiations are providing the needed data to support the technical bases. Results obtained to-date confirm the expected performance improvement compared with a solid-pellet reference design. The degree of improvement with respect to PCI-resistance remains to be quantified during forthcoming power-ramp tests on fuel rod segments irradiated to moderate burnup levels in a commercial LWR.

Waste contaminated with transuranic (TRU) elements may require treatment prior to final disposal. Pacific Northwest Laboratory has conducted research and development to identify and characterize the wastes; to evaluate the possible immobilization requirements and treatment alternatives; and to develop immobilization process technologies. This paper describes systems that are anticipated to be capable of immobilizing a selected TRU waste stream consisting of a blend of process sludge and incinerator ash. The selected waste streams are based on the waste compositions generated at the Rocky Flats Plant, Golden, Colorado. The specific process and waste forms are: in-can glass melting, borosilicate glass monolith; joule-heated glass melting, borosilicate/aluminosilicate glass monolith; glass marble, borosilicate/aluminosilicate glass marble; basalt glass-ceramic, basalt glass-ceramic monolith; cast cement, cast cement monolith; pressed cement, pressed cement pellet; and cold-pressed sintered ceramic, pressed ceramic pellet.

The methods that are used to characterize discontinuous rock masses from a geotechnical point of view are summarized. Emphasis is put on providing key references on each subject. The topics of exploration, in-situ stresses, mechanical properties, thermal properties, and hydraulic properties are addressed.

The phase space for multi-species fluid electrodynamics is the function space of fluid variables and Maxwell field variables. The Poisson bracket on phase functionals is constructed as a Lie algebra product following general methods of infinite dimensional symplectic geometry.

It is shown that initial state interactions violate the factorization conjecture for the Drell-Yan process order by order in perturbation theory. Also, the effects of elastic and inelastic initial state interactions on the observed cross sections are discussed.

A framework for determining the characteristics of cost accounting models most appropriate to evaluating energy technologies at different stages in their development is outlined. This analytical perspective is used to evaluate existing models for wood energy plantations and for direct (non-electric) applications of geothermal energy. The concern is with micro-economic cost estimation systems based on a simulation of the technology's physical plant and the projected cash flow resulting from the investment. For discussion purposes three general stages of technology evaluation are described. The level of detail in the engineering simulation should increase as the evaluation progresses through the three stages. Too much detail in the preliminary stage restricts applicability of model outputs to specific system designs, some of which may be inappropriate for other potentially attractive applications. The economic analysis should gradually shift from a general economic perspective on all costs and benefits of system operation to a more specific depiction of cash flows as seen by project developers. Unfortunately, developers of cost models for both woody biomass plantations and direct applications of geothermal energy appear to build all the engineering and financial detail available into their models. They then apply them to any stage in the evaluation process to …

The nonlinear nonresonant interaction of plasma waves and particles is formulated in a Hamiltonian kinetic theory which treats the wave-action and particle distributions on an equal footing, thereby displaying reciprocity relations. In the quasistatic limit, a nonlinear wave-kinetic equation is obtained. The generality of the formalism allows for applications to arbitrary geometry, with the nonlinear effects expressed in terms of the linear susceptibility.

A real-time method for testing the validity of linear models of nonlinear processes is described and evaluated. Using generalized likelihood ratios, the model dynamics are continually monitored to see if the process has moved far enough away from the nominal linear model operating point to justify generation of a new linear model. The method is demonstrated using a seventh-order model of a natural circulation steam generator.

The application of a computerized methodology developed at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) to an assessment of the economic feasibility of district heating in Reno, Nevada is described. To apply this methodology, assumptions concerning the characteristics of the heat load served, the price of competing fuels, and alternate forms of district heat utility ownership are combined with data describing the geothermal resource. Using these inputs along with engineering costs for geothermal field development and pipe installation, the methodology generates detailed engineering and economic descriptors of several proposed district heating systems. The impact of alternate construction expenditure schedules, retrofit costs, and system size on the unit cost of district heat is examined.

Testing and quality assurance of large numbers of firing systems are an essential part of the development of the Tactical Airfield Attack Munition (TAAM). A computerized test and data acquisition system has been developed to make the testing and quality assurance workload manageable. The system hardware utilizes an LSI-11/23 computer, a Tektronix 7612 transient digitizer, and various other programmable instruments and power supplies. The system is capable of measuring and analyzing mechanical shock and fireset transient waveforms, automating testing sequences, and making records and comparisons of the test results. The system architecture is flexible for general purpose firing system development work.

The charged multiplicity distributions of the diffractive and non-diffractive components of hadronic interactions, as well as those of hadronic states produced in other reactions, are described well by a universal Gaussian function that depends only on the available mass for pionization, has a maximum at n{sub o} {approx_equal} 2M{sup 1/2}, where M is the available mass in GeV, and a peak to width ratio n{sub o}/D {approx_equal} 2.

An emergency action level (EAL) is an observation or judgment that forms the basis for declaring an emergency status at a nuclear generating facility. There are four graded emergency category classifications which indicate an increasing potential for offsite radiological impact. Each emergency category is normally associated with an implementation procedure that outlines the preplanned actions that the emergency director will undertake. Thus a transient which causes a system or parameter to reach an EAL will also cause a transition of the normal station organization to an emergency organization. This transition will include an augmentation of the basic shift staff in order to support the corrective and mitigative actions of the nuclear reactor operators. In this regard, the major purpose of EALs is to provide an early indication of potential problems. Ideally, the ensuing response of the emergency organization will prevent a propagation of errors or failures that could result in serious consequences.

A workshop on radioactivity in coal use was held on September 15 through 17, 1981, under the auspices of the US Department of Energy, Office of Environmental Programs, and the Los Alamos National Laboratory. The purpose of the workshop was to identify research issues associated with radioactivity resulting from the use of coal for electric power generation. The concensus of the 10 scientists participating in the workshop was that a moderate to strong need exists for research in solubility of fly ash in different fluids and for determination of radioactivity in construction materials. Several additional research issues were identified but were given a lower priority. Summaries of each presentation are included. Titles are: some effects of coal combustion on the radiation environment; radionuclides in western coal at Mound; low-level radiation in coals utilized and ashes produced at New York State electric utilities; radioactivity from coal use - where are the problems; chemistry of radionuclides in coal preparation; uranium daughters in natural atmospheric aerosols and coal-fired power plant emissions; possible contributions of coal extraction and utilization to radioactivity contributions in drinking water; and impact on water quality from radionuclides in coal. One paper has been abstracted separately for inclusion in the …

This report describes the isolation of sulfur heterocycle fractions from four shale oils (Paraho, Geokinetics, Occidental, and Rio Blanco), the use of capillary column gas chromatography and mass spectrometry for the identification of individual mixture components, and a reverse (Ames) and forward mutation assay with Salmonella typhimurium to screen for possible health hazards. The major components of the Polycyclic Aromatic Sulfur Heterocycles (PASH) fractions for all four shale oils were found to be two- to three-ringed parent and alkylated thiophene compounds. In all cases the PASH fractions showed no more specific mutagenic response than the neutral PAC fractions from which they were isolated. The only mutagenic response which was detected in the PASH fractions was for the Rio Blanco shale oil and showed specific mutagenic response similar to the neutral PAC fraction from which it was isolated. Finally, the forward mutation 8-azaguanine test was apparently more sensitive than the Ames histidine reversion test in detecting mutagenic activity for the chemical fractions from the shale oils.

In order to assess the role of soot in aerosol chemistry, an experimental methodology was developed to determine empirically the soot concentrations in various regions of the United States. These results, when combined with laboratory results on the mechanism and kinetics of SO/sub 2/ oxidation, are used to establish the relative importance of soot-catalyzed SO/sub 2/ oxidation in the atmosphere. The methods used for determining soot concentrations and the experimental results on SO/sub 2/ oxidation are reviewed.

Results are presented of an analysis of the value of various technical improvements in the solar collector and thermal storage subsystems of passive solar residential, agricultural, and industrial systems for two regions of the country. The evaluated improvements are: decreased emissivity and increased absorptivity of absorbing surfaces, decreased reflectivity, and decreased emissivity of glazing surface, and the substitution of sensible heat storage media with phase change materials. The value of each improvement is estimated by the additional energy savings resulting from the improvement.

Highlights of a multiyear effort to develop new or improved thin film optical coating materials through the use of reactive sputtering techniques are presented. Reactive sputtering is shown to be an extremely versatile technique capable of synthesizing broad classes of materials in a straightfoward manner. The exceptional utility of sputtering for preparation of hard coatings such as oxides, nitrides and novel materials based on Si and Ge is described. Some of these coating materials cannot be made by conventional evaporative techniques. Reactive sputtering is shown to allow precise control of coating composition, microstructure and the resulting optical properties. Examples of multilayer coatings such as all-dielectric and dielectric-enhanced mirrors made from reactively sputtered materials are included, and simple yet elegant fabrication techniques are introduced. The reactive sputtering technique and equipment used specifically for optical coatings are briefly described, and comparison is made with the conventional evaporative approach.

Atmospheric chemistry investigations often require a multitude of measurements which can be obtained only through the utilization of airborne sampling platforms. Instrument limitations and the aircraft environment present several considerations for sampling-system design, including such factors as instrument sensitivities and response times, altitude effects, sampling intervals for acquiring samples, and physical compatibility with the aircraft. An aircraft system with an extensive evolutionary instrument array has been in development at PNL for several years during which several special systems have been developed to improve aircraft measurement capabilities. A high-volume air sampling system providing flows of up to 4 m/sup 3//min and simultaneous collection of three filters in parallel has been constructued to reduce filter collection times. A constant pressure inlet system was developed to overcome adverse effects in instrument response resulting from altitude changes. The system functions so that instruments which are connected experinece a constant pre-set pressure regardless of the sampling altitude. This system is particularly useful for airborne operation of a flame photometric sulfur analyzer. Special chemiluminescence NO/NO/sub x/ analyzers utilizing photon counting were built which are capable of fast response and detecton of concentrations in the sub-ppB range.

Thirteen papers are included. A separate abstract was prepared for each one. (MHR)

The Third Annual Participants Information Meeting of the Low-Level Waste Management Program was held in New Orleans, Louisiana, November 4-6, 1981 The specific purpose was to bring together appropriate representatives of industry, USNRC, program management, participating field offices, and contractors to: (1) exchange information and analyze program needs, and (2) involve participants in planning, developing and implementing technology for low-level waste management. One hundred seven registrants participated in the meeting. Presentation and workshop findings are included in these proceedings under the following headings: low-level waste activities; waste treatment; shallow land burial; remedial action; greater confinement; ORNL reports; panel workshops; and summary. Forty-six papers have been abstracted and indexed for the data base.

The American-designed boiling water reactor and pressurized water reactor dominate the designs currently in use and under construction worldwide. As in all energy systems, materials problems have appeared during service; these include stress-corrosion of stainless steel pipes and heat exchangers and questions regarding crack behavior in pressure vessels. To obtain the maximum potential energy from our limited uranium supplies is is essential to develop the fast breeder reactor. The materials in these reactors are subjected to higher temperatures and neutron fluxes but lower pressures than in the water reactors. The performance required of the fuel elements is more arduous in the breeder than in water reactors. Extensive materials programs are in progress in test reactors and in large test rigs to ensure that materials will be available to meet these conditions.

In-situ x-ray diffraction measurements during step-wise hydrogenation of the intermetallic compound ZrNi have confirmed the existence of a stable compound ZrNiH. Neutron diffraction measurements on ZrNiD have allowed a determination of the site occupied by D. This site is tetrahedrally coordinated by four Zr atoms as predicted earlier from a model based solely on geometric considerations. Occupation of this site causes the lattice to distort from an orthorhombic to a triclinic structure. The trihydride is formed when two completely different types of sites are filled, to the exclusion of the sites occupied originally, causing reversion of the lattice to an orthorhombic structure. Other confirmed predictions of the geometric model are discussed. 3 figures.