Since no linear colliders have been built yet it is difficult to know at what energy the linear cost scaling of linear colliders drops below the quadratic scaling of storage rings. There is, however, no doubt that a linear collider facility for a center of mass energy above say 500 GeV is significantly cheaper than an equivalent storage ring. In order to make the linear collider principle feasible at very high energies a number of problems have to be solved. There are two kinds of problems: one which is related to the feasibility of the principle and the other kind of problems is associated with minimizing the cost of constructing and operating such a facility. This lecture series describes the problems and possible solutions. Since the real test of a principle requires the construction of a prototype I will in the last chapter describe the SLC project at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center.

Rutherford-backscattering and Auger chemical-depth-profiling measurements show that films of the ..gamma..'-Ni/sub 3/Si phase produced on the ion-bombarded surfaces of Ni-Si alloys obey simple parabolic growth kinetics. At low temperatures the film growth-rate constant exhibits Arrhenius behavior and varies with the fourth root of the dose rate. The apparent activation energy in this low-temperature region is approx. 0.3 eV. At high temperatures the growth constant is independent of the dose rate. The results are consistent with a diffusion-controlled growth model, which assumes Si atoms migrate in the form of a fast-diffusing Si-interstitial complex.

Mytilus edulis possesses low molecular weight, mercury-binding proteins. The predominant protein isolated from gill tissue is enriched in cysteinyl residues (8%) and possesses an amino acid composition similar to cadmium-binding proteins of mussels and oysters. Continuous exposure of mussels to 5 ..mu..g/l mercury results in spillover of mercury from these proteins to high molecular weight proteins. Antibodies to these proteins have been isolated, and development of immunoassays is presently underway. Preliminary studies to determine whether exposure of adult mussels to mercury will result in induction of mercury-binding proteins in offspring suggest that such proteins occur in larvae although additional studies are indicated for a conclusive demonstration.

Refined observations of parity nonconservation in the 6{sup 2}P{sub 1/2} −7{sup 2}P{sub 1/2} transition in {sub 81}Tl {sup 203,205} are reported. Absorption of circularly polarized 293 nm photons by 6{sup 2 }P{sub 1/2} atoms in an E field results in polarization of the 7{sup 2}P{sub 1/2} state, through interference of the Stark E1 amplitude with M1 and parity-nonconserving E1 amplitudes. Detection of this polarization yields the circular dichroism δ=+(2.8±{sup 1.0}{sub 0.9})×10{sup −3}, which agrees with theoretical estimates based on the Weinberg-Salam model, for sin{sup 2} θ{sub W} =0.23 . The present experiment is an improved version of an earlier one in which the result δ = +(5.2 ± 2.4) x 10{sup -3} was obtained.

A Hamiltonian approach to plasma dynamics has numerous advantages over equivalent formulations which ignore the underlying Hamiltonian structure. In addition to achieving a deeper understanding of processes, Hamiltonian methods yield concise expressions (such as the Kubo form for linear susceptibility), greatly shorten the length of calculations, expose relationships (such as between the ponderomotive Hamiltonian and the linear susceptibility), determine invariants in terms of symmetry operations, and cover situations of great generality. In addition, they yield the Poincare invariants, in particular Liouville volume and adiabatic actions.

The materials which compose the large composite superconducting fusion reactor magnets are subjected to mechanical stress, neutron and gamma-ray radiation with broad energy spectra, high magnetic fields, and thermal cycling from 4 to 300 K. Of the materials now considered for use in the magnets, results show that the organic insulators and the Cu stabilizer are the most sensitive to this environment. In response to the need for stabilizer data, magnetoresistivity changes were studied in eight variously prepared specimens of Cu throughout five cycles of an alternate neutron irradiation (4.0 K) and annealing (14 h at 307 K) program. The results were combined with those on the radiation behavior of epoxy and polyimide organic insulators to provide a preliminary assessment of their comparative radiation resistance in a typical magnet location of the Experimental Power Reactor (EPR).

Accurate pressure measurements are important in magnetic fusion devices for: (1) plasma diagnostic measurements of particle balance and ion temperature; (2) discharge cleaning optimization; (3) vacuum system performance; and (4) tritium accountability. This paper reviews the application, required accuracy, and suitable instrumentation for these measurements. Demonstrated uses of ionization-type and capacitance-diaphragm gauges for various pressure and gas-flow measurements in tokamaks are presented, with specific reference to the effects of magnetic fields on gauge performance and the problems associated with gauge calibration.

Forty-four papers are included. One paper was abstracted previously for EDB. Separate abstracts were prepared for forty-three. The workshop reports were not abstracted. (MHR)

Separate abstracts were prepared for each of the 20 included sections. (MOW)

The Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and the United States (US) are cooperating on certain aspects of gas-cooled reactor technology under an umbrella agreement. Under the spent fuel treatment development section of the agreement, both FRG mixed uranium/ thorium and low-enriched uranium fuel spheres have been processed in the Department of Energy-sponsored cold pilot plant for high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) fuel processing at General Atomic Company in San Diego, California. The FRG fuel spheres were crushed and burned to recover coated fuel particles suitable for further treatment for uranium recovery. Successful completion of the tests described in this paper demonstrated certain modifications to the US HTGR fuel burining process necessary for FRG fuel treatment. Results of the tests will be used in the design of a US/FRG joint prototype headend facility for HTGR fuel.

The current experimental status of charm production by neutrinos is reviewed. Recent results on like-sign dimuons are also discussed.

Small-angle scattering is a rather mature discipline which can yield valuable information on the size, amount, and distribution of inhomogeneities encountered in materials-science research. Methods have been publisheed which permit one to extend the standard analysis of data from a small-angle-scattering experiment to include determination of the distribution of particle sizes. This extended analysis has been carried out for voids in a ..beta..'-phase Ni-Al-In alloy, and, in order to assess the reliability of the procedure, the identical void distribution as been characterized by transmission-electron microscopy. A quantitative comparison is made of the results from thses two independent experiments, and the general performance of the Brill-Schmidt method for particle-size determinations is discussed. 6 figures, 1 table.

The research reported here was undertaken to develop an alloy suitable for use in the retaining rings of two-pole electrical generators that would have three key properties: a yield strength of 200 ksi or greater with good residual toughness; resistance to hydrogen embrittlement and stress-corrosion cracking; and processability through heat treatment after hot forming, to avoid the necessity of cold forming of the ring. The principal alloy developed during the course of this work was an iron-based superalloy, designated EPRI-T, which has nominal composition Fe-34.5Ni-5Cr-3Ti-3Ta-0.5A1-1.0Mo-0.3V-0.01B. The alloy is an iron-based superalloy which is strengthened through the formation of cubic ..gamma..' precipitates of composition Ni/sub 3/(Ti,Ta,Al). When given appropriate aging treatment from the as-forged condition the alloy achieves yield strength in excess of 200 ksi with good residual toughness and promising resistance to cracking in gaseous hydrogen and salt water. The composition and processing of the alloy are the result of sequential metallurgical development, the steps of which are described. The alloy was chosen from a class of iron-based superalloys to achieve high strength in thick sections while maintaining reasonable costs, melting practice, and hot formability. The nickel content of the alloy was adjusted to insure that the alloy would be …

The advent of synchrotron radiation (SR) sources and high energy lasers (HEL) in recent years has brought about the need for optical materials that can withstand the harsh operating conditions in such devices. SR mirrors must be ultra-high vacuum compatible, must withstand intense x-ray irradiation without surface damage, must maintain surface figure under thermal loading and must be capable of being polished to an extremely smooth surface finish. Chemical vapor deposited (CVD) silicon carbide in combination with sintered substrate material meets these requirements and offers additional benefits as well. It is an extremely hard material and offers the possibility of being cleaned and recoated many times without degradation of the surface finish, thereby prolonging the lifetime of expensive optical components. It is an extremely strong material and offers the possibility of weight reduction over conventional mirror materials.

This paper describes a RELAP4/MOD7 simulation of West Germany's Kraftwerk Union (KWU) Primary Coolant Loop (PKL) refill/reflood experiment K9A. RELAP4/MOD7, a best-estimate computer program for the calculation of thermal and hydraulic phenomena in a nuclear reactor or related system, is the latest version in the RELAP4 code development series. This study was the first major simulation using RELAP4/MOD7 since its release by the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL). The PKL facility is a reduced scale (1:134) representation of a typical West German four-loop 1300 MW pressurized water reactor (PWR). A prototypical scale of the total volume to power ratio was maintained. The test facility was designed specifically for an experiment simulating the refill/reflood phase of a Loss-of-Coolant Accident (LOCA).

The SLAC linear collider, in which beams of electrons and positrons are accelerated simultaneously, is described. Specifications of the proposed system are given, with calculated preditions of performance. New areas of research made possible by energies in the TeV range are discussed. (GHT)

Several epoxy-free magnets of 76 and 130 mm diameter have been constructed and tested at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. This report describes results of tests at 1.8 and 4.4 K on two recently completed magnets and presents some earlier data on heater induced quenches also at 1.8 and 4.4 K.

Major process improvements which had been identified in an earlier phase of this program were investigated and their feasibility demonstrated. The engineering process flowsheet was revised to incorporate the newest process improvements. It is now being used for an estimate of hydrogen production cost from the General Atomic Company (GAC) cycle. An energy storage cycle for a solar adaptation of the sulfur-iodine cycle has been identified and is being evaluated along with features particularly concerning the availability and level of insolation and how it affects engineering design of the chemical plant. Efforts are also underway with Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) to design the sulfur-iodine cycle around the Tandem Mirror Fusion Reactor. Potential systems for HI purification are being investigated which could eliminate the need for the present phosphoric acid treatment completely and could result in significant savings in capital cost for this part of the process. Potential catalysts for the liquid HI decomposition step were evaluated. Noble metals appear to have highest activity; however, attrition of the catalyst occurs.

The potential for hydrogen supplementation in natural gas pipelines is analyzed for a specific site from both mid-term (1985) and long-term perspectives. The concept of supplementing natural gas with the addition of hydrogen in the existing gas pipeline system serves to provide a transport and storage medium for hydrogen while eliminating the high investment costs associated with constructing separate hydrogen pipelines. This paper examines incentives and barriers to the implementation of this concept. The analysis is performed with the assumption that current developmental programs will achieve a process for cost-effectively separating pure hydrogen from natural gas/hydrogen mixtures to produce a separable and versatile chemical and fuel commodity. The energy systems formulation used to evaluate the role of hydrogen in the energy infrastructure is the Reference Energy System (RES). The RES is a network diagram that provides an analytic framework for incorporating all resources, technologies, and uses of energy in a uniform manner. A major aspect of the study is to perform a market analysis of traditional uses of resources in the various consuming sectors and the potential for hydrogen substitution in these sectors. The market analysis will focus on areas of industry where hydrogen is used as a feedstock rather …

Relationships between irradiation creep and swelling implicit in the theories of these processes are derived. Four mechanisms of irradiation creep are treated. These are the climb-only process of preferred point defect absorption on dislocations; the climb and glide processes resulting from cumulative absorption of defects at dislocations, i.e., preferred absorption glide and swelling-driven creep; and the recently developed climb and glide process enabled by point defect concentration fluctuations resulting from cascades. The results are expressed both as differential equations for creep rate in terms of swelling rate and as integrated forms giving creep strain in terms of swelling for stabilized microstructures.

Measurements of thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity have been made on two samples of Climax Stock quartz monzonite at pressures between 3 and 50 MPa and temperatures between 300 and 523{sup 0}K. Following those measurements the apparatus was calibrated with respect to the thermal conductivity measurement using a reference standard of fused silica. Corrected thermal conductivity of the rock indicates a value at room temperature of 2.60 +- 0.25 W/mK at 3 MPa increasing linearly to 2.75 +- 0.25 W/mK at 50 MPa. These values are unchanged (+- 0.07 W/mK) by heating under 50-MPa pressure to as high as 473{sup 0}K. The conductivity under 50-MPa confining pressure falls smoothly from 2.75 +- 0.25 W/mK at 313{sup 0}K to 2.15 +- 0.25 W/mK at 473{sup 0}K. Thermal diffusivity at 300{sup 0}K was found to be 1.2 +- 0.4 X 10{sup -6} m{sup 2}/s and shows approximately the same pressure and temperature dependencies as the thermal conductivity.

Significant advances have been made in diffuse scattering studies of irradiation induced dislocation loops in metals. Numerical calculational procedures have been developed that provide accurate diffuse scattering cross sections for vacancy and interstitial loops, and these cross sections have been used in conjunction with x-ray diffuse scattering studies of neutron and ion irradiated copper. Size distributions and concentrations have been obtained for both vacancy and interstitial loops and these results are compared with electron microscopy measurements. The size distributions obtained from diffuse scattering measurements show the vacancy loops to be smaller and more numerous than the interstitial loops, and indicate that equal numbers of vacancies and interstitials are in loops. The diffuse scattering and microscopy size distributions agree at the larger sizes, but the diffuse scattering method identifies more loops of the smaller sizes.

Research investigations on techniques for in situ determination of /sup 90/Sr, tritium, and transuranic isotopes are described. Results of neutron activation analysis experiments on /sup 90/Sr and passive neutron detection experiments on transuranics are given.

There have been several studies of how much Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS) are worth to electric utilities. When attempting to compare the different results of these studies, questions arose concerning the effect of the different methodologies and models on the determined WECS values. This paper will report on the only known effort that used more than a single methodology for the value analysis of WECS to a specific utility. This paper will present and compare the WECS utility value analysis methodologies of Aerospace Corp., JBF Scientific Corp., and the Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI). Results of the application of these three methodologies were found for two large utilities. Breakeven values (the amount a utility can pay for a wind turbine over its lifetime and still breakeven economically) were found to be from $1600 to $2400 per kW of wind capacity in 1980 dollars. The reasons for variation in the results are discussed.