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The risk methodology used to evaluate the risk in shipping spent fuel includes: 1) a description of the spent fuel transport system, 2) identification of potential release sequences, 3) evaluation of the probabilities and consequences of the releases, and 4) calculation and assessment of the risk. The system description includes projected industry characteristics, amounts to be shipped, shipping package descriptions, material characteristics, transport mode, transport routes used and weather and population distribution information. Release sequences are identified by fault tree analysis tehniques. Releases are evaluated using package failure data, normal transport and transport accident environment data and mathematical models for material dispersion and resultant health effects. This information is combined to calculate the shipping system risk which is compared to other known risks. The data may be further analyzed to determine the primary contributors to the risk and identify possible methods for reducing the risk, if the current risk level is judged by society to be unacceptable.

Torus II is a versatile, small rectangular cross section, high-beta tokamak. The operational principles of Torus II are described along with some design features. (MOW)

A sodium heat pipe cell containing high-voltage discharge plates was constructed to study the band absorption of light by the sodium dimer and to determine the feasibility of creating a metal vapor laser. Spectrographic measurements indicated that the increase in sodium dimer population with temperature resulted in 90% light absorption at 970/sup 0/K. High-voltage discharges in the sodium vapor dissociated the dimers and restored transparency to the medium. No lasing action of the sodium vapor with high-voltage discharges was observed either because of insufficient ionization or nonuniformity of the ionization over the plate area.

This paper presents a methodology for environmental analysis that starts with the regional and national models, in this case the Multi-Regional energy System Optimization Model (M-RESOM) and the Brookhaven Energy System Optimization Model (BESOM), used in a mode for solar technology assessment. The linkage from BESOM through the National Long Term Inter-industry and Transactions Model (LTIM), also known as the Hudson-Jorgenson Model, ensures that the effect of energy prices and capital requirements on the economy is properly accounted for. Disaggregation to sectors is made through the Brookhaven Univ. of Illinois input-output model, and the national energy supply, energy demand, and non-energy sectoral outputs are calibrated (used as control totals) for the regional model. The regional model is then used for energy siting through the County Level Electric Facility Siting Model (CLEFS) and as a check on the geographic disaggregation for energy activity through the Office of the Bureau of Economic Research Service (OBERS) projections. By following either of these paths, residuals can be generated either by the National Emissions Data System (NEDS) or by allocating the regional emissions in accordance with the outcome of the siting model. Finally, the emissions now localized at the county level are fed into the …

Internalizing the costs for implementing solar energy may never be, the author says. In the meantime, budget allocation decisions must be made. It is the purpose of this paper to identify capabilities currently in existence at BNL that help to provide answers to the value of increasing the contribution of solar energy. This paper presents several alternative approaches. BNL models that are useful for the economic measurement of energy related environmental damage are NEDS/REPS1 NEDS/REPS; ESNS; PRESTO; and optimization models (M-RESOM, BECOM, SOGEPH, BESOM, DESOM/TESOM/MARICAL). The approaches suggested would be much more useful if they were evaluated by certain criteria. This is the goal of most systems research on internalizing externalities. The methods described provide quantitative measures for the following criteria, although no single method provides all of them: the residuals produced with and without solar; the impact of residuals on life, property, ecosystems, and ambience; the intergenerational effects; the effect of oil imports on security; the depletion of non-renewable resources; the quantification (as far as possible) of externalities; and the appropriate level of aggregration. In most cases in this paper, examples are given. The most common criteria is that the energy demands must be driven by an economic model …

Article on the effects of growth substances on non-induced and Botrytis cinerea culture filtrate-induced phaseollin production in Phaseolus vulgaris cell suspension cultures.

A two-phase turbine, using a low-quality steam-water mixture as a working fluid, was designed, built, and tested in the laboratory. Two-phase fluids are found naturally in most geothermal fields throughout the world and can also be used in the conversion of waste heat from industrial sources. The thermodynamic and fluid-dynamic properties of such fluid mixtures are reviewed, with specific reference to the selection and design of an appropriate expander. Various types of practically realizable expanders are considered, and the choice of a single-stage, axial-flow, impulse turbine is explained. Also the basic design parameters, including sizing and blade and nozzle geometry, are described.