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Plutonium, americium, and uranium in blow-sand mounds of safety-shot sites at the Nevada Test Site and the Tonopah Test Range
Blow-sand mounds or miniature sand dunes and mounds created by burrowing activities of animals were investigated by the Nevada Applied Ecology Group (NAEG) to determine the influence of mounds on plutonium, americium, and uranium distributions and inventories in areas of the Nevada Test Site and Tonopah Test Range. Those radioactive elements were added to the environment as a result of safety experiments of nuclear devices. Two studies were conducted. The first was to estimate the vertical distribution of americium in the blow-sand mounds and in the desert pavement surrounding the mounds. The second was to estimate the amount or concentration of the radioactive materials accumulated in the mound relative to the desert pavement. Five mound types were identified in which plutonium, americium, and uranium concentrations were measured: grass, shrub, complex, animal, and diffuse. The mount top (that portion above the surrounding land surface datum), the mound bottom (that portion below the mound to a depth of 5 cm below the surrounding land surface datum), and soil from the immediate area surrounding the mound were compared separately to determine if the radioactive elements had concentrated in the mounds. Results of the studies indicate that the mounds exhibit higher concentrations of plutonium, …
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
Essington, E. H.; Gilbert, R. O.; Wireman, D. L.; Brady, D. N. & Fowler, E. B.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Gas breakers for tokamak OHMIC-heating duty
The current interrupting capacity of air blast and SF/sub 6/ breakers is reviewed for application in tokamak ohmic-heating circuits. Particular attention is paid to generator breakers for their large current interrupting capacity and suitability for ohmic-heating circuits.
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
Vogel, H.F.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Measurement and analysis of flow wall shear stress in an interior subchannel of triangular array rods. [LMFBR]
A simulated model of triangular array rods with pitch to diameter ratio of 1.10 (as a test section) and air as the fluid flow was used to study the LMFBR hydraulic parameters. The wall shear stress distribution around the rod periphery, friction factors, static pressure distributions and turbulence intensity corresponding to various Reynolds numbers ranging from 4140 to 36170 in the central subchannel were measured. Various approaches for measurement of wall shear stress were compared. The measurement was performed using the Preston tube technique with the probe outside diameter equal to 0.014 in.
Date:
August 1, 1977
Creator:
Fakori-Monazah, M.R. & Todreas, N.E.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
CRBRP sodium circulating pump design evaluation
The following topics are discussed: (1) primary sodium pump design concept; (2) pump level control system; (3) resolution of design problems in stress analysis, dynamics analysis, and mechanical design; (4) model testing; (5) planned performance tests; and (6) fabrication status. (DG)
Date:
December 1, 1977
Creator:
Marrujo, F.; Cook, M.; Manners, L. & Cothran, H.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Vacuum considerations summary
The vacuum system for Heavy Ion Fusion machines can be divided according to pressure into 4 parts: (a) Ion Sources; (b) Linear Accelerators; (c) Circular Accelerators, Accumulators and Storage Rings; and (d) Reactors. Since ion sources will need rather conventional pumping arrangements and reactors will operate with greater pressures, depending on their mode of operation, only items b and c will be treated in this report. In particular, the vacuum system design will be suggested for the machines proposed by various scenarios arrived at during the workshop. High mass numbers will be assumed.
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Improved ceramic heat exchanger material
Various ceramic materials in the form of small, monolithic bars were screened as candidate materials in heat exchanger structures for automotive gas turbine engines. The material finally selected consists of 60 w/o* petalite (LAS) and 40 w/o of a recrystallizable glass which converts during thermal processing to cordierite (MAS). This new material, GE-3200, was fabricated by Coors Porcelain Company into a circular honeycomb structure 53.3 cm diameter and 10.2 cm thick (21'' x 4'') and having 69.8 holes/cm/sup 2/ (450 holes/in./sup 2/) of rectangular geometry. Dimensions of each cell are about 2.5 mm x 0.5 mm (0.1'' x 0.02'') with wall thicknesses about 0.20 mm (0.008''). Small bar-shaped specimens of the honeycomb were used to measure thermal, chemical, and mechanical properties and for macro- and microstructure examination. Cylindrical honeycomb specimens about 15.2 cm diameter and 10.2 in. thick (6'' x 4'') were sent to Ford Motor Company and are currently being tested in a gas turbine engine. Data obtained from testing the bar-shaped honeycomb specimens of GE-3200 and from testing bar-shaped honeycomb specimens of Corning 9455 were compared. Results indicate that GE-3200 has significantly better resistance to sulfuric acid and to sodium chloride than Corning 9455; thermal expansion of GE-3200 …
Date:
November 1, 1977
Creator:
Rauch, H. W., Sr.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Nuclear safeguards technology handbook
The purpose of this handbook is to present to United States industrial organizations the Department of Energy's (DOE) Safeguards Technology Program. The roles and missions for safeguards in the U.S. government and application of the DOE technology program to industry safeguards planning are discussed. A guide to sources and products is included. (LK)
Date:
December 1, 1977
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Proposal to assemble a high resolution-electron sensitive-energy flow calorimeter in the NEULAND spectrometer
A ..gamma.. catcher and a liquid scintillation calorimeter module in a simple configuration that is well suited to the investigation of several different neutrino induced processes are described. The variety of neutrino beams now available at Fermilab and synchrotron intensity and energy together with the high resolution calorimeter allow a multiplicity of experiments to be carried out with a single detector configuration.
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Linear accelerator driven (LADR) and regenerative reactors (LARR) for nuclear non-proliferation
Linear accelerator breeders (LAB) could be used to produce fissile fuel in two modes, either with fuel reprocessing or without fuel reprocessing. With fuel reprocessing, the fissile material would be separated from the target and refabricated into a fuel element for use in a burner power reactor. Without reprocessing, the fissile material would be produced in-situ, either in a fresh fuel element or in a depleted or burned element after use in a power reactor. In the latter mode the fissile material would be increased in concentration for reuse in a power reactor. This system is called a Linear Accelerator Regenerative Reactor (LARR). The LAB can also be conceived of operating in a power production mode in which the spallation neutrons would be used to drive a subcritical assembly to produce power. This is called a Linear Accelerator Driven Reactor (LADR). A discussion is given of the principles and some of the technical problems of both types of accelerator breeders.
Date:
September 1, 1977
Creator:
Steinberg, M.; Takahashi, H.; Powell, J. R. & Kouts, H. J.C.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Alternate materials of construction for geothermal applications. Progress report No. 14, July--September 1977
A program to determine if non-metallic materials such as polymers, concrete polymer composites, and refractory cements can be utilized as materials of construction in geothermal processes is in progress. To date, several high temperature polymer concrete systems have been formulated, laboratory and field tests performed in brine, flashing brine, and steam at temperatures up to 260/sup 0/C (500/sup 0/F), and economic studies started. Laboratory data for exposure times > 2 years are available. Results are also available from field exposures of up to 18 months in four geothermal environments. Good durability is indicated. Work at four of these sites is continuing.
Date:
September 1, 1977
Creator:
Kukacka, L. E.; Fontana, J.; Zeldin, A.; Sugama, T.; Horn, W.; Carciello, N. et al.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Isolation of pathogenic Naegleria from artificially heated waters
Investigations were undertaken to determine whether heated waters facilitate the proliferation of free-living amoeba that cause primary amoebic meningoencephalitis. Water samples were taken close to the discharges of power plants situated on lakes or rivers in Florida and Texas and from cooling towers in Tennessee. The water temperatures ranged from 29 to 42/sup 0/C. Water samples were also taken from several lakes in Florida and Texas without associated power plants. The water temperatures of these ranged from 30/sup 0/ to 34/sup 0/C. Twenty-five-250-ml samples were filtered through membranes. Samples taken from the control lakes and cooling towers showed no growth of pathogenic amoeba, whereas growth was obtained from 2 of the 8 lakes and rivers in Florida and from 1 of the 7 man-made lakes in Texas that were artificially heated. The amoebae were identified as belonging to the genus Naegleria from their trophozoite and cyst structure, ability to grow at 45/sup 0/C, to transform into flagellates, and to produce primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAME) in mice after intranasal instillation. Their identification as N. fowleri was confirmed by indirect immunofluorescent analysis with antiserum produced against N. fowleri. These findings indicate that artificial heating of waters may facilitate the growth of pathogenic …
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
Tyndall, R L; Willaert, E; Stevens, A R & Coutant, C C
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Exploding pusher performance at fixed laser power, a theoretical model
A model for the physics of exploding pusher targets is presented which compares favorably with the predictions of the complex simulation code, LASNEX.
Date:
October 4, 1977
Creator:
Rosen, M.D. & Nuckolls, J.H.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Preliminary report on the promise of accelerator-driven natural-uranium-fueled light-water-moderated breeding power reactors
A new concept for a power breeder reactor that consists of an accelerator-driven subcritical thermal fission system is proposed. In this system an accelerator provides a high-energy proton beam which interacts with a heavy-element target to produce, via spallation reactions, an intense source of neutrons. This source then drives a natural-uranium-fueled, light-water-moderated and -cooled subcritical blanket which both breeds new fuel and generates heat that can be converted to electrical power. The report given presents a general layout of the resulting Accelerator Driven Light Water Reactor (ADLWR), evaluates its performance, discusses its fuel cycle characteristics, and identifies the potential contributions to the nuclear energy economy this type of power reactor might make. A light-water thermal fission system is found to provide an attractive feature when designed to be source-driven. The equilibrium fissile fuel content that gives the highest energy multiplication is approximately equal to the content of /sup 235/U in natural uranium. Consequently, natural-uranium-fueled ADLWRs that are designed to have the highest energy generation per source neutron are also fuel-self-sufficient; that is, their fissile fuel content remains constant with burnup. This feature allows the development of a nuclear energy system that is based on the most highly developed fission technology …
Date:
July 1, 1977
Creator:
Greenspan, E.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Mechanical properties of LX-10-1. Process Development Endeavor No. 105
Two Holston lots of LX-10-1 were evaluated for mechanical properties. The average 21/sup 0/C tensile failure stress-strain values for Lot 711-1 and 711-2 were 2.32 MPa at 0.15% and 2.07 MPa at 0.18%, respectively. The failure stress range for both lots was approximately 0.4 MPa at 74 C to 5.6 MPa at -37C. Several additional pressing cycles were required to obtain a density of 1.865 Mg/m/sup 3/ for Lot 711-1 material. The additional cycles appear to have increased the tensile failure stress of Lot 711-1 slightly.
Date:
October 1, 1977
Creator:
Johnson, H.D.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
High beta capture and mirror confinement of laser produced plasmas. Semiannual report, April 1, 1977--September 30, 1977
The LITE research program is addressing two aspects of mirror confinement physics. ECRH heating of the confined LITE plasma is being investigated as a means for producing a local electrostatic well to trap cold ions within the plasma and provide DCLC stabilization without the energy drain effects obtained with a cold stabilizing stream. Concurrently, the heavy ion beam probe diagnostic being developed in LITE to experimentally measure the space potential within a minimum-B mirror plasma. During the period, 10-A beam injection focused on the target location has been achieved with the neutral beam source; investigations of hot ion building have been carried out with both a laser produced and a washer gun target; calculations modeling the ECRH stabilization have been performed, the experimental program defined, and preparations for the ECRH stabilization investigation undertaken; and the high current cesium source and high resolution electrostatic analyzer have been developed for the heavy ion beam probe. The physics of the ECRH stabilization model is studied, and conditions necessary to produce a local potential well for trapping cold ions are examined. An analysis of the stabilizing effect of this potential dip on the DCLC mode is presented. The heavy ion probe, under development for …
Date:
September 1, 1977
Creator:
Haught, A.F.; Tomlinson, R.G. & Ard, W.B.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Electron transfer reactions of metal complexes in solution
A few representative electron-transfer reactions are selected and their kinetic parameters compared with the predictions of activated complex models. Since Taube has presented an elegant treatment of intramolecular electron-transfer reactions, emphasis is on bimolecular reactions. The latter electron-transfer reactions are more complicated to treat theoretically since the geometries of their activated complexes are not as well known as for the intramolecular case. In addition in biomolecular reactions, the work required to bring the two reactants together needs to be calculated. Since both reactants generally carry charges this presents a non-trivial problem at the ionic strengths usually used to study bimolecular electron transfer.
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
Sutin, N.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Impact of selected energy conservation technologies on baseline demands
This study is an application of the modeling and demand projection capability existing at Brookhaven National Laboratory to specific options in energy conservation. Baseline energy demands are modified by introducing successively three sets of conservation options. The implementation of improved building standards and the use of co-generation in industry are analyzed in detail and constitute the body of this report. Two further sets of energy demands are presented that complete the view of a low energy use, ''conservation'' scenario. An introduction to the report covers the complexities in evaluating ''conservation'' in view of the ways it is inextricably linked to technology, prices, policy, and the mix of output in the economy. The term as used in this report is narrowly defined, and methodologies are suggested by which these other aspects listed can be studied in the future.
Date:
September 1, 1977
Creator:
Doernberg, A
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Design of a water jet drill for development of geothermal resources. Progress report, October 1--November 30, 1977
Progress is reported in the evaluation of the performance of a water jet drill in a stressed rock, particularly in drilling at hole diameters in excess of one inch. Drilling tests are being carried out in a barrier pillar in a layer of coarse, lead-bearing sandstone. Problems encountered in the test drilling are discussed. (JGB)
Date:
November 30, 1977
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Solar Pilot Plant, Phase I. Preliminary design report. Volume II, Book 2. Central receiver optical model users manual. CDRL item 2. [HELIAKI code]
HELIAKI is a FORTRAN computer program which simulates the optical/thermal performance of a central receiver solar thermal power plant for the dynamic conversion of solar-generated heat to electricity. The solar power plant which this program simulates consists of a field of individual sun tracking mirror units, or heliostats, redirecting sunlight into a cavity, called the receiver, mounted atop a tower. The program calculates the power retained by that cavity receiver at any point in time or the energy into the receiver over a year's time using a Monte Carlo ray trace technique to solve the multiple integral equations. An artist's concept of this plant is shown.
Date:
May 1, 1977
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Power plant reject heat utilization: an assessment of the potential for wide-scale implementation
An assessment of the relative economic and heat utilization merits of plant reject heat utilization systems was made in an effort to indicate those technologies that show the greatest potential for wide-scale implementation in the power generating industry. The heat utilization systems were designed to accommodate the yearly cooling needs of a 1000-MW(e) power plant. Thus, for the purposes of this study, it was assumed that these systems replaced the cooling tower as the primary condenser cooling water heat dissipation system. Implementation potential and user incentive considerations were used in assessing the technologies. Assessment of the implementation potential included economic, marketing, and power plant performance criteria. The user incentive assessment essentially viewed the use of reject heat from the user's perspective. Heat costs and performance characteristics of the heat utilization system were the criteria used in this assessment. The two analyses were combined in the overall assessment. The overall assessment indicated that extensive pond aquaculture offered the greatest potential for wide-scale implementation. This was followed by animal rearing, algal pond, greenhouse, intensive aquaculture and undersoil heating systems. Based on this assessment, it is recommended that extensive pond aquaculture should receive top research priority. Animal rearing, algal pond and greenhouse research …
Date:
December 1, 1977
Creator:
Olszewski, M.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Microscopic theory of charges density wave instability in NbSe/sub 2/
The microscopic theory of Sinha and Harmon for electronically driven lattice instabilities is used to explain the ''Kohn-like'' anomalies in the ..sigma../sub 1/ phonon branch and the observed incommensurate superlattice Bragg peak in 2H-NbSe/sub 2/, characteristic of the charge density wave at low temperatures in the neutron scattering experiments of Moncton et al. In accordance with the APW and LCAO band-structure calculations of Mattheiss of 2H-NbSe/sub 2/, the presence of three narrow d bands of atomic symmetry xy, x/sup 2/-y/sup 2/ and 3z/sup 2/-r/sup 2/ at the Fermi level is assumed. Thus the conduction-band wave function is represented by a linear combination of tight-binding Gaussian atomic orbitals with neglect of the variation of the radial wave function across the bands. The screened electron-ion interaction and the Coulomb energy of the charge fluctuation on the d shells of Nb atoms is represented by a pseudopotential screened by the Lindhard dielectric function. The phonon eigenvectors needed for estimating the electron-phonon interaction were calculated using a simple force constant model. In agreement with the experimental results, it was found that the phonon frequencies for the ..sigma../sub 1/ and ..sigma../sub 3/ branches are very strongly renormalized as one approaches the zone boundary. By introducing …
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
Das, S G; Sinha, S K & Wakabayashi, N
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Kilowatt Isotope Power System: component test procedure for the ground demonstration system multi-power level combined rotating unit. 77-KIPS-61
This test procedure (No. 402) provides a detailed description of the verification methods which shall be used in the developmental program to be conducted on the Combined Rotating Unit-(CRU) of the Kilowatt Isotope Power System KIPS, to fulfill the requirements of the Ground Demonstration Test Plan. The test objectives were to: establish operating conditions, overspeed conditions and to measure basic performance; measure output power; record spin-down data and calculate bearing losses; calculate turbine efficiency at steady state using spin down data and previously determined pump and alternator performance data; test 500 W(e) and 2000 W(e) units by replacing necessary hardware in one of the units and measuring basic performance; and test one of the units in the horizontal axis to demonstrate zero g operation.
Date:
December 1, 1977
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Central receiver solar thermal power system, Phase 1. CDRL Item 2. Pilot plant preliminary design report. Volume IV. Receiver subsystem. [10-MW Pilot Plant and 100-MW Commercial Plant]
The conception, design, and testing of the receiver subsystem proposed by the McDonnell Douglas/Rocketdyne Receiver team for the DOE 10-MW Pilot Plant and the 100-MW Commercial Plant are described. The receiver subsystem consists of the receiver unit, the tower on which the receiver unit is mounted above the collector field, and the supporting control and instrumentation equipment. The plans for implementation of the Pilot Plant are given including the anticipated schedule and production plan (procurement, installation, checkout, and maintenance). Specifications for the performance, design, and test requirements for the Pilot Plant receiver subsystem are included. (WHK)
Date:
November 1, 1977
Creator:
Hallet, Jr., R. W. & Gervais, R. L.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Application of direct contact heat exchangers to geothermal power production cycles. Project review, December 1, 1974--May 31, 1977
Work performed on the development of direct contact heat exchanger power cycles for geothermal applications is reviewed. The period covered in the report is from the inception of the project in 1974 through May 31, 1977. Results from a large experimental program on heat exchanger develpment as well as from many analyses of components and cycle performance and economics are given. A number of working fluids and operating conditions have been considered, and no major obstacles for the implementation of the concept have been discovered.
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
Jacobs, H. R.; Boehm, R. F. & Hansen, A. C.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library