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Regional Studies Program. Extraction of North Dakota lignite: environmental and reclamation issues
This study, sponsored by the U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration, addresses the environmental implications of extraction of coal in North Dakota. These implications are supported by details of the geologic and historical background of the area of focus, the lignite resources in the Fort Union coalfield portion. The particular concentration is on the four-county area of Mercer, Dunn, McLean, and Oliver where substantial coal reserves exist and a potential gasification plant site has been identified. The purposes of this extensive study are to identify the land use and environmental problems and issues associated with extraction; to provide a base of information for assessing the impacts of various levels of extraction; to examine the economics and feasibility of reclamation; and to identify research that needs to be undertaken to evaluate and to improve reclamation practices. The study also includes a description of the physical and chemical soil characteristics and hydrological and climatic factors entailed in extraction, revegetation, and reclamation procedures.
Date:
December 1, 1976
Creator:
LaFevers, J.R.; Johnson, D.O. & Dvorak, A.J.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Three-dimensional temperature history of a multipass filled weldment. Part 2. [HEATINGS]
Computer simulation of the three-dimensional temperature history in a multipass filled weldment was attempted by modifying a transient heat transfer code, HEATING5. The model includes temperature-dependent physical parameters, radiation and convection heat losses, turbulent and laminar convection in the molten pool, and variable arc velocity, intensity, and weld geometry. The model requires approximately 28 CPU min to simulate one second of welding. 15 figures, 8 tables.
Date:
December 21, 1976
Creator:
Pinkowish, J.A. & Whitman, P.K.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Potential effects of geothermal energy conversion on Imperial Valley ecosystems. [Seven workshop presentations]
This workshop on potential effcts of geothermal energy conversion on the ecology of Imperial Valley brought together personnel of Lawrence Livermore Laboratory and many collaborators under the sponsorship of the ERDA Imperial Valley Environmental Project (IVEP). The LLL Integrated Assessment Team identified the electric power potential and its associated effluents, discharges, subsidence, water requirements, land use, and noise. The Working Groups addressed the ecological problems. Water resource management problems include forces on water use, irrigation methods and water use for crops, water production, and water allocation. Agricultural problems are the contamination of edible crops and the reclamation of soil. A strategy is discussed for predevelopment baseline data and for identification of source term tracers. Wildlife resources might be threatened by habitat destruction, powerline impacts, noise and disturbance effects, gas emissions, and secondary impacts such as population pressure. Aquatic ecosystems in both the Salton Sea and fresh waters have potential hazards of salinity and trace metal effects, as well as existing stresses; baseline and bioassay studies are discussed. Problems from air pollution resulting from geothermal resource development might occur, particularly to vegetation and pollinator insects. Conversion of injury data to predicted economic damage isneeded. Finally, Imperial Valley desert ecosystems might be …
Date:
December 17, 1976
Creator:
Shinn, J.H. (ed.)
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Magnetic fusion energy annual report, July 1975--September 1976
Supporting research activities continued to provide the technical basis for future mirror-confinement experiments. The industrial development of a high-current, high-field, high-current-density Nb/sub 3/Sn conductor was the main goal of the superconducting magnet program. Beam direct conversion was being developed as a means of raising the efficiency of neutral-beam production, and plasma direct conversion was shown to work as predicted. Conceptual designs were completed for various types of power reactors. The neutral-beam program progressed in three areas: experimental work, facility construction, and conceptual design. Experiments on the 14-MeV Rotating Target Neutron Source (RTNS-II) included participation by experimenters from many different institutions. Methods for processing tritium-contaminated wastes were pursued, as were studies of tritiated methane in stainless-steel vessels, the control of tritium in mirror fusion reactors, and the development of titanium tritide targets for the RTNS. The report period witnessed a rapid maturation in ability to describe theoretically the behavior of ion-cyclotron noise in the 2XIIB and the influence of that noise on the confined plasma. The high beta values achieved in 2XIIB prompted much theoretical analysis of the properties of high-beta equilibria and stability, including those of a field-reversed state. Excellent progress was made on the development of computer codes applicable …
Date:
December 2, 1976
Creator:
Harrison, M.A.; McGregor, C.K. & Gottlieb, L. (eds.)
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Conceptual design study on incorporating a 25-ton/day pyrolysis unit into an operating total energy system. Final report
The results of a conceptual design study on incorporating a pyrolysis unit into an existing total energy plant are presented. The objectives of this study were to examine the institutional, technical and economic factors affecting the incorporation of a 25-ton/day pyrolysis unit into the Indian Creek Total Energy Plant. The Indian Creek total energy plant is described. Results of the conceptual design are presented. A survey of the availability of waste materials and a review of health and safety ordinances are included. The technical aspects of the pyrolysis system are discussed, including the results of the review of facilities requirements for the pyrolysis unit, the analysis of necessary system modification, and an estimate of the useful energy contribution by the pyrolysis unit. Results of the life-cycle cost analysis of the pyrolysis unit are presented. The major conclusions are that: there appears to be no institutional or technical barriers to constructing a waste pyrolysis unit at the Indian Creek Total Energy Plant; pyrolysis gas can be consumed in the engines and the boilers by utilizing venturi mixing devices; the engines can consume only 5% of the output of the 25-ton/day pyrolysis unit; Therefore, consumption of pyrolysis gas will be controlled by …
Date:
December 13, 1976
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Engineering aspects of geothermal development in the Imperial Valley
In order to provide background for introduction of a Geothermal Element into the General Plan of the County of Imperial, California, studies were conducted on resource evaluation, engineering development, environmental impact, economics, regulation, and so forth. This document is a collection of reviews of engineering matters pertinent to the County's plan. Briefly, the contents include discussions of drilling practice, costs, and land requirements. Brief notes on reinjection and on fluid transmission follow. The section on power plants attempts to give scaling relationships for land area, costs, and performance, according to size and reservoir temperature. The problem of cooling power plants is important, particularly in an arid agricultural area. Cooling requirements, water availability, and water suitability are discussed in turn. The question of the interactions of the hydrologic cycle, withdrawals for cooling, and the Salton Sea is covered in a separate EQL document. Finally, there are sections devoted to nonelectrical uses for the geothermal resources, including production of fresh water and chemicals. The direct uses for geothermal heat are not included.
Date:
December 1, 1976
Creator:
Goldsmith, M.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Selection of a melting furnace for consolidation of nuclear fuel hulls
The selection and design criteria for a cold-crucible melting system for fuel hull consolidation are defined. Appraisals of the cold-crucible processes that are available are presented. (LK)
Date:
December 1, 1976
Creator:
Nelson, R. G.; Schlienger, M. P. & Tiesenhausen, E. V.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Environmental control implications of generating electric power from coal. Technology status report. Volume I
This is the first in a series of reports evaluating environmental control technologies applicable to the coal-to-electricity process. The technologies are described and evaluated from an engineering and cost perspective based upon the best available information obtained from utility experience and development work in progress. Environmental control regulations and the health effects of pollutants are also reviewed. Emphasis is placed primarily upon technologies that are now in use. For SO/sub 2/ control, these include the use of low sulfur coal, cleaned coal, or flue-gas desulfurization systems. Electrostatic precipitators and fabric filters used for the control of particulate matter are analyzed, and combustion modifications for NO/sub x/ control are described. In each area, advanced technologies still in the development stage are described briefly and evaluated on the basis of current knowledge. Fluidized bed-combustion (FBC) is a near-term technology that is discussed extensively in the report. The potential for control of SO/sub 2/ and NO/sub x/ emissions by use of FBC is analyzed, as are the resulting solid waste disposal problems, cost estimates, and its potential applicability to electric utility systems.
Date:
December 1, 1976
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Analysis of well tests with variable discharge
The development of a general technique of analyzing well tests with variable flow rates is reported. The variable flow is approximated by a series of sequential straight line segments of arbitrary length and slope. (MHR)
Date:
December 1, 1976
Creator:
Tsang, C. F.; McEdwards, D. G.; Narasimhan, T. N. & Witherspoon, P. A.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Environmental control implications of generating electric power from coal. Technology status report. Volume II
This is the first in a series of reports evaluating environmental control technologies applicable to the coal-to-electricity process. The technologies are described and evaluated from an engineering and cost perspective based upon the best available information obtained from utility experience and development work in progress. Environmental control regulations and the health effects of pollutants are also reviewed. Emphasis is placed primarily upon technologies that are now in use. For SO/sub 2/ control, these include the use of low sulfur coal, cleaned coal, or flue-gas desulfurization systems. Electrostatic precipitators and fabric filters used for the control of particulate matter are analyzed, and combustion modifications for NO/sub x/ control are described. In each area, advanced technologies still in the development stage are described briefly and evaluated on the basis of current knowledge. Fluidized-bed combustion (FBC) is a near-term technology that is discussed extensively in the report. The potential for control of SO/sub 2/ and NO/sub x/ emissions by use of FBC is analyzed, as are the resulting solid waste disposal problems, cost estimates, and its potential applicability to electric utility systems. Volume II presents the detailed technology analyses complete with reference citations. This same material is given in condensed form in Volume …
Date:
December 1, 1976
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Fission product data for thermal reactors. Part 2. Users manual for EPRI-CINDER code and data
The objective of this project has been the production of a data library suitable for calculating the buildup of fission product nuclides during the operation of a thermal power reactor. This has been accomplished by reducing the fission product data from the fourth version of the national reference nuclear data base--ENDF/B into a series of linearized decay chains and calculating the effective yields and cross sections of the relevant nuclides. Two versions of the fission product library have been prepared: an 84 chain master library and a reduced 12 chain library, both of which can be used as input for the computer program CINDER. A users manual for an upgraded version of the burnup program CINDER (renamed EPRI-CINDER) is presented.
Date:
December 1, 1976
Creator:
England, T. R.; Wilson, W. B. & Stamatelatos, M. G.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Feasibility of developing low-cost measures of demand for public transportation in rural areas. Final report
The Appalachian region has many rural areas of limited accessibility. To improve the accessibility of the rural carless (poor, elderly, young, infirm) public transportation has often been suggested. The objective of the research is to develop a low-cost methodology for determining latent demand for public transportation in rural areas, i.e., to develop a data base of key socio-economic, highway network, and geographic variables which can be used to estimate latent demand along possible rural-transit routes. Data were collected on existing rural-transit operations in Planning Region VI of West Virginia (Monongalia, Taylor, Marion, Harrison, Doddridge, and Preston counties) by means of an on-off survey and an on-board questionnaire survey. Using these as indicators of demand, this information will be related to census data for the affected region to determine if a simplified modeling approach to estimate rural public transportation demand is feasible.
Date:
December 1, 1976
Creator:
Byrne, B.F. & Neumann, E.S.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Experimental Study of the Neutronics of the First Gas Cooled Fast Reactor Benchmark Assembly (GCFR Phase 1 Assembly)
The Gas Cooled Fast Reactor (GCFR) Phase I Assembly is the first in a series of ZPR-9 critical assemblies designed to provide a reference set of reactor physics measurements in support of the 300 MW(e) GCFR Demonstration Plant designed by General Atomic Company. The Phase I Assembly was the first complete mockup of a GCFR core ever built. A set of basic reactor physics measurements were performed in the assembly to characterize the neutronics of the assembly and assess the impact of the neutron streaming on the various integral parameters. The analysis of the experiments was carried out using ENDF/B-IV based data and two-dimensional diffusion theory methods. The Benoist method of using directional diffusion coefficients was used to treat the anisotropic effects of neutron streaming within the framework of diffusion theory. Calculated predictions of most integral parameters in the GCFR showed the same kinds of agreements with experiment as in earlier LMFBR assemblies.
Date:
December 1976
Creator:
Bhattacharyya, S. K.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
ANL/HIWAY: an Air Pollution Evaluation Model for Roadways
This report describes a computer program, called ANL/HIWAY, for estimating air quality levels of nonreactive pollutants produced by vehicular sources. It is valid for receptors at distances of tens to hundreds of meters, at an angle, downwind of the roadway, in relatively uncomplicated terrain. It may be used by planners to analyze the effects of a proposed roadway on adjacent air quality. The ANL/HIWAY model expands the evaluation capabilities of the EPA/HIWAY dispersion model. This report also serves as a user's manual for running the ANL/HIWAY PROGRAM. All command structures are described in detail, with sample problems exemplifying their use.
Date:
December 1976
Creator:
Concaildi, George A.; Cohen, Alan S. & King, Richard F.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Land Reclamation Program, Annual Report: July 1975-July 1976
Annual report of the Argonne National Laboratory Land Reclamation Program outlining the activities and research conducted during the year, various assessments and discussion, and related documentation.
Date:
December 1976
Creator:
Argonne National Laboratory. Land Reclamation Program.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Numerical Integration of Large Deflection Elastic-Plastic Axisymmetric Shells of Revolution
The improvement in the method of large deflection elastic-plastic analysis of shells and other structures appears to have continued interest. With the development in this work an improved numerical suppression scheme is now available for the large deflection elastic-plastic analysis of axisymmetric shells of revolution subjected to symmetric loadings. Quasi-linearization of Sander's non-linear shell equations is presented for the first time. With these quasi-linearized equations the suppression scheme has been developed to solve non-linear boundary-value problems. This suppression scheme has been used in conjunction with a Newton-Raphson method to improve a stable convergence process at the yield surface in elastic-plastic problems. Results presented indicate the accuracy of this numerical scheme. It appears to be possible to extend this method for more complicated situations.
Date:
December 1976
Creator:
Ahmed, Habib Uddin
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Physics of Reactor Safety, Quarterly Report: July-September 1976
Quarterly progress report summarizing work done in Argonne National Laboratory's Applied Physics Division including: reactor safety research and technical coordination of the RSR safety analysis program, analysis of critical assembly experiments, and work on reactor core thermal-hydraulic.
Date:
December 1976
Creator:
Argonne National Laboratory. Applied Physics Division.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
High-240Pu Sector Experiments in ZPPR Assembly 4
The complete high-plutonium-240 fuel experiment in ZPPR assembly 4 is reviewed. Results of criticality, enrichment, small-sample perturbation, sodium void, uranium-238 Doppler, control rod substitution and reaction rate measurements are presented. Comparison of these measured values with calculated results are included where possible. The relationship between the ZPPR high-plutonium-240 fuel experiments and the results obtained in previous critical experience is considered.
Date:
December 1976
Creator:
McFarlane, Harold F. & Beck, C. L.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Instrumentation for Automatic Cycling of Lithium-Aluminum/Iron Sulfide Secondary Cells
In the development of lithium-aluminum/iron sulfide secondary cells at Argonne National Laboratory, an instrumentation system was necessary to automatically operate experimental cells over extended periods of times. The system described in this report provides the capability for control of cell cycling and recording of data without the need for constant attendance by research personnel. In these tests, electrical performance, power, energy storage capacity cycle-life and cell lifetimes are determined by repetitive charging and discharging of the cells.
Date:
December 1976
Creator:
Olsen, W. F. & Slawecki, M. A.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Light-Water-Reactor Safety Research Program
Progress report on water-reactor-safety heat-transfer and flow problems. Covering the following research and development areas: loss-of-coolant accident research, transient fuel response and fission-product release program, mechanical properties of zircaloy containing oxygen, and steam-expulsion studies.
Date:
December 1976
Creator:
Argonne National Laboratory
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Decomposition of Calcium Sulfate : a Review of the Literature
One of the important issues related to fluidized bed combustion of fossil fuels is the subsequent handling and/or treatment of the partially sulfated lime material removed from the combustor. One alternative would be to regenerate the sulfated additive to recover the sulfur, which would be stored for use, and lime that would be recycled for reuse in the combustor. It is the purpose of this report to review the development of regeneration technology which has progressed rather slowly as compared with the technology relative to the fluidized bed combustion process. The review covers research efforts specifically directed toward the regeneration of sulfated limestones plus those studies which have been made to investigate the decomposition of naturally occurring minerals of calcium sulfate. The report reviews basic thermodynamic and kinetic studies as well as laboratory, bench, and pilot scale process development studies. No attempt has been made in the review to evaluate the engineering, environmental, or economic merits of regeneration of the various regeneration schemes.
Date:
December 1976
Creator:
Swift, W. M.; Panek, Allen F.; Smith, G. W.; Vogel, G. J. & Jonke, A. A.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Ceramic Coatings for Components Exposed to Coal-Gas Environments : a Review
The corrosive and erosive environments at high temperatures and pressures in coal gasifiers impose severe requirements on the alloys of fabrication. A concise review of the application of ceramic coatings to resist coal-gas environments has been conducted. The purpose of this review is to explore suitable ceramic or cermet materials that may resist or retard the degradation of metal components and to summarize the state of the art of various methods of producing such coatings.
Date:
December 1976
Creator:
Swaroop, Robert
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Final Report on Test L4, a Loss-of-Flow Experiment
The behavior of FTR-type, mixed-oxide, pre-irradiated "high-power-structure" fuel during a simulation of an FTR loss-of-flow accident was studied in the Mark-IIA integral TREAT loop. Analysis of the data leads to a postulated scenario (sequence and timing) of events in this test. This scenario is presented, together with the calculated timing of events obtained by use of SAS code.
Date:
December 1976
Creator:
Eberhart, James G.; Lo, R. & Barts, E. W.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Gasification of Chars Produced Under Simulated in situ Processing Conditions
This effort is being directed toward support studies for the national endeavor on in situ coal gasification. This task involves the investigation of reaction-controlling variables and product distributions for the gasification of both coals and chars utilizing steam and oxygen. Included in this task is the investigation of the effects of using brackish water as the water supply. The high-pressure char gasification system has been received from the manufacturer and is currently undergoing testing. The types of experiments that would be most useful in their studies have been discussed with two of the three laboratories carrying out field tests of in-situ gasification.
Date:
December 1976
Creator:
Fischer, J.; Lo, R.; Young, J. & Jonke, A. A.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library