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Explosive Stimulation of Geothermal Wells
The widespread, economic utilization of geothermal energy is at least partly dependent on efficient methods for stimulation of geothermal wells and formations. The principal problem is temperature, which imposes chemical, physical and mechanical limitations on equipment and stimulation fluids. The restrictions become particularly serious when formation temperatures exceed the 350º to 400ºF range which of course are the better geothermal zones. Ironically, one stimulation technique which has lost favor in oil and gas fields offers promise geothermally. Explosive fracturing, particularly bore shooting, can be used to fracture formations adjacent to the well bore. For true stimulation, only bore shooting offers economic viability today in high temperature wells. Nevertheless, it is a long step from economic and technical feasibility to commercial reality; a major element in that step is the development of safe hardware and field operational procedures. Therefore, certain conditions must be met in order to qualify an explosive stimulation system for routine commercial use. These conditions will insure that the explosive charges cannot cause massive damage or injury to personnel above ground in case of an accident, and also will minimize the potential for serious damage to a well in the event of a mishap. Fortunately, these conditions are …
Date:
December 1, 1976
Creator:
Maes, M.E.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Fabrication of ultra-low density beryllium. Final report
An experimental program, directed to determining the feasibility of producing porous beryllium structures of 15% of theoretical density with nominal 1-mm-diameter pores by a technique involving the use of evaporable pore-forming filler material, is described. The experimental work carried through from the initial forming of near-spherical particles of evaporable filler materials to the evaluation of fabricated porous beryllium specimens. Naphthalene and ammonium chloride were selected and evaluated for their utility in this fabrication concept. The overall concept involves the following basic steps: (1) forming near-spherical evaporable pore-forming particles, (2) coating these particles with beryllium powder, (3) cold consolidating the composite material into a self-supporting body by isostatic pressing, (4) removing the pore-forming material by its evaporation through the finely porous beryllium network, and finally (5) sintering the beryllium to obtain a strong, ultra-low-density structure.
Date:
December 1, 1976
Creator:
Mueller, J. J.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
[Fachwerk w/basement]
Photograph of the Fachwerk w/basement in Texas.
Date:
December 1, 1976
Creator:
Texas Historical Commission
Object Type:
Photograph
System:
The Portal to Texas History
Feasibility of detecting artificial magnetic anomalies in hydrofractured rock by superconducting gradiometer-SQUID systems
A study of the signal physics of magnetic anomaly detection by superconducting gradiometer-SQUID systems to determine the feasibility of possible applications to the geothermal energy program is described. The system would make full use of the incredible sensitivity of the superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) which can be in the range of 10/sup -11/ Oe. In addition to magnetic anomalies in the earth's field produced by spherical distributions of magnetic matter, anomalies that would be artificially produced by flooding magnetic material into cracks produced by hydrofracturing in deep boreholes drilled into dry rock geothermal sources are considered. The study indicates that surface detection by horizontal and vertical gradiometers of crack anomalies will not be feasible if the magnetic material flooding the crack is a paramagnetic solution. However, one can concoct a slurry to carry prepolarized ferromagnetic particles of a size sufficiently large to permit domain formation but small enough to permit rotation and alignment in the earth's field. In this case, the anomaly signal is large enough to permit extraction of anomaly orientation information out of the background of magnetic noise and earth's field gradients. The superconducting gradiometer-SQUID system is shown to be exceptional in its capability of removing undesirable …
Date:
December 1, 1976
Creator:
Overton, W. C. Jr.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Feasibility of developing low-cost measures of demand for public transportation in rural areas. Final report
The Appalachian region has many rural areas of limited accessibility. To improve the accessibility of the rural carless (poor, elderly, young, infirm) public transportation has often been suggested. The objective of the research is to develop a low-cost methodology for determining latent demand for public transportation in rural areas, i.e., to develop a data base of key socio-economic, highway network, and geographic variables which can be used to estimate latent demand along possible rural-transit routes. Data were collected on existing rural-transit operations in Planning Region VI of West Virginia (Monongalia, Taylor, Marion, Harrison, Doddridge, and Preston counties) by means of an on-off survey and an on-board questionnaire survey. Using these as indicators of demand, this information will be related to census data for the affected region to determine if a simplified modeling approach to estimate rural public transportation demand is feasible.
Date:
December 1, 1976
Creator:
Byrne, B.F. & Neumann, E.S.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic coupling in amorphous (Ni/sub 100-c/Mn/sub c/)/sub 78/P/sub 14/B/sub 8/. [C=0. 7 to 20 at. % 1. 7 to 270/sup 0/K]
The magnetic properties of amorphous alloys (Ni/sub 100-c/Mn/sub c/)/sub 78/P/sub 14/B/sub 8/ with 0.7 at. percent equal to or less than c equal to or less than 20 at. percent were investigated for temperatures between 1.7 and 270/sup 0/K. Samples were prepared by the splat cooling method; the susceptibilities at zero field and the magnetizations in fields up to 70 kOe were measured. Ni/sub 78/P/sub 14/B/sub 8/ is paramagnetic, and Ni--Mn--P--B alloys exhibit different magnetic characteristics depending on the manganese concentration and the temperature range. At ''high temperature'' T equal to or greater than 30/sup 0/K the initial susceptibility has a Curie--Weiss behavior; all the paramagnetic Curie temperatures, theta, are equal to zero or positive. The low-temperature studies show that three concentration regimes can be determined; for c equal to or less than 2 at. percent, a dilute alloy behavior is observed. For higher manganese concentrations the magnetization features show the existence of a mixing of ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic coupling between atoms. For 2 at. percent less than c equal to or less than 8 at. percent the alloys present spin glass characteristics, i.e., a random magnetic coupling occurs between magnetic moments. For 8 at. percent less than c equal …
Date:
December 1, 1976
Creator:
Amamou, A.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
FFTF operations procedures preparation guide. Revision 2
The Guide is intended to provide guidelines for the initial preparation of FFTF Operating Procedures. The Procedures Preparation Guide was developed from the plan presented and approved in the FFTF Reactor Plant Procedures Plan, PC-1, Revision 3.
Date:
December 1, 1976
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Field Case Studies of Pressure Buildup Behavior in Geysers Steam Wells
The purpose of this paper is to illustrate and discuss practical application of pressure buildup test theory in The Geysers steam reservoir, where the theory has been used to make qualitative interpretations about such things as fracture geometry and boundary conditions. Quantitative estimates of reservoir permeability are made on a routine basis. Quantitative estimation of porosity using pressure buildup analysis requires a very accurate knowledge of reservoir geometry, so this application must be approached with caution, since the reservoir is still being delineated by exploratory drilling. The pressure buildup can conveniently be divided up into three general periods for purposes of discussion: (1) short-time, (2) radial flow, and (3) late-time. During short-time, pressure buildup is dominated by either wellbore storage and skin effect, linear flow along a fracture plane, or a combination of these. After these short-time effects die out, pressure becomes a linear function of the logarithm of time. This semi-log straight period will be called radial flow for purposes of discussion in this paper. At late-time, pressure departs from semi-log straight in various ways depending upon boundary conditions. Any or all of the above three periods typical of pressure buildup behavior at wells in The Geysers reservoir may …
Date:
December 1, 1976
Creator:
Strobel, Calvin J.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Fission product data for thermal reactors. Part 2. Users manual for EPRI-CINDER code and data
The objective of this project has been the production of a data library suitable for calculating the buildup of fission product nuclides during the operation of a thermal power reactor. This has been accomplished by reducing the fission product data from the fourth version of the national reference nuclear data base--ENDF/B into a series of linearized decay chains and calculating the effective yields and cross sections of the relevant nuclides. Two versions of the fission product library have been prepared: an 84 chain master library and a reduced 12 chain library, both of which can be used as input for the computer program CINDER. A users manual for an upgraded version of the burnup program CINDER (renamed EPRI-CINDER) is presented.
Date:
December 1, 1976
Creator:
England, T. R.; Wilson, W. B. & Stamatelatos, M. G.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Fluid Flow Through a Large Vertical Crack in the Earth's Crust
In this investigation, we are primarily concerned with modeling fluid flow through vertical cracks that were created for the purpose of extracting heat from hot, dry rock masses. The basic equation for the two-dimensional problem of fluid flow through a crack is presented and an approximate solution is found. The basic equation is a non-linear, Cauchy-singular integro-differential equation. Moderately simple formulae for the crack opening displacement and the effective pressure difference between the crack tips are derived. The results are valid for arbitrary vertical cracks, provided that the fluid injection and removal points are not placed too close to the crack tips. (A more complete treatment of this problem is given by us in a paper to appear in the Journal of Geophysical Research.) There are two corrections that can be made to our results. One of these is for the influence of the earth’s surface. Another correction takes into account the force in the vertical direction produced at the crack walls by the fluid pressure because the crack walls are not vertical when the crack is filled with fluid. It can be shown (Weertman and Chang, Ref. 6) that both of these corrections are negligibly small. We conclude from …
Date:
December 1, 1976
Creator:
Weertman, J. & Chang, S.P.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Flux pinning and flux flow studies in superconductors using flux flow noise techniques. Progress report, April 1, 1976--December 17, 1976
Measurements of flux flow noise power spectra have been combined with critical current measurements and measurements of current-voltage characteristics to study flux flow and local pinning interactions effective during flux flow. A model of flux flow noise generation in the presence of local pinning interactions is developed and applied to situations where pinning is dominated by: (1) grain boundaries, (2) normal metal precipitates in a superconducting matrix, (3) gross deformation producing a critical current peak effect, and (4) surface grooves imposed on a sample surface. In the case of pinning caused by normal metal precipitates in a superconducting matrix, unusual training and hysterisis effects are observed in the flux flow characteristics. The greater sensitivity of noise spectra, as compared with bulk critical current measurements, in obtaining a detailed picture of flux flow is emphasized.
Date:
December 1, 1976
Creator:
Joiner, W. C. H.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Forced Geoheat Extraction from Sheet-Like Fluid Conductors
Geoheat is now being extracted for electrical power generation from natural hydrothermal resources in thermally active regions on the basis of free flowing boreholes. This type of operation may be termed as free geoheat production. The Reykjavik District Heating System is a low-temperature operation where large scale resource stimulation by borehole pumping is being applied. These free and stimulated production methods are based on the presence of natural fluid conducting openings in the resource formations and on a natural recharge of the withdrawn fluid. One can also envision forced geoheat extraction systems (FGES) with an artificial recharge of the heat extracting fluid which flows to some extent through artificial openings created by hydraulic fracturing or other pressurizing operations. For the operation of such systems to be successful, the openings have to provide adequate contact areas or contact volumes between the fluid and the rock such that a sufficient amount of heat can be extracted from the hot formations. In this paper, we will discuss a number of economical and physical aspects of FGES with emphasis on heat extraction from sheetlike natural fluid conductors in volcanic formations such as sufficiently open (conducting) fault zones, dikes and formation contacts. We envision applications …
Date:
December 1, 1976
Creator:
Bodvarsson, G. & Hanson, J.M.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
[Fry-Barry House]
Photograph of the Fry-Barry House (located at 300 block W Austin) in Marshall, Texas.
Date:
December 1, 1976
Creator:
Texas Historical Commission
Object Type:
Photograph
System:
The Portal to Texas History
Future Well Testing and Injection at the East Mesa Field
The Bureau of Reclamation has established an ongoing program for the analysis and evaluation of the East Mesa Geothermal Field. This presentation will discuss the recent history of the field including testing methods and results. Future testing plans will also be discussed. 6 refs., 3 tabs., 4 figs.
Date:
December 1, 1976
Creator:
Mathias, K.E.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Gasification of chars produced under simulated in situ processing conditions. Annual report, October 1975--September 1976
None
Date:
December 1, 1976
Creator:
Fischer, J.; Young, J. E.; Lo, R. N.; Bowyer, D. C.; Johnson, J. E. & Jonke, A. A.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Geothermal R and D Project report for period July 1, 1976 to September 30, 1976
Progress in the third quarter of 1976 is reported for the geothermal energy projects conducted by or under the direction of the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory of the Energy Research and Development Administration. These projects include the Raft River geothermal development within reservoir and surface testing programs; the Boise Space Heating Project; the design and analysis of power conversion concepts for generating electricity from moderate temperature (approximately 150/sup 0/C or 300/sup 0/F) resources; advanced heat exchanger research and testing; and studies relating to a variety of direct uses of geothermal heat energy.
Date:
December 1, 1976
Creator:
Kunze, J. F.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Geothermal Reservoir Engineering in Industry
For reservoir engineers in private industry, a geothermal project begins when a potential geothermal prospect is being evaluated for leasing. The reservoir engineer must be involved with the exploitation and land acquisition groups, and with the exploration and initial drilling program. The reservoir engineer must contribute information to the environmental impact analysis, and is challenged to determine how large his reserves are within the shortest possible time and with the minimum amount of wells and testing. Needs are described for temperature tools as sensitive as those for bottomhole pressure measurement, for analysis of chemical data for its implications about reservoir performance, for more complete understanding of the effects of water injection into reservoirs, and for techniques that minimize water injection’s detrimental effects. The engineering going on in the field is highly complementary to the current research activity.
Date:
December 1, 1976
Creator:
Lipman, Stephen C.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Geothermal Reservoir Engineering in the EPRI Geothermal Program
Modest progress has been made in the definition of hydrothermal resources and development of the geothermal information base. The reluctance to build hydrothermal power plants thus far is a function of many factors but one important factor is the need for more complete and more accurate reservoir assessments for hydrothermal fields. EPRI’s geothermal program has a small effort in reservoir assessment at this time, but a strong interest in advancing the art, and hopes to be in a position to expand the effort in the future. 1 fig.
Date:
December 1, 1976
Creator:
Roberts, V. W.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Research
This report first describes reservoir engineering within the broad field of petroleum engineering. The report next describes the general pattern of reservoir engineering in terms of performance observations, hypothesis construction and testing, and reservoir development planning, and emphasizes the importance of searching for the hypothesis about the nature of the reservoir system derived from all known facts instead of a model that includes only selected fact. The history since 1900 of gas, oil, and geothermal reservoir engineering research is briefly described.
Date:
December 1, 1976
Creator:
Ramey, H.J. Jr. & Miller, Frank G.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Geothermal reservoir engineering, second workshop summaries, December 1-3, 1976
Workshop proceedings included the following: (1) During the Overview Session some papers, among others, discussed 'Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Research' and 'Geothermal Reservoir Engineering in Industry'; (2) Session I, Reservoir Physics, included papers on 'Steam Zone Temperature Gradients at the Geysers' and 'Water Influx in a Steam Producing Well'; (3) Session II, Well Testing, included papers on 'Borehole Geophysics in Geothermal Wells--Problems and Progress' and 'Herber-Pressure Interference Study'; (4) Session III, Field Development, included papers on 'A Reservoir Engineering Study of the East Mesa KGRA' and 'Determining the Optimal Rate of Geothermal Energy Extraction'; (5) Session IV, Well Stimulation, included papers on 'Fluid Flow Through a Large Vertical Crack in the Earth's Crust' and 'Explosive Stimulation of Geothermal Wells'; and (6) Session V, Modeling, included papers on 'Steam Transport in Porous Media' and 'Large-Scale Geothermal Field Parameters and Convection Theory.'
Date:
December 1, 1976
Creator:
Kruger, P. & Ramey, H.J. Jr.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
[Governor Robert's House]
Photograph of the Governor Robert's House (located at 819 7th St) in Marble Falls, Texas.
Date:
December 1, 1976
Creator:
Texas Historical Commission
Object Type:
Photograph
System:
The Portal to Texas History
[Governor Robert's House]
Photograph of the Governor Robert's House (located at 819 7th St) in Marble Falls, Texas.
Date:
December 1, 1976
Creator:
Texas Historical Commission
Object Type:
Photograph
System:
The Portal to Texas History
[Hagerty House]
Photograph of the Hagerty House (located at 506 E Rusk) in Marshall, Texas.
Date:
December 1, 1976
Creator:
Texas Historical Commission
Object Type:
Photograph
System:
The Portal to Texas History
Heat Extraction from a Hydraulically Fractured Penny-Shaped Crack in Hot Dry Rock
Heat extraction from a penny-shaped crack having both inlet and outlet holes is investigated analytically by considering the hydraulic and thermal growth of the crack when fluid is injected at a constant flow rate. The rock mass is assumed to be infinitely extended, homogeneous, and isotropic. The equations for fluid flow are derived and solved to determine the flow pattern in the crack. Temperature distributions in both rock and fluid are also determined. The crack width change due to thermal contraction and the corresponding flow rate increase are discussed. Some numerical calculations of outlet temperature, thermal power extraction, and crack opening displacement due to thermal contraction of rocks are presented for cracks after they attain stationary states for given inlet flow rate and outlet suction pressure. The present paper is a further development of the previous works of Bodvarsson (1969), Gringarten et al. (1975), Lowell (1976), Harlow and Pracht (1972), McFarland (1975), among others, and considers the two-dimensional rather than the one-dimensional crack. Furthermore, the crack radius and width are quantities to be determined rather than given a priori. 11 refs., 1 tab., 5 figs.
Date:
December 1, 1976
Creator:
Abe, H.; Mura, T. & Keer, L.M.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library