(p,xp) reactions are those nuclear reactions induced by high energy protons in which both the mans and the charge of the target nucleus are reduced by x-1 units. The most common type of these reactions to be expected in the 100 to 400 Mev region involves the exclusive emission of protons as a results of the interactions. The specific (p,xp) reactions investigated in this study were those where 2 is less than or equal to x where x is less than or equal to 5.

The study which has been carried out under Contract AT(30-1)2477 has as its objective the review of all work which has been done on the application of radionuclear techniques to research in water resources and supply, the evaluation of this work, and the suggestions of specific experiments which must be performed if these applications are to be extended.

This program was established to develop new information concerning the mechanism of diffusion of fission gases (krypton and xenon) through UO2 and UC. The work was to concentrated on measurements of diffusion rates in unirradiated materials in the temperature range of 1000°C to above 2000°C, these determinations being important to the projected use of refractory fuel materials in high-temperature, high-burnup reactors.

Previous results from the Pebble Bed Reactor Fuel Element Development Program had shown the excellent promise of vapor-deposited Al2O3 doq5intw on UO2 particles as a low permeability high temperature fission product barrier. However, since the matrix material for the PBR fuel element is a graphite sphere, carbonaceous coatings on the dispersed fuel particles might be of more interest because of improved particle coating-matrix compatibility and no displacement of neutron moderating materials. Since a pyrolytic carbon coating also appeared to be low permeability higt temperature material, emphasis was placed on the development of pyrolytic carbon coated UC2 particles dispersed in a graphite sphere as the reference PBR fuel element.

COOLBALL is an IBM 650 machine program designed to calculate local gas and ball temperatures, gas flow, and pressure loses as induced by non-uniform power generation and voidage within an axial flow Pebble Bed Reactor core. This code has been used extensively to study the thermal characteristics of Pebble Bed Reactor cores in support of a broad program for the development of the PBR concept.

Nuclear processes are random in character, and, accordingly, are amenable to statistical treatment. In 1905, shortly after the discover of natural radioactivity, E. Von Schweldler showed that the analytical description of the decay distribution of radioactive substances followed from probability considerations regardless of the mechanism involved in the process of atomic disintegration.

"Polyvinyl chloride degrades quite badly under irradiation due to the ease of splitting out HC1. The incorporation of polyfunctional monomers, however, has been found to lower the radiation doses required for gelation below those which result in degradation. Thus, gelation of polyfunctional monomer-polyvinyl chloride mixtures has been achieved quite readily."

"The degree of equilibrium swelling of low density polyethylene by various di- and tri-functional monomers has been experimentally determined. Non-extractable portions of irradiated monomer-polymer and monomer-free-polymer samples have been determined by refluxing in a Soxhlet extractor. Irradiated, monomer-free polyethylene samples that give a non-extractable portion after Soxhlet, refluxing dissolve by direct immersion in the same hot solvent.

"This is the third quarterly report on Task II dealing with Methods Development for Radio-Tracing of Coal Product Hydrocarbons With Tritium. The problem of accurate low-level tritium assay for tagged hydrocarbons has been resolved and attention is now primarily directed at the questions of tritium mobility and radio-chemical purity in tagged tracers."

"This is the fourth Quarterly Report on Task II dealing with Methods Development for Radio-Tracing of Coal Product Hydrocarbons With Tritium. The problem of radio-chemical purity of traces is resolved by developing a new method of labeling with tritium that generates essentially no highly tagged side products or impurities."

"This report is the third quarterly report under Contract AT(30-1)-2528 for the decontamination and recovery of precious metals from contaminated scrap. The results described in [2nd quarterly report] and expanded in this report confirm the statement that the method achieves not only the desired decontamination but also produces a product of high purity. In addition the relative simplicity of the method makes it particularly adaptable to large scale manipulation."

"In spite of the present scarcity of experimental data it appears likely that the lepton modes of hyperon decay will eventually become an important source of information concerning strangeness-changing weak interactions. In this paper we use dispersion relations to estimate the effect of intermediate meson states upon the lepton decay modes of hyperons."

"The understanding of interactions between the elementary particles, which no number thirty, and range from the massless neutrino to the Е with a mass of approximately 1320 Mev, in a prerequisite to the knowledge of the structure of matter. Although the complex aggregate of elementary particles which constitute matter displays properties different from those of the basic building blocks, nevertheless it is impossible to gain a firm knowledge of the behavior of matter without first ascertaining in the intrinsic properties of elementary particles, as well as the dynamics of their interactions. The present work is concerned with inelastic proton-proton scattering at 1.35 Bev, where single pion production predominates."

"The purposes of the program being conducted under the present contract are: 1) To determine the feasibility of cladding zirconium on uranium by a direct casting process. 2) To investigate the diffusion of liquid metals in the fusion zone."

"This approach to the problem of radiation damage was reported. A comparison of haploid males and diploid females with respect to their radio-sensitivity was made at various stages of embryonic and post-embryonic development. Differences in sensitivity were observed and taken to indicate that genetic damage is involved in the effects of x-rays upon development in Habrobracon juglandis."

"This paper deals with the Riemann function for linear hyperbolic systems of first-order equations. the leading term in the singularity of the Riemann function is determined and interpreted. In addition to equations with distinct characteristics, certain equations with multiple characteristics are treated."

"The ion source used for hydrogen and deuterium ions in the variable energy cyclotron at the University of Rochester is of the hooded arc type. For the past year it has been operating with a new feature which has greatly improved its performance. The new feature is a magnetic mirror built into the upper end of the arc hood by a simple insertion of a steel bearing ball 1/8" in diameter. The magnetic field gradient near the ball provides a magnetic mirror action on electrons moving up the arc channel toward the ball, reflecting may of them."

"Evacuated electrical oscillating cavities frequently are found to exhibit a strong loading due to electron (or iron) multiplications, the so-called multipactor effect. This effect tends to prevent the buildup of dee voltage in cyclotrons. In conventional cyclotrons driven from external oscillators having their own resonant tank circuits the difficulties are usually slight, but in cyclotrons using a simple dee system as the tank circuit difficulties are encountered in getting the oscillator to break into full oscillation."

"As presented in the original proposal the project consisted essentially of three parts: Phase I, Development and refinement of a radiochemical flow counting technique for the study of kinetics of reactions in solution ; Phase II, The application of this technique to the detailed study of the mechanism of solvolysis of sulfonium salts in mixed solvents ; Phase II, The further application of this kinetic technique, as a longer term aim, to other reacting systems of biochemical or other interest. This report covers the work of the contractual period 1 Sept. 1959 to 31 Aug. 1960."

"Design and fabrication techniques were improved so that the large area image intensifier now performs well in image intensifier systems for photographing nuclear tracks. Two successful samples meeting most of the objectives were completed and started in circulation among members of the AEC Image Intensifier Committee for evaluation in systems to record nuclear tracks. Except for a reported long decay in the P-15 phosphor performance was quite good. Resolution, gain, and background requirements were met. Magnification was still high (1/6.5 compared to a design objective of 1/8) but can be lowered to 1/8 by a straightforward mechanical change. Evaporated layers of thallium activated rubidium and cesium iodide were improved and further evaluated. Improved control of color and persistence was obtained. Efficiency as high as 1/3 that of P-11 phosphor was obtained in some samples. The current test series confirmed earlier results that an increase in cesium iodide content shifts the emission spectrum towards the yellow. Burn-resistance and light output was poorer for the cesium enriched phosphors while decay time was decreased.

"A comparison of the grafting of a 2:1 molar mixture of methacrylic acid and styrene to both polypropylene film and fabric using CO60 source and electron accelerator as sources of ionizing radiation is made on the basis of mutual or simultaneous grafting and post-irradiation grafting.

"Graft polymers were made by Co60 mutual irradiation of mixtures of styrene and methyl acrylate in contact Teflon. These graft copolymers were analyzed by infra-red absorption and their composition determined. The composition of the graft copolymer formed from styrene and methyl acrylate was different from that which is predicted by the copolymer composition equation."

"A comparison of grafting to two thicknesses of polypropylene film is made using isotope and electron accelerator initiation. The results indicate that the grafting of methacrylic acid: styrene to polypropylene is mainly a surface reaction."

"A brief examination of the post irradiation grafting of machine irradiated polyethylene film with acrylic acid monomer was made. Evidence of postgrafting was detected in samples that had been irradiated to a total dose of 10 Mrads at a dose rate of 0.01 Mrad/sec. and then exposed to a 25% purified acrylic acid solution in benzene for periods of 1 to 4 days."