The following document describes the usage of the LRL 9-ZOOM code, a neutron diffusion theory reactor code for the IBM 709. The code has been modified to solve configuration of a series of stacked cylindrical disks, designating a new geometry case.

Report the describes a simple accurate simulator that can predict the ion trajectories in and ion gun for certain electrode geometries.

The following document aims to analyze the dynamics of a pinch tube, including the reaction back on the energy source.

The following document describes the usage and results of sending pulsed beams of electrically charged particles with electrically wide range of pulse lengths and pulse repetition rates.

Abstract: "Microwaves have been used for several years at Lawrence Radiation Laboratory to study conditions in the magnetically contained plasmas of controlled fusion research. There are two basic microwave techniques. One gives information on electron density and distribution in the plasma, the other provides data on electron temperature. This paper briefly summarizes the established techniques, discusses engineering requirements and limitations, and describes some further applications of microwaves presently being considered."

The following report describes the injection and trapping of high current electron beams in order to construct an electron gun and the first 2 Mev section of the accelerator.

Abstract: "Discussion is directed toward eventual optimization of the largest diffusion-pump systems. Less than 100 diffusion pump fluid molecules per cm 2/sec are possible to detect using an accumulation method. Optimization discussed demands highest possible system speed compatible with the above contamination rate. Bakeable oil diffusion pump systems, with equal orifice valve-tap units, without conventional baffling, permit theoretical through-put speeds up to 0.3 of the system orifice. The average backstreaming rate of oil in two unconventionally baffled commercial pumps of 6-in. and 10-in. size is reduced to < 3 x 10-(-4) g/cm-2/24 hr, including heating and cooling the pump boiler. A Ho factor of >0.4 is maintained. Results on trapping with activated alumina, retained by a wire mesh, at both liquid-nitrogen and room temperature are included. A variety of pumping speed measurements and bakeable combination valve-trap units are discussed."

Report discussing part of a study that aims to understand plasma stability and confinement in mirror geometries.

Abstract. An IBM-650 computer code for the detailed unfolding of [gamma]-ray spectra obtained from NaI scintillation counters has been developed. The procedure is set up to remove analyzer scale dependence and to largely remove energy dependences. Computer time is about 1 minute per [gamma]-ray.

Introduction. With the development of fission and subsequently of thermonuclear explosives, a very large source of cheap energy has become available. The problem of using this energy for peaceful purposes safely and economically presents itself as one of the most interesting and important of our time. In explosions the energy is released very suddenly. Conversion of this sudden release of energy at extremely high temperature and pressure into the form of useful work, either mechanical or chemical or thermal, must be accomplished in order for such explosions to have nonmilitary uses. The technical feasibility of such conversions in a number of different instances will be described in this article. At the same time one must be able to control nuisance effects. Examples of these are seismic effects, the blast and heat which at least in the atmosphere always accompany such explosions, and the problem of radioactivity. Even given the technical feasibility of these accomplishments, which in some cases seems quite clear from what is known already, one must prove economic feasibility. That is to say, one must show that the cost of certain nonmilitary undertakings will be considerably less by the use of nuclear explosions than by conventional methods.

Abstract. A series of paired explosions in a salt mine near Winnfield, Louisiana, has been conducted to test a theory by Dr. A. L. Latter concerning seismic decoupling by underground cavities. The theory predicted a decoupling of about 100. Free-field and surface measurements from an explosion in either a 6-ft- or a 15-ft-radius spherical cavity were compared with similar measurements from a completely tamped explosion. Shot sixes were from a 10 lb up to a few tons. Surface measurements were made out to 100 km and covered the frequency range from 0.05 to 100 cpa. The experiment confirmed that decoupling does occur. The actual decoupling factor as a function of frequency is presented and compared with the Latter theory.

Abstract. The polarization of the recoil nucleon in pion-nucleon scattering is studied from the point of view of providing a means of distinguishing among the various angular momentum assignments proposed for the higher pion-nucleon resonances. It is shown that polarization in this reaction is just as useful a guide as polarization in photoproduction. In particular, a measurement of the polarization at and in the neighborhood of 90 degrees in the energy range between the first and third resonances should give a fairly convincing verification of one or the other of the prevailing assignments.

The Ising model, a system of atoms arranged on a lattice with simple nearest neighbor interactions, provides a more or less realistic description of many physical systems. The state of each atom is specified by a two-valued variable, which may be identified with: (1) its spin (up or down), if one wishes to describe a magnetic system; (2) its identity (A or B), if one wishes to describe a a mixture of two kinds of atoms; or (3) its presence or absence (atom or hole), if one is dealing with a lattice gas. In all three cases it is assumed that the energy of a configuration of the system, aside from the energy of interaction with external fields, is simply a sum of energies of nearest-neighbor pairs, the energy of a pair being zero if the two atoms are similar, and the sum if they are different. In describing the calculations, we shall use the terminology appropriate to (2), but the results will be general statements about the model.

Introduction. A survey has been made of the image converter tubes generally available in this country and Europe. Ultraviolet and infrared types using photocathodes were included, buy x-ray and solid state types were omitted. Since this is the first time that this list has been compiled, it may have errors and omissions. The author will appreciate any corrections or suggestions, and it is hoped that revised lists will be published from time to time.

Abstract. The preparation and properties of a new explosive, liquid over the range -65 degrees F to +165 degrees F, are presented. This explosive, called NTN, is a 5/1/1 mole ration of nitromethane, tetranitromethane, 1 -nitropropane. The sensitivity and stability of NTN meet military requirements.

In this paper, a theoretical solution is developed for the transient thermal stress distribution in a reactor fuel tube of circular cross sections with spatially uniform internal power generation and forced convective heat transfer at the inner surface of the tube. Solution of the equation of heat conduction is done my means of a Laplace transform with subsequent application of the inversion integral to arrive at a final expression for the transient temperature distribution. The solution is of interest in the analysis of transients in reactors which use either a gas or liquid heat transfer medium. The work was initiated in conjunction with the quench testing of ceramic fuel elements for a gas-cooled reactor. Expressions for the component stresses are given explicitly and examples of application of these formulas to startup of a gas cooled reactor and the flow quenching of a fuel tube are given.

Technical report describing the methods used for forming wave guides for installations of microwave diagnostic systems for use in Project Sherwood. A machine designed by the author is described along with details of its use.

Abstract. The Tory II-A reactor is a small, air cooled, high power-density reactor which is to operate at quite high temperatures. Design of the reactor is essentially complete. First operation is scheduled for late 1960 at the Nevada Test Site of the Atomic Energy Commission. Since the reactor is unshielded, the control room which houses the recording and indicting equipment is located approximately two miles from the test bunker. Signals from reactor and facility transducers are amplified in the test bunker and transmitted by cable to the control point. The kinds of quantities measures include neutron flux level, temperatures, pressures, vibration amplitudes, strain and air mass flow rate. The recording and indicating system is centered around 258 channels of 1.5 cycle per second, pulse-width modulation tape recording equipment and 72 channels of 120 cps, analogue strip-chart records. In addition, there is a number of the usual meters, scalers and slow-response strip-chart recorders.

In a previous report the adaptation of Stix's ion-cyclotron-wave-heating scheme to the mirror geometry was suggested. An experiment along these lines has been conducted for the past year by E. Chambers, using a tubular P.I.G discharge to provide the basic plasma. The Chambers experiment has been eminently successful in demonstrating the transfer of rf power along the P.I.G. (as along a co-axial conductor), and the resultant acceleration of ions. The power transfer is evident from the predominantly resistive rf impedance of the P.I.G. (1 - 10 ohms), the production of intense luminosity outside the dc P.I.G channel when the rf is turned on, and by the observation large signals with magnetic pick-up loops. The ion heating is demonstrated by direct measurement of ion current on a probe some centimeters outside the P.I.G., and by the observation of energetic charge-exchange neutrals. At the same time, the characteristic features of heating by ion-cyclotron-waves, as described by Stix, are only partly in evidence. The visible broadening of the P.I.G. channel and such fast-ion phenomena as neutral emission do seem to be maximal near the expected cyclotron resonance point. However, the rf impedance is anomalous both in magnitude and parameter dependence, and there are …

Introduction. The Lawrence Radiation Laboratory of the University of California has developed a series of reactor neutronic programs for an IBM 709 Data Processing System.. This paper presents a brief outline of these codes and includes the results of one- and two-dimensional diffusion calculations used to interpret data from a series of enriched-uranium beryllium-oxide moderated critical measurements. These were performed for the specific purpose of evaluating the computer programs. The time-independent neutron diffusion theory criticality codes are 9ZOOM, a one-dimensional multigroup program; and 9ANGIE, a two-dimensional multigroup program. A series of codes, named SOPHIST, are described which prepare neutronic input data for the criticality codes. Examples of modification of the data to account for disadvantage factors, anisotropic scattering and for the (n,2n) reaction of Be9 are given. The critical assemblies include bare and graphite-reflected systems, using atomic BeO/U235 ratios from 247/1 to 7660/1, arranged in simple one- and two-dimensional rectangular parallelepiped arrays. All of the assemblies utilized heterogeneous arrangements of moderator and thin uranium foils. These systems are not truly thermal and are in a range where critical mass is extremely sensitive to size. The constants used in the multigroup (18 energy groups were used) calculations are presented in tabular …

Abstract. Monte Carlo methods using importance sampling and splitting are proposed for estimating the effectiveness of neutron shields. As usual, the aim is to increase the number of particles that go through or around the shield, this increase being compensated by a decrease in the weights of these particles. With suitable modifications, the ideas are applicable to to other Monte Carlo problems. One way of using splitting and Russian roulette is to require that the weight of each particle be approximately equal to a specified function of the coordinate; one such function is given in equation. The proposed form of importance sampling uses a cross-section for particle collisions that is the product of the neutron cross-section (or its square root) with a linear function of the cosine of the angle between the particle direction and some preferred direction. The probability density of this cosine itself is taken proportional to the reciprocal of this same linear function. This function is adjustable on both a regional and an overall basis.

This is a selected bibliography of books, journal articles, and unclassified reports published on the state of matter at high pressure from 1950 to October 1959. Sources consulted were: Physics Abstracts, Nuclear Science Abstracts, Geophysical Abstracts, Library of Congress Monthly Index of Russian Accessions, and Chemical Abstracts.

Introduction. With the imminence of non-destructive landings of small instrumented payloads on the moon, many suggestions are being put forth as to methods of analyzing its surface. It is the purpose of this report to present a body of information which, it is hoped, will be useful in examining the feasibility of an early nuclear experiment to determine the elemental constituents of the lunar surface. The reasons for considering a nuclear approach is that it may be possible to perform an analysis without complex and elaborate manipulations, sample preparation or rigid geometrical constraints. Only those experimental designs which come within the presently-available or very-near-future general boundary conditions on weights, power, vehicles, etc., are discussed. The general approach is to consider the bombardment of the lunar surface with various nuclear beams and to examine the possible nuclear reactions which are know to be dependent on the mass and charge of the irradiated material. Then, those resultant radiations are sought which can be detected with little-or-no loss or distortion of the information which they contain.

Abstract. The region where exact thermodynamic description of the state of matter at high pressure and high temperature is possible is located. In the remaining region various approximate theories and empirical relations are discussed. These considerations are applied to hydrogen to locate the density and pressure at which the diatomic bond collapses. Also the approximate conditions are determined at which no bound electron states exist.