This technical report describes the digital computer codes used for the aerothermodynamic calculations that were involved in evaluating the Tory II-A reactor.

In the course of the cratering studies conducted as part of the Plowshare Program, the dependence of crater dimensions on depth of burst and the scaling laws relating crater dimensions to total energy release have been derived for chemical explosions in the desert alluvium of the Nevada Test Site. The desert alluvium is a lightly cemented sand and gravel, which was chosen for study because the first nuclear cratering explosions were fired in the medium and it was of interest to compare the nuclear and chemical explosion in the same medium. Shoemaker of the U.S. Geological Survey recently completed a detailed analysis of the Arizona Meteorite Crater and, through direct comparison with the nuclear explosion results in Nevada, arrived at an effective depth burst for the meteorite. He also reconstructed the original size and shape of the crater, and determined the limit of brecciation.

This report is a summary of the aerothermodynamic calculations that have been made during the evaluation of the Tory II-A reactor. A presentation is made of the computational techniques developed, the materials properties utilized, and the calculational results obtained. In addition, relations fundamental to the analysis are discussed

Certain aspects of mating behavior in two different types of Drosophila melanogaster females (Basc and Bv) and wildtype males (Samarkand) have been investigated and compared.

This paper is concerned with the spectral theory of closed operators in Hilbert space determined by the Laplace operator and certain general boundary conditions. Using the method of J.W. Calkin, we treat the case of a bounded domain in E(m) with C(1,1) boundary, and, in addition, extend the method to cover the case for which the operator L in the boundary condition is not necessarily self-adjoint. It is shown that there exists an appropriate linear close of functions [formula] such that the operator in the Hilbert space [formula] and [formula] is self-adjoint. In potential theoretic terms it is the set of all sums p + h, where p is the potential due to a charge g in G and h is the potential due to a surface charge f on ∂G and h is a potential due to a surface charge f on G, where g and f are, respectively, square integrable over G and ∂G

The demands of the scientific programs of the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory at the Nevada Test Site have necessitated the development of special drill hole survey techniques. These techniques, in general, have made possible the attainment of greater survey accuracies than are ordinarily obtained by the drilling industry in the course of normal survey work. For drill holes requiring a moderately high degree of location accuracy, standard survey equipment, manufactured by Eastman Oil Well Survey Company was adapted by LRL to meet this need. Where an extremely high degree of survey accuracy and control of drilling effort is necessary, such as in the drilling and survey of line-of-sight holes, special optical equipment was developed. The modifications of equipment, refinements in procedures, and special techniques necessary to adapt this equipment to meet the more demanding accuracy requirements of scientific programs are discussed. The overall techniques of survey, equipment used, and the accuracies obtained together with results of completed surveys showing a comparison with standard land survey methods are also discussed and illustrated in some detail.

The Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, University of California, uses a mobile nondestructive testing unit for radiographic testing of assemblies in the field. The unit is provided with an X-ray machine, portable cobalt-60 and cesium-137 energy sources, complete darkroom facilities, and equipment for detailed examination of radiographic films. The trailer unit layout and the nondestructive testing equipment provided are discussed in detail in this paper.

The response of a two silicon p-n junction diodes has been measured for protons up to 13.3 Mev. In one case the dependence of depletion layer thickness with bias voltage was found to be T or V(0.46). The observed resolution, made up of contributions from crystal noise, beam width, and scatterer thickness, was about 1% for 9-Mev protons.

The computer program which performs spatial reconstruction of events photographed in a bubble chamber is required to eliminate human and digitizer errors. It recognizes and corrects for single nuclear scatterings in the presence of multiple Coulomb scatterings. Momentum components are determined and kinematic constraints are applied. Measured parameters are performed into special reference frames and quantities of physical interest are calculated. Results are stored in a tape file containing all events of one reaction type.

An experiment has been performed using nuclear emulsions to measure the neutron flux and energy spectrum from a thick uranium target bombarded by 18-Mev electrons. The total integrated flux of 3.6 x 10(-4) neutrons/electron found here is considerably lower than the figure reported by other investigators. We attribute this discrepancy primarily to a wandering of the electron beam. The neutron spectrum should be unaffected. In addition to the expected peak at 1 Mev the energy spectrum shows a secondary peak at about 5 Mev. The shape of the experimental spectrum excluding this secondary peak, is fitted theoretically by a combination of the "evaporative" and "resonance direct" effects.

A modification of the Bridgeman anvils is described. This modification permits studies to be made to a load of 400 kbars, about twice that previously available.

In January and February, 1960, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory personnel conducted a series of experiments in Phase II of Project Cowboy in which tourmaline crystal transducers, located very close (3 to 50 feet) to tamped high explosive detonations, detected dynamic elasto-plastic stress waves generated in salt. The detonations occurred 110 feet below the 800-foot working level of the Carey Salt Mine, near Winnfield, Louisiana. These experiments were designed to measure dynamic stress conditions resulting from explosion in the earth media, of which little is known at present, and to provide data for comparative calculations on seismic disturbances from tamped explosions and from explosion in large underground cavities. Eleatic stress waves of 1 kilobar magnitude were observed, with velocities of about 15,000 ft/sec. Inelastic stress waves up to 6 kilobars in magnitude were measured. Velocities for these waves were in the range 9000 to 12,000 ft/sec.

The relative yield of neutral photopions from various elements was determined as a function of the quantum limit energy of the Berkeley synchrotron. Single decay photons from neutral pions were observed at 45, 90, and 135 deg to the incident bremsstrahlung in the laboratory system. Mean free paths for neutral pions in nuclear matter were obtained, an optical model prediction of the photopion yields based upon pion-nucleus scattering data was confirmed, and the presence of coherent pion production in the forward direction was detected.

A title list of 119 reports published between 1952 to mid 1960 is given.

The "near" magnetic induction signal from a nuclear explosion in the earth's atmosphere due to movement of the earth's magnetic field is predicated upon the entrapment of the earth's magnetic flux in the air surrounding the bomb. The entrapment of the flux is due to the initial conductivity of the ionization created by gamma rays. The subsequent movement of the magnetic flux is determined by the hydrodynamics of the expanding fireball so that a spherical hole is blown in the magnetic field distorting the line of force. Slow magnetic field changes of up to 10 gauss occur during 1 second due to be bending of the earth's lines.

Previous studies have been made of the relationship among acceleration, specific power, payload fraction, and travel time for many interplanetary missions. These utilized tangential thrust and correspond to the high thrust Hohmann transfer orbits. In addition, a complete optimization of the one way Mars mission has been accomplished. Since the minimum Jupiter round trip time was six and a half years for tangential thrust, calculations were carried out using higher energy transfer orbits. It is shown that the orbit-matching problem cannot be solved with tangential thrust programming in this case. The initial period of acceleration away from the earth's orbit was accomplished using tangential thrust in order to minimize energy expenditure. This was followed by a period of coasting until the proper moment arrived for commencing the orbit-matching maneuver. This terminates when the velocity and spatial coordinates of Jupiter's orbit are matched. The technique used for accomplishing these various orbit matching conditions without iteration are described. Best results for the final maneuver were obtained with the thrust vector approximately normal to the velocity vector. By this technique it is shown that the round-trip Jupiter mission may be carried out in four and an half years with 16% payload and 0.10 …

The 9-ANGIE, one of a series of reactor neutronic programs for an IBM 709 or 7090 data processing system, solves the time-dependent, multi-group, neutron diffusion equation for one to eighteen energy groups applied to a rectangular mesh superimposed on either an x-y or an r-z plane. It is characterized by its generalities in region description, boundary conditions, etc., without sacrificing simplicity of input preparation and ease of machine operation. The notation, the style, and the format have been held as consistent as possible with 9-ZOOM, the companion one-dimensional program.

The oscillator of the 88-in. cyclotron which is being built in Berkeley is tunable from 5.3 to 16.5 Mc. It delivers a maximum c-w power of 300 kw. At the rated doc voltage of 75 kv the resonator stores 4.5 joules of electrical energy. The transients produced by this amount of energy, during sparking, place unusual requirements upon the design of the oscillator tube. The features of the RCA 6949 which make it particularly well-suited to this type of application are discussed in this paper. Other topics covered are the oscillator anode power supply, the hard-tube modulator, protective equipment, and oscillator instrumentation.

The kinetic energies of pions from radioactive decays in propane have been determined by using the information given by the angles of the secondary particles. This method is independent of any range-energy relation.

This paper for the Project Vela Technical Symposium is intended to be a brief resume of the principle results of the Cowboy program. The material is taken from a report entitled "Use of Large Cavities to Reduce Seismic Waves from Underground Explosions" by Herbat, Werth, and Spring (1960). As a result, no effect is made to justify each step in the analysis; reference should be made to the complete report.

In a recent paper, Bowers and Salpeter described a method for calculating the correlation energy of a classical one-component electron gas. The same problem has been considered by Meeron, Friedman, and Abe, using methods involving the summation of cert infinite classes of diagrams. While the relation between these theories and that of Bowers and Saltpeter is not year clear, it is interesting to note that Abe obtained an equivalent expression by approximating an integral. We have calculated the contribution to the equation of state using Abe's original expression and we found that the equation is valid only for certain values and it gives a correction of the wrong sign. On the other hand, our results are comparable to those which Bowers and Salpeter obtain from higher approximations.

A preliminary investigation of four types of multiplier phototubes under conditions simulating their use in scintillation and Cerenkov nuclear detectors is described. The investigation involves time-spread and rise-time measurements at different reference points on the outpost pulses, as well as observations of some special characteristics of these tubes.

Abstract. A series of paired explosions in a salt mine near Winnfield, Louisiana, has been conducted to test a theory by Dr. A. L. Latter concerning seismic decoupling by underground cavities. The theory predicted a decoupling of about 100. Free-field and surface measurements from an explosion in either a 6-ft- or a 15-ft-radius spherical cavity were compared with similar measurements from a completely tamped explosion. Shot sixes were from a 10 lb up to a few tons. Surface measurements were made out to 100 km and covered the frequency range from 0.05 to 100 cpa. The experiment confirmed that decoupling does occur. The actual decoupling factor as a function of frequency is presented and compared with the Latter theory.

This technical report analyzes an experiment designed to test the theory of seismic decoupling of underground explosives proposed by Latter, LeLevier, Martinelli, and McMillan [1959]. The theory calculated the amplitude of a 1.7-kiloton nuclear explosive in a hole in salt and compares it to the measured value of the 1.7-kt Rainier shot in tuff at the same distance. A decoupling factor of about 300 resulted. The experiment, called Cowboy, was designed to test the decoupling principle by carrying out a series of eight high-explosive shots in two spheres made in a salt dome and nine tamped shots for comparison purposes. The seismic data reported here was obtained primarily at 14,000 and 22,000 feet from the shot at frequencies of 10 to 30 cps. A salt-to-salt decoupling factor of 100 was obtained which is consistent wit the predicted 300 tuff-to-salt factor. When the sphere was over-driven so that the walls did not move elastically (a condition which violates the theory), decoupling factors of 10 and 30 were measured. The report interprets the seismic data to give the dependence of decoupling on the various parameters of the experiment. The decoupling deduced from measurements made 80 feet from the shot points is found …