From abstract: This paper presents the conflicts in the design and gives a solution. The complete evaluation requires assembly of the proposed apparatus to assess final accuracy.

Abstract: Results of a research program to develop fitness-for-service criteria for assessing the significance of fatigue cracks in offshore structures are presented in five papers. Each paper describes the goals and approaches to a specific task and details the results of the study.

Abstract: An expression is developed for net power delivered to a load in terms of the indicated forward and reflected power and the system S-parameters and reflection coefficients. The dual directional coupler is treated as nonideal with power reflections assumed between all ports. The system itself is used to evaluate the major S-parameter terms in net power computation, and uncertainty in the computed power is derived from origins in the power meter readings and incompletely known S-parameters.

From introduction: The purpose of this Technical Note is to describe refracted-ray scanning in detail, to analyze it as a measurement system, to document a particular system for implementing it, and to show some exemplary results.