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Cost Estimate for the Commercial Manufacture of Lithium/Iron Sulfide Cells for Load-Leveling
An estimate was made of the cost of commercial manufacture of batteries for load-leveling in utility networks, based on the lithium-aluminum/iron sulfide system. The battery design chosen is the 0.92-kWh cell proposed for the BEST Facility. The manufacturing plant was sized to produce 5000 of such cells per day. These cells are assembled for sale in battery cases or sub-modules, 24 cells to a case. The plant investment is estimated to be $12,500,000. A selling price of $29.16 per kWh is projected; this price yields a 25 percent return on invested capital. An allowance for recycle lithium yields a net price of $27.33 per kWh.
Date:
1976
Creator:
Towle, W. L.; Graae, Johan E. A.; Chilenskas, A. A. & Ivins, R. O.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Physics of Reactor Safety, Quarterly Report: October-December 1975
Quarterly progress report summarizing work done in Argonne National Laboratory's Applied Physics Division including: reactor safety research and technical coordination of the RSR safety analysis program by members of the Reactor Safety Appraisals Group, Monte Carlo analysis of safety-related critical assembly experiments by members of the Theoretical Fast Reactor Physics Group, and planning of DEMO safety-related critical experiments by members of the Zero Power Reactor (ZPR) Planning and Experiments Group.
Date:
197X
Creator:
Argonne National Laboratory. Applied Physics Division.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
SYNBURN : a Fast-Reactor Fuel-Cycle Program
The SYNBURN computer program for fast reactors will calculate all the neutronics necessary to completely characterize the equilibrium cycle as well as the startup to equilibrium cycles. The program's run time is very short and this makes the program suitable for survey of parametric studies. It can search on the cycle time for a specified burnup, for the shim control necessary for criticality as well as feed enrichments and the enrichment ratio among core zones. SYNBURN synthesizes in a very simple fashion the one-dimensional fluxes in radial and axial geometry to achieve an approximate two-dimensional solution which agrees very well with the exact two-dimensional solution when measuring regional integrated quantities.
Date:
1976
Creator:
Pizzica, P. A. & Meneley, D. A.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Air Pollution and the Siting of Fossil Fuel Power Plants
The decision to locate a fossil-fueled electrical power plant on a particular site involves trade-offs among the costs of: (1) land acquisition, (2) plant construction, operation, and maintenance, (3) power transmission, and (4) air pollution damage to humans, animals, plants and materials. The fourth of these, pollution costs, has been of great concern in recent years. But seldom, if ever, are the specific dollar trade-offs between the environmental and the other costs associated with site selection taken into account. The sum of the costs of power generation (land, construction, operation, maintenance), power transmission, and air pollution damages (from sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulates) is the total social cost of a fossil-fuel plant; this total cost will generally vary by site. This paper presents an analysis of the total social cost, and the trade-offs between generation/transmission and air pollution costs, for various types of fossil plants at different sites in northern Illinois. The analysis identifies the combinations of site, fossil fuel, and sulfur dioxide (SO2) control technology that minimize total social costs.
Date:
1976
Creator:
Fishelson, Gideon; Rausser, Gordon C. & Cohen, Alan S.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Light-Water-Reactor Safety Research Program, Quarterly Progress Report: October-December 1975
Quarterly report summarizing work by Argonne National Laboratory on water-reactor-safety heat-transfer and flow problems. "The following research and development areas are covered: (1) Loss-of-coolant Accident Research: Heat Transfer and Fluid Dynamics; (2) Transient Fuel Response and Fission-product Release Program; and (3) Mechanical Properties of Zircaloy Containing Oxygen" (p. x).
Date:
1976?
Creator:
Argonne National Laboratory
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Environmental Costs of Landfills and Incinerators
After an introductory statement describing the characteristics of landfills and incinerators, these two devices for municipal waste disposal are compared in terms of economic and environmental costs. Cost data for the Chicago area is used. It is concluded that landfills have lower investment, operating and environmental costs.
Date:
1976
Creator:
Hockman, Oded; Hwang, Eui-Gak & Rudzitis, Gundars
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Final Summary Report of Fuel-Dynamics Tests H2 and E4
Results of two failure experiments using LMFBR-type fuel during simulated unprotected transient overpower accidents are reported and analyzed. In both experiments, a single fresh fuel pin in a Mark0IIA loop was subjected to a temperature-limited, step-reactivity irradiation in the TREAT reactor. Total energy was 490 MJ in Test H2 and in Test E4.
Date:
February 1976
Creator:
Doerner, R. C.; Rothman, A. B.; De Volpi, A.; Dickerman, Charles Edward; Deitrich, L. W.; Stahl, D. et al.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Noise Pollution from Expressways
This paper provides an economic analysis of three noise abatement strategies designed to interrupt the path of noise between highways and residential areas, and makes some abatement policy suggestions.
Date:
June 1976
Creator:
Vaughan, Roger J. & Huckins, Larry
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Computer-Code Formulation for Three-Dimensional HEXCAN Response Coupled with Internal Hydrodynamics
A procedure is described for the dynamic analysis of a fast-reactor hexagonal subassembly. The internals of the fuel subassembly are treated by an axisymmetric hydrodynamic code REXCO-HT which, among other properties, possesses a model of an MFCI pressure source. The housing of the fuel subassembly is handled by the SADCAT code, which is based on a triangular finite element in three-dimensional space. The code is used to illustrate the discrepancies involved if the hexcan is modeled by a cylinder of the same thickness. A study is also made of the reduction of cylinder thickness such that the same final cylindrical deformation can be predicted. A discussion in arriving at such an equivalence is offered.
Date:
March 1976
Creator:
Marchertas, A. H. & Julke, R. T.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Analytical Investigation of Certain Aspects of LMFBR Subassembly-Failure Propagation
An analytical investigation of certain problems in the area of subassembly-to-subassembly failure propagation in LMFBR's is described. Existing analyses of the response of the adjacent subassembly duct to mechanical loads are reviewed and summarized, and major uncertainties are identified. Additional analyses of the response of the adjacent subassembly to certain thermal loads are presented in two parts. In the first part, the effect of an external heat flux on duct melting and thermal stresses is considered. The external heat fluxes required to produce duct melting or excessive thermal stresses are compared with the heat fluxes that might be expected from the molten fuel deposited on the duct wall. In the second part, a thermal-hydraulic study is performed to investigate the effect of the external heat flux on the coolant temperature distribution in the adjacent subassembly. Both normal subassembly geometry and distorted subassembly geometry are considered. A detailed model of the coolant region formed by the heated duct wall and the displaced fuel pins is also analyzed to determine whether there are severe temperature gradients.
Date:
February 1976
Creator:
Marr, William W.; Wang, P. Y.; Misra, B.; Padilla, A. & Crawford, R. M.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Simulation Test Approach to the Evaluation and Comparison of Unconstrained Nonlinear Optimization Algorithms
A simulation test technique was developed to evaluate and compare unconstrained nonlinear optimization computer algorithms. Descriptions of the test technique, test problems, computer algorithms tested, and test results are provided.
Date:
1976
Creator:
Hillstrom, Kenneth E.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
SYN3D: a Single-Channel, Spatial Flux Synthesis Code for Diffusion Theory Calculations
This report is a user's manual for SYN3D, a computer code which uses single-channel, spatial flux synthesis to calculate approximate solutions to two- and three-dimensional, finite-difference, multi-group neutron diffusion theory equations. SYN3D is designed to run in conjunction with any one of several one- and two-dimensional, finite-difference codes (required to generate the synthesis expansion functions) currently being used in the fast reactor community. The report describes the theory and equations, the use of the code, and the implementation on the IBM 370/195 and CDC 7600 of the version of SYN3D available through the Argonne Code Center.
Date:
1976
Creator:
Adams, C. H.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Materials Science Division Coal Technology Quarterly Report: October-December 1975
Quarterly report of the Argonne National Laboratory Materials Science Division regarding coal technology research and development.
Date:
1976
Creator:
Weeks, R. W.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Urban Design and Public Exposure to Carbon Monoxide
In protecting the public from the risk of exposure to damaging levels of carbon monoxide, two approaches are possible; the pollutant's concentration may be lowered by traffic management measures or the public's rate of exposure may be reduced through urban design features. The present emphasis on traffic management stresses improving the flow and reducing the level of traffic, goals that are extremely costly to achieve in downtown areas. This paper examines ways to reduce risk of exposure by the physical design of new downtown residential developments. The concept is not a novel one, having been successfully implemented in industry to provide occupational health and safety.
Date:
1976
Creator:
Santini, Danilo J.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Study on Flow Instabilities in Two-Phase Mixtures
Various mechanisms that can induce flow instabilities in two-phase flow systems are reviewed and their relative importance discussed. In view of their practical importance, the density-wave instabilities have been analyzed in detail based on the one-dimensional two-phase flow formulation. The dynamic response of the system to the inlet flow perturbations has been derived from the model; thus the characteristic equation that predicts the onset of instabilities has been obtained. The effects of various system parameters, such as the heat flux, sub-cooling, pressure, inlet velocity, inlet orificing, and exit orificing on the stability boundary have been analyzed. In addition to numerical solutions, some simple stability criteria under particular conditions have been obtained. Both results have been compared with various experimental data, and a satisfactory agreement has been demonstrated.
Date:
March 1976
Creator:
Ishii, M.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Explosive Interaction of Molten UO2 and Liquid Sodium
The interim report presented describes a continuation of the work reported in ANL-7890, Interaction of Sodium with Molten Uranium dioxide and Stainless Steel Using a Dropping Mode of Contact. In the current study, sodium was injected into a pool of molten uranium dioxide. The experiment consistently produced vapor explosions, both with the injection nozzle above and beneath the surface of the uranium dioxide. Although the efficiency of the conversion of thermal to mechanical energy was small (due in part to very conservative data analysis and an inefficient geometry), the results did demonstrate that there is no intrinsic reason why reactor materials cannot produce a vapor explosion.
Date:
March 1976
Creator:
Armstrong, D. R.; Goldfuss, G. T. & Gebner, R. H.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Effects of Possible Compression Loading of EBR-II Subassemblies Due to Irradiation-Induced Swelling and Changes in Reactor Environment
A condition of compression loading could possibly occur to a subassembly as a result of large length changes to irradiation-induced swelling and thermal expansion. The effects of axial compression loading on EBR-II experimental and driver-fuel subassemblies were evaluated. Compression tests that were performed on the slotted top fixture of a subassembly showed that a force of 2100 lb at 900 degrees F would close the slot enough so that the core-gripper blade would not fit into the slot. Such a slot closure would prevent the subassembly from being removed from the reactor with the core gripper.
Date:
August 1975
Creator:
Longua, K. J.; Flinn, J. E.; Koenig, J. F. & Walters, L. C.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Xenon-Tagging in Production of EBR-II Mark II Driven-Fuel Elements
About 1200 Mark II driver-fuel elements were xenon-tagged to facilitate qualification for irradiation of Mark II fuel manufactured at ANL-West. Tagging equipment was designed and developed. In this equipment, the plenum in a fuel-element jacket was evacuated then filled with xenon to a predetermined pressure. The equipment design allows tagging and element fabrication to proceed normal rates for production of fuel elements. A Kr-85 tracer in the xenon-tag gas verified by gamma counting the adequate tagging of each element.
Date:
March 1976
Creator:
Wilkes, C. W.; Ryan, M. J.; Laug, M. T. & Fryer, R. M.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Investigation of Reactivity Anomalies in EBR-II
A data-collection and advisory team was formed to investigate observations of power reactivity decrement (PRD) and reactivity loss rate (RLR) obtained during EBR-II reactor run 74, because both the PRD and RLR were judged to be high during that run. This report describes the efforts to develop a realistic model explaining the reactivity observations for run 74 and presents recommendations for additional diagnostic information in the event of a recurrence of off-normal behavior of reactivity.
Date:
June 1976
Creator:
Walters, L. C.; Cutforth, D. C.; Forehand, H. M.; Hudman, G. D.; Larson, H. A.; MacFarlane, H. F. et al.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
U-Pu-Zr Metal Alloy: a Potential Fuel for LMFBR's
This report critically reviews the available information pertinent to the potential use of uranium-plutonium-zirconium alloy fuels clad with stainless steel in LMFBR's. The areas considered include breeding potential, burnup potential, thermal performance, fuel fabricability, fuel reprocessing, and safety considerations. Because information on uranium-plutonium-zirconium alloys is limited, wide use is made of experience with EBR-II metallic driver fuel to infer advantages and limitations of uranium-plutonium-zirconium fuels. It is concluded that sufficient potential exists for the applicability of uranium-plutonium-zirconium fuels to LMBFR's to warrant additional analytical and experimental studies.
Date:
November 1975
Creator:
Walter, C. M.; Golden, G. H. & Olson, N. J.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Environmental Monitoring at Argonne National Laboratory, Annual Report: 1975
Annual report of the environmental monitoring program at Argonne National Laboratory, discussing activities and findings of the group.
Date:
March 1976
Creator:
Golchert, N. W.; Duffy, T. L. & Sedlet, J.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Plutonium Safety Training Course
This course seeks to achieve two objectives: to provide initial safety training for people just beginning work with plutonium, and to serve as a review and reference source for those already engaged in such work. Numerous references have been included to provide information sources for those wishing to pursue certain topics more fully. The first part of the course content deals with the general safety approach used in dealing with hazardous materials. Following is a discussion of the four properties of plutonium that lead to potential hazards: radioactivity, toxicity, nuclear properties, and spontaneous ignition. Next, the various hazards arising from these properties are treated. The relative hazards of both internal and external radiation sources are discussed, as well as the specific hazards when plutonium is the source. Similarly, the general hazards involved in a criticality, fire, or explosion are treated. Comments are made concerning the specific hazards when plutonium is involved. A brief summary comparison between the hazards of the trans-plutonium nuclides relative to plutonium-239 follows. The final portion deals with control procedures with respect to contamination, internal and external exposure, nuclear safety, and fire protection. The philosophy and approach to emergency planning are also discussed.
Date:
March 1976
Creator:
Moe, H. J.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Final Safety Analysis Addenda to Hazards Summary Report, Experimental Breeder Reactor II (EBR-II) : Upgrading of Plant Protection System, Volume 1
This report is a compilation of the formal Final Safety Analysis Addenda (FSAA's) to the EBR-II Hazard Summary Report and Addendum that have been prepared in support of certain modifications to the reactor-shutdown-system portion of the EBR-II plant protection system. Each major section is an edited version of the original FSAA for a particular modification and provides a description of the pre - and post -modification system, the rationale for the modification, and required supporting safety analysis.
Date:
March 1976
Creator:
Sackett, J. I. & Gale, N. L.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
High-Performance Batteries for Off-Peak Energy Storage and Electric-Vehicle Propulsion, Progress Report: January-March 1976
Quarterly report describing the research and management effort of Argonne National Laboratory's program on lithium/metal sulfide batteries during the period January-March 1976. These batteries are being developed for energy storage on utility networks and for electric-vehicle propulsion. The present cells are vertically oriented, piismatic cells with a central positive electrode of FeS or FeS; and two facing negative electrodes of lithium-aluminum alloy, and an electrolyte of molten LiCl-KC1. The cell operating temperature is 400-450C.
Date:
May 1976
Creator:
Nelson, P. A.; Ivins, R. O.; Yao, N. P.; Battles, J. E.; Chilenskas, A. A.; Gay, E. C. et al.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library