This analysis is concerned with the impact of energy-policy measures on the level, growth, and structure of the US economy. In particular, the nature and magnitude of the causal relationship between variations in the prices of various energy forms and economic performance, as measured by real gross national product (GNP), is studied. The combined Brookhaven National Laboratory/Dale W. Jorgenson Associates (BNL/DHA) energy-economy model system is used to determine the economic effects of three energy-price futures combined with an invariant set of energy policies. The price alternatives are intended to characterize the uncertainty that exists in the policy-planning environment. In addition, the results are compared to those obtained from another DOE-sponsored analysis which used the Data Resources, Incorporated (DRI) quarterly macroeconomic model to assess the effects of these same three cases. Significant numerical differences in the results from these modeling systems are observed and are attributed to structural differences between the two methodologies. The methodological issues emerging from this comparison have important policy implications which are independent of the specific numerical conclusions. Since it is uncertain which, if either, of the models is correct, the use of one for policy analysis entails the risk that policy will be predicated on inaccurate …

Three approaches to pretreatment for the Industrial Fuel Gas Demonstration Plant project in the Institute of Gas Technology (IGT) Pilot Plant have been examined. Analyses of these approaches, selection of the best alternative among the three, and detailed design and evaluation of cost and schedule impacts were made. The best approach available to pretreatment demonstration is an integrated pretreater - an ash agglomerating gasifier (AAG) that uses the existing AAG system, a new pretreater pressure vessel, and needed ancillary equipment. Based on pilot plant results, IGT dos not recommend pretreatment for the Industrial Fuel Gas Demonstration Plant or testing pretreatment in the IGT Pilot Plant, but merely suggests the above approach to pilot plant testing of pretreatment as the most viable. Based on pilot plant tests, IGT does not feel that pretreatment is necessary for operation of the ash agglomerating gasifier with Western Kentucky No. 9 coal. IGT has developed a feeding technique that enables raw coal to be fed directly to the gasifier without plugging of the feed nozzle lines which has been demonstrated in several tests. Should pretreatment prove necessary because of unforeseen circumstances, IGT has studied the available alternatives and has selected the best alternative for detailed …

Progress is reported by the divisions of chemical sciences, metallurgy and materials science, and process sciences. a separate abstract was prepared for each division. (DLC)

The objective of this project is the development of a preliminary design for a full-sized, closed cycle, ammonia power system module for the 100 MWe OTEC demonstration plant. In turn, this demonstration plant is to demonstrate, by 1984, the operation and performance of an Ocean Thermal Power Plant having sufficiently advanced heat exchanger design to project economic viability for commercial utilization in the late 1980's and beyond. Included in this power system development are the preliminary designs for a proof-of-concept pilot plant and test article heat exchangers which are scaled in such a manner as to support a logically sequential, relatively low-cost development of the full-scale power system module. The conceptual designs are presented for the demonstration plant power module, the proof-of-concept pilot plant, and for a pair of test article heat exchangers. Costs associated with the design, development, fabrication, checkout, delivery, installation, and operation are included. The accompanying design and producibilty studies on the full-scale power system module project the performance/economics for the commercial plant. This section of the report contains appendices on the developed computer models, water system dynamic studies, miscellaneous performance analysis, materials and processes, detailed equipment lists, turbine design studies, tube cleaner design, ammonia leak detection, …

A dosimetry experiment has been designed and fabricated for inclusion in the Experimental Breeder Reactor-II (EBR-II) during Run 97 in a Row 2 position. Various types of dosimeter material have been included in the single B-7c pin from 60 cm below midplane to 60 cm above. This report contains the as-built description of irradiation hardware and a detailed description of the dosimetry.

A purchaser of industrial insulation is concerned with many factors which bear on the type of insulation selected. One of the most important factors, undoubtedly, is the thermal conductivity. The thermal conductivity is a measure of the ability of an insulation to conduct heat. The lower this value the better the insulation appears to the buyer. In the past it was generally assumed that the conductivity during the life of the insulation could be taken as a fixed property so long as external influences such as moisture or physical damage do not occur. Due to the dramatic increase in the cost and availability of energy in recent years, investigation of the validity of this long-standing assumption is in order. The purpose of this study was to determine whether deterioration of industrial insulation does occur and, if so, attempt to identify the reasons. In order to accomplish this, it was necessary to first develop methods by which the conductivity could be determined in the field. Once this was accomplished, a field test program was implemented. It was determined from this program that there was a significant difference between the conductivity values obtained and those which were expected from manufacturer's data. However, …

This report contains the description of a proposed Commercial Coal Gasification Plant to be built for Erie Mining Company at Hoyt Lakes, Minnesota. It also contains a Capital Cost Estimate for the plant and examines the economics of the plant operations. A Commercial Plant to utilize Eastern coal can be built at a capital cost of $95.8 million based on 1978 costs. This plant, utilizing Eastern coal costing $40 per ton, must sell low Btu gas at $6.64 per million Btu to produce a 12% internal rate of return. A Commercial Plant to utilize Western coal can be built at a capital cost of $81.6 million based on 1978 costs. This plant, utilizing Western coal costing $31 per ton, must sell low Btu gas at $6.39 per million Btu to produce a 12% internal rate of return.

The project conceptual design activities are divided into six parts: Industrial Plant, Conceptual System Design, Collector Selection, Heat Transfer Fluid Selection, Site Fabrication, and Engineered Equipment. Included is an overview of the solar steam system and a brief discussion on the environmental impact of the project as well as the safety considerations of the system design. The effect of the solar system on the environment is negligible, and the safety analysis of the system indicates the considerations to be taken to minimize any potential safety hazard due to contamination of the food product or to fire. Both of these potential hazards are discussed in detail. Both the question of product contamination and the question of potential fire hazards will be presented to the industrial partner's safety committee so that the selection of the heat transfer fluid meets with their approval.

Caustic half cells are described and data reported for tests run to evaluate the technology involved in the operation of air cathodes for the Caustic-Chlorine Industry. The majority of tests were run at 300 ASF in a 23% NaOH electrolyte at 75/sup 0/C with a CO/sub 2/ free air efficiency of 33%. Data are presented for a 7200-h life test which is in operation and represents the state of the art. Runs have been made to identify the limiting current density and air efficiency for the standard RA19 type air cathode. Also presented are tests involving cell temperature, electrode platinum variation and evaluation of several thin, porous, conducting substrates on which the catalyst layer is deposited during electrode fabrication. Technical data on advisory meetings and experimental cell design for hydrogen anode evaluation in the electrowinning of zinc were reported. Preliminary results demonstrate a savings of over 0.6 kWh/lb of zinc for 3 to 4 hours runs employing pure hydrogen as fuel and a 0.33 mg/cm/sup 2/ Pt anode. In the area of metal-water-air batteries a consultatory meeting was held, and the initial data obtained at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory for a standard Prototech Company air cathode in an Aluminum-Air Battery were …

A workshop was convened by the Division of Fossil Fuel Utilization of the US Department of Energy in cooperation with the Particulate and Multiphase Process Program of the National Science Foundation to identify needs for fundamental engineering support for the design of chemical reactors for processing heavy hydrocarbon liquids. The problems associated with dispersing liquid hydrocarbons in a reacting gas and mixing within the gas phase are of primary concern. The transactions of the workshop begin with an introduction to the immediate goals of the Department of Energy. Fuel cell systems and current research and development are reviewed. Modeling of combustion and the problems of soot formation and deposits in hydrocarbon fuels are next considered. The fluid mechanics of turbulent mixing and its effect on chemical reactions are then presented. Current experimental work and process development provide an update on the present state-of-the-art.

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The Fuel Gas Demonstration Plant Program envisions a coal gasification facility to provide low Btu gas to the Erie Mining Company taconite pelletizing operations at Hoyt Lakes, Minnesota. Initially, it will consist of a Demonstration Plant which will be sized to supply 7.4 billion Btu (HHV) of fuel energy per day, which is approximately 37% of the Erie Mining Company's daily energy requirement for the induration of pellets. The Demonstration Plant will be designed to permit ultimate expansion to a Commercial Plant capable of supplying the entire fuel gas requirement of the pellet plant. Erie Mining Company is one of the largest producers of iron ore pellets in the United States. Its plant consists of 27 shaft furnaces with an annual production capacity of 10.3 million tons. The furnaces now operate on natural gas and use ful oil as a backup energy supply. Fuel consumption is normally equivalent to 20 billion Btu per day. The contract arrangement between the Department of Energy and Erie Mining Company provides mutually advantageous opportunity and means for: employing coal gasification technology and equipment which is now commercially available, for production and use of low Btu gas in an industrial environment under actual operating conditions; …

A methodology for the design of lithium cooled blankets is developed. The thermal-hydraulics, neutronics and interactions between them are extensively investigated. In thermal hydraulics, two models illustrate the methodology used to obtain the acceptable ranges for a set of design parameters. The methodology can be used to identify the limiting constraints for a particular design. A complete neutronic scheme is set up for the calculations of the volumetric heating rate as a function of the distance from the first wall, the breeding ratio as a function of the amount of structural material in the blanket, and the radiation damage in terms of atom displacements and gas production rate. Different values of the volume percent of Type-316 stainless steel are assigned in four breeding zones to represent a nonuniformly distributed structural material which satisfies various thermal-hydraulic requirements. The role that the radiation damage plays in the overall design methodology is described. The product of the first wall lifetime and neutron loading is limited by the radiation damage which degrades the mechanical properties of the material.

This report summarizes the preliminary design for the Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Demonstration Plant project. The scope of Phase I was the conceptual design of: (1) full sized power system module; (2) scaled (5 MWe nominal) proof of concept power system; and (3) 1 MWe heat exchanger test article. Included were all components and subsystems specifically involved with the generation of power (warm and cold seawater pumps, heat exchangers, turbine/generator, etc.) The scope of Phase I preliminary design is: (1) conceptual design of a commercial size power system between 40 to 50 MWe(net) with costing on prototype, first production, and eighth unit; (2) preliminary design of a 10 MWe net modular application power module with tube material of titanium, and analogous to the commercial size power module. The heat exchangers are to be immersed and costing data should be provided for first unit and eighth unit; and (3) preliminary design of a heat exchanger test article.

So far, aluminum-containing superconductors showed excellent critical fields and temperatures. Powder Metallurgy shows the most promise in producing these particular kinds of superconductors in the near future. The scope of this research is to apply a kinetic study to observe the behavior of the Nb(Al,Si) system at elevated temperatures. From such observations, an optimized method of obtaining the A15 superconducting phase can be achieved. This study has resulted in a two step heat treatment to obtain the A15 phase. For the primary heat treatment of infiltrated rods, 600/sup 0/C for 11 hours or 650/sup 0/C for 1 hour was found suitable to form a barrier of intermetallic compound around the pores. For the secondary heat treatment, 1700/sup 0/C for 15 seconds resulted in the formation of the A15 superconducting phase with a critical temperature of 18.25/sup 0/K. A15 formation for wires is similar to infiltrated rods. The only difference is the diffusion path which is now much shorter. 600/sup 0/C for 1 hour was found suitable for the primary heat treatment and 1700/sup 0/C for 15 seconds was the most suitable for the secondary heat treatment. The highest critical temperature found thus far was 18.78/sup 0/K.

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Research is presented concerning iodine stress corrosion cracking of Zircaloy, reduction of UO/sub 2/ and measurement of the oxygen-metal ratio, surface chemistry of epitaxial Si deposited by thermal cracking of Silane, kinetics of laser pulse vaporization of UO/sub 2/, retention and release of water vapor by UO/sub 2/, thermal gradient migration of metallic inclusions in UO/sub 2/, and molecular beam studies of H reduction of oxides. (FS)

Solar selective black chrome and paint coatings were investigated to improve their performance and to develop techniques for large-scale applications. Formulations and processing conditions for thickness sensitive paint coatings were defined which consistently provide solar absorptance (..cap alpha..) of 0.90 and emittance (epsilon) of 0.10 on low emittance substrates. A significant improvement in abrasion resistance was achieved by decreasing the pigment volume concentration. Addition of aluminum flake to these formulations has resulted in a thickness insensitive coating with ..cap alpha.. = 0.90 and epsilon = 0.30. The critical bath components of a commercial black chrome plating process have been identified as hexavalent chromium, trivalent chromium, acetic acid and ferric ion. These components were varied and their effect on coating optical properties and durability at temperatures of 350-400/sup 0/C were studied. Coating thermal stability was significantly improved by reducing the trivalent chromium concentration from the normal 16 g/l to 12 g/l or less. Initial efforts have begun to optimize black chrome systems on aluminum substrates in terms of cost and durability.

TRW is designing a system for the demonstration of the Solar Production of Industrial Process Steam. Included, besides the Conceptual Design, is an Environmental Impact Assessment and a System Safety Analysis report. The system as proposed and conceptualized consists of an array of 9520 square feet of parabolic trough concentrating solar energy collectors which generate pressurized hot water. The pressurized water is allowed to flash to steam at 300 psi (417/sup 0/F) and fed directly into the high pressure steam lines of the Ore-Ida Foods, Inc., processing plant in Ontario, Oregon. Steam is normally generated in the factory by fossil-fired boilers and is used by means of a steam-to-oil heat exchanger for the process of frying potatoes in their frozen food processing line. The high pressure steam is also cascaded down to 125 psi for use in other food processing operations. This solar system will generate 2 x 10/sup 6/ Btu/hr during peak periods of insolation. Steam requirements in the plant for frying potatoes are: 43 x 10/sup 6/ Btu/hr at 300 psi and 52 x 10/sup 6/ Btu/hr at the lower temperatures and pressures. The Ontario plant operates on a 24 hr/day schedule six days a week during the …

The objective of this project is the development of a preliminary design for a full-sized, closed cycle, ammonia power system module for the 100 MWe OTEC demonstration plant. In turn, this demonstration plant is to demonstrate, by 1984, the operation and performance of an Ocean Thermal Power Plant having sufficiently advanced heat exchanger design to project economic viability for commercial utilization in the late 1980's and beyond. Included in this power system development are the preliminary designs for a proof-of-concept pilot plant and test article heat exchangers which are scaled in such a manner as to support a logically sequential, relatively low-cost development of the full-scale power system module. The conceptual designs are presented for the demonstration plant power module, the proof-of-concept pilot plant, and for a pair of test article heat exchangers. Costs associated with the design, development, fabrication, checkout, delivery, installation, and operation are included. The accompanying design and producibilty studies on the full-scale power system module project the performance/economics for the commercial plant. This section of the report contains appendices on the electrical system, instrumentation and control, ammonia pump evaluation study, ammonia and nitrogen support subsystems, piping and support design calculations, and plant availability. (WHK)

The National Center for Analysis of Energy Systems at Brookhaven has been in operation since January 1976. This 1978 Annual Abstracts report illustrates the scope of activities of the Center involving the integrated analyses of technological, economic, environmental, and social aspects of energy at the regional, national, and international levels. The major ongoing activities of the Center include: analysis of energy-economic relationships; regional energy and environmental policy; comparative health effects of alternative energy systems; technology assessment and energy R and D priorities; development of energy-economic-environmental models and data bases; R and D strategies for the International Energy Agency; and energy technologies for developing countries. The objectives of the Center and major accomplishments of 1978 are described in the Annual Highlights of the National Center for Analysis of Energy Systems, BNL 50969, which also describes the energy data bases and analytical models used in the course of policy analyses. The multi-disciplinary approach used in the Center, and the close interaction with other analytical groups in universities and industry, provides a unique perspective on the energy situation. This is evidenced by the broad range of activities cited in this Annual Abstracts report.

Tests were conducted on concretes from Hanford Waste Tank Farms, and on concrete cast by the Portland Cement Association using Hanford mix designs and materials. Elastic modulus (static method), Poisson's ratio, and compressive and splitting tensile strengths were determined at room temperature, and for specimens maintained at 250F for varying lengths of time. Variables examined were temperature, length of exposure to elevated temperature, and geometry of test specimens. Compressive strength generally decreased after specimens were exposed to heat. Maximum losses were 20 to 33 percent of room temperature strength. Initially stronger concretes lost a proportionately larger percentage of their strength after exposure than did weaker concrete. In some series, concrete appeared to gain strength after exposure. In other series, concrete initially lost strength, then recovered strength after prolonged heating. Splitting tensile strength of heated specimens followed trends similar to those obtained for compressive strength. Highest strength losses were about 40 percent. However, in most cases, considerably less strength deterioration resulted from exposure to heat. Modulus of elasticity and Poisson's ratio also decreasd after exposure to heat. Greatest losses were about 40 percent of room temperature values, but amounts differed widely among test series.

This report describes the results of a 1-year program to develop the processes required for low-energy ion implantation for the automated production of silicon solar cells. The program included (1) demonstrating state-of-the-art ion implantation equipment and designing an automated ion implanter, (2) making efforts to improve the performance of ion-implanted solar cells to 16.5 percent AM1, (3) developing a model of the pulse annealing process used in solar cell production, and (4) preparing an economic analysis of the process costs of ion implantation. During the program, phosphorus ions at an energy of 10 keV and dose of 2 x 10/sup 15/ cm/sup -2/ were implanted in silicon solar cells to produce junctions, while boron ions at 25 keV and 5 x 10/sup 15/ cm/sup -2/ were implanted in the cells to produce effective back surface fields. An ion implantation facility with a beam current up to 4 mA and a production throughput of 300 wafers per hour was designed and installed. A design was prepared for a 100-mA, automated implanter with a production capacity of 100 MW/sub e/ per year. A Solar Array Manufacturing Industry Costing Standards (SAMICS) economic analysis of the automated process steps of ion implantation and pulse …

The objective of this report is to provide a better understanding of the institutional problems involved in the use of coal-fueled cogeneration. The viewpoints of industry, utilities, and government were probed extensively through indepth confidential interviews. To provide a real-life basis for this investigation, two existing industrial sites in the Gulf Coast area were studied. The projected effects of the installation of coal-burning cogeneration plants supplying steam and electricity to several industries, replacing existing oil and gas burning boilers, were studied for each site. This report provides insights into the overall institutional problem that will be useful at other locations. It covers the regulatory, economic, financial, engineering, operating, contractual, and corporate relations aspects of cogeneration. It concludes with suggestions for future action by the Federal government, state governments, industries, and utilities that should be helpful in removing the institutional constraints that are retarding cogeneration installations and the use of coal.