The initial installation of the 4 MW fast wave current drive (FWCD) upgrade started in 1992 with the purchase of two ABB/Thomcast AG rf power amplifiers. These amplifiers cover the frequency range 30 MHz to 120 MHz. A maximum output power of over 2 MW between 30 MHz and 80 MHz and 1 MW at 120 MHz were the specification requirements. The system as installed is comprised of the two mentioned rf amplifiers, coaxial transmission and matching components, rf phase and amplitude monitoring, and a SUN SparcStation 10 control system. Due to various reasons almost every major component in the system required redesign and engineering in order to meet the system requirements. The failures, probable cause and the final redesigns will be discussed as well as some thoughts on how better to specify system requirements for future systems.

A smart pixel detector is being developed for Time Resolved Crystallography for biological and material science applications. Using the Pixel detector presented here, the Laue method will enable the study of the evolution of structural changes that occur within the protein as a function of time. The x-ray pixellated detector is assembled to the integrated circuit through a bump bonding process. Within a pixel size of 150 x 150 {mu}m{sup 2}, a low noise preamplifier-shaper, a discriminator, a 3 bit counter and the readout logic are integrated. The readout, based on the Column Architecture principle, will accept hit rates above 5x10{sup 8}/cm{sup 2}/s with a maximum hit rate per pixel of 1 MHz. This detector will allow time resolved Laue crystallography to be performed in a frameless operation mode, without dead time. Target specifications, architecture, and preliminary results on the 8 x 8 front-end prototype and column readout are presented.

The Advanced Test Reactor probabilistic risk assessment for internal fire and flood events defined a relatively high risk for a total loss of electric power possibly leading to core damage. Backup power sources were disabled due to fire and flooding in the diesel generator area with propagation of the flooding to a common switchgear room. The ATR risk assessment was employed to define options for relocation of backup power system components to achieve needed risk reduction while minimizing costs. The risk evaluations were performed using sensitivity studies and importance measures. The risk-based evaluations of relocation options for backup power systems saved over $3 million from what might have been otherwise considered {open_quotes}necessary{close_quotes} for safety/risk improvement. The ATR experience shows that the advantages of a good risk assessment are to define risk significance, risk specifics, and risk solutions which enable risk goals to be achieved at the lowest cost.

To analyze the observational data and provide the appropriate diagnostic procedure for photospheric manifestation of solar oscillations it is necessary to take into account strong inhomogeneity of solar atmosphere with respect to distribution of magnetic fields. We study the collective phenomena in the propagation of acoustic waves and unsteady wave-packets through quite regions, sunspots and plages, including time-dependent response of these regions to solar oscillations, the energy transfer mechanisms, frequency shift effects and reradiation of the acoustic waves in higher layers of atmosphere. We show that the dynamics of differently magnetized regions, their dispersion properties, and their response to the propagation of acoustic waves are completely different. We describe the effects caused by the specific distribution and randomness of magnetic flux tubes, which can be observed and which can provide the tools for diagnostic goals.

The Federal Radiological Monitoring and Assessment Center (FRMAC) conducted a three day training drill May 17 through May 19, 1994 at the Nevada Test Site (NTS). The drill was designed to provide training to field monitors and data assessors who would respond to a major radiological emergency. The drill was named ``HANDSHAKE ONE`` to symbolize the strong FRMAC relationship between the federal and state radiological agencies.

Detailed studies of adhesively bonded tubular lap joints subjected to axial loads can be efficiently performed with two-dimensional (2D) finite element analyses. However, three-dimensional (3D) analyses are required to model the bending of tubes and the axial loading of many other shapes such as airfoils. Unfortunately, these 3D analyses require significantly more time and computer resources than 2D analyses. Thus, it is of interest to determine whether some aspects of 3D behavior can be captured with 2D analyses. A series of finite element analyses will show that the shear stress in the adhesive of a tubular or an elliptic lap joint -- due to a bending load -- can be reasonably estimated with a 2D analysis even though the behavior is 3D. After the agreement between 2D and 3D analyses is detailed, preliminary efforts to assess the importance of adhesive geometry at the end of the bond will be discussed. Experimental measurements of the mechanical properties of a structural adhesive used in joint tests will also be presented. Tension, compression, and stress relaxation data for a filled, amine-cured epoxy adhesive will be discussed.

We show that the new QCD production mechanisms which were proposed by S.J. Brodsky, P. Hoyer, A.H. Mueller and the author can explain at least some of the anomalous behavior of open and/or closed charm production at large x{sub F}.

The authors examine the measured rates for the decays D {r_arrow} K{sup *}l{nu}, B {r_arrow} K{sup *}{psi}{prime} and B {r_arrow} K{sup *}{gamma} in a number of scenarios, in the framework of the heavy quark effective theory. They attempt to find a scenario in which all of these decays are described by a single set of form factors. Once such a scenario is found, they make predictions for the rare decays B {r_arrow} K{sup *}l{sup +}l{sup {minus}}. While they find that many scenarios can provide adequate descriptions of all the data, somewhat surprisingly, they observe that two popular choices of form factors, namely monopolar forms and exponential forms, exhibit some shortcomings, especially when confronted with polarization observables. They predict Br({anti B}{sup 0} {r_arrow} {anti K}{sup 0}{mu}{sup +}{mu}{sup {minus}}) = 6.4 {+-} 1.0 x 10{sup {minus}7} and Br({anti B}{sup 0} {r_arrow} {anti K}{sup *0}{mu}{sup +}{mu}{sup {minus}}) = 3.8 {+-} 1.3 x 10{sup {minus}6}. They also make predictions for polarization observables in these decays.

A method of translating a two-way table of qualified symptom/cause relationships into a four layer Expert Network for diagnosis of machine or sample preparation failure for Gas Chromatography is presented. This method has proven to successfully capture an expert`s ability to predict causes of failure in a Gas Chromatograph based on a small set of symptoms, derived from a chromatogram, in spite of poorly defined category delineations and definitions. In addition, the resulting network possesses the advantages inherent in most neural networks: the ability to function correctly in the presence of missing or uncertain inputs and the ability to improve performance through data-based training procedures. Acquisition of knowledge from the domain experts produced a group of imprecise cause-to-symptom relationships. These are reproduced as parallel pathways composed of Symptom-Filter-Combination-Cause node chains in the network representation. Each symptom signal is passed through a Filter node to determine if the signal should be interpreted as positive or negative evidence and then modified according to the relationship established by the domain experts. The signals from several processed symptoms are then combined in the Combination node(s) for a given cause. The resulting value is passed to the Cause node and the highest valued Cause node …

In the past several years, several facilities have identified a need for a large multiplicity counter to support safeguards of excess weapons materials and the measurement control and accountability of large, unusual samples. The authors have designed and fabricated two large thermal neutron multiplicity counters to meet this need at two DOE facilities. The first of these counters was built for Rocky Flats Environmental Test Site for use in the initial inventory inspection of excess weapons plutonium offered to International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards. The second counter was built for the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) to support their material control and accountability program. For the LLNL version of the counter, a removable, fast-neutron interrogation assembly was added for the measurement of large uranium samples. In the passive mode these counters can accommodate samples in containers as large as a 30-gal. drum. This paper reports on the measured performance of these two counters and the data obtained with them.

During World War II, Los Alamos, New Mexico was chosen as the site for the secret development of the first atomic bomb. The remote location in the southwestern United States was ideal for such a project. After the war, research activities continued at the Los Alamos installation, focusing on new nuclear weapons models as well as greater effectiveness and reliability of existing weapons. Due to the emphasis on nuclear and non-nuclear weapons development as well as associated nuclear research, a large inventory of radionuclides and heavy metals have been tested, expended, and disposed of in the local environment, a high plateau of tuffaceous volcanic rocks incised by deep canyons in a semi-arid climate. In recent years an intensive evaluation of the environmental, impact of weapons testing at Los Alamos and elsewhere has been undertaken. GIS system utilization and image processing of past and current data has been an important part of this evaluation. Important problems can be more easily displayed and understood using this methodology. The main objective in this paper is to illustrate how transport of depleted uranium and associated heavy metals (copper in this case) used in dynamic testing of weapons components at open air firing sites can …

The Laboratories Services Division of Sandia National Laboratories includes a wide variety of operations such as environmental, safety and health, safeguards and security, facilities, logistics, and sites planning and integration. In the face of declining budgets and increasing requirements, the Management Team needed some tools to assist in negotiating with customers and regulators and in consistently and cost-effectively managing all work performed and/or managed by the Division. The Integrated Services Management System (ISMS) was developed as a series of processes to provide these tools. The Laboratory Integration and Prioritization System (LIPS) was selected as the prioritization methodology for ISMS. The pilot application phase was begun in February 1994 and addressed planning of work and resources for FY95. Extensive training was provided for the Activity Data Sheet (ADS) preparers and the teams which would score each of the activities. After preparation of the ADSs, they were scored by the scoring teams. A division-wide review board reviewed all of the ADSs to ensure consistency of scoring across all of the functional areas. The lessons that were learned from the pilot application were evaluated and improvements incorporated for the FY96 planning and application. The improvements included upgrading the training, providing expert facilitation for …

Demonstration tests for vitrifying mixed wastes and contaminated soils have been conducted using a small (800 kVA), industrial-scale, three-phase AC, graphite electrode furnace located at the Albany Research Center of the United States Bureau of Mines (USBM). The feed mixtures were non-radioactive surrogates of mixed (radioactive and hazardous), transuranic (TRU)-contaminated wastes stored and buried at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL). The different feed mixtures included up to (a) 80 weight % combustibles, (b) 60% chlorinated and nonchlorinated hydrocarbons, (c) 27% metals, (d) 2% nitrates, and (e) 3 % metal hydroxides. Cerium was added as a nonradioactive surrogate for plutonium, a TRU element. Over 9,200 kg (20,200 lb) of the feed mixtures were vitrified at feedrates of up to 500 kg/hr (1,100 lb/hr). The furnace products including the glass, metal, offgas, and offgas solids have been analyzed to determine the fate and partitioning of metals, organics, and the TRU surrogate. Offgas emissions were efficiently controlled using an air pollution control system that included a thermal oxidizer, water-spray and air dilution cooling, cyclone and baghouse particulate removal, packed bed acid gas scrubbing, charcoal absorption, and High Efficiency Particulate-Air (HEPA) filtration.

Systematic studies of chemical mechanisms by which selected microorganisms react with crude oils have led to the identification of biochemical markers characteristic of the interactions of microbes with oils. These biomarkers belong to several groups of natural products ranging from saturate and polyaromatic hydrocarbons containing heterocyclics to organometallic compounds. The biochemical conversions of oils can be monitored by these chemical markers, which are particularly useful in the optimization of biochemical processing, cost efficiency, and engineering studies. Recent results from these studies will be discussed in terms of biochemical technology for the processing of crude oils.

Operation of the divertor will provide one of the greatest challenges for ITER. Up to 400 MW of power is expected to be produced in the core plasma which must then be handled by plasma facing components. Power flowing across the separatrix and into the scrape-off-layer (SOL) can lead to a heat flux in the divertor of 30 MW/m{sup 2} if nothing is done to dissipate the power. This peak heat flux must be reduced to 5 MW/m{sup 2} for an acceptable engineering design. The current plan is to use impurity radiation and other atomic processes from intrinsic or injected impurities to spread out the power onto the first wall and divertor chamber walls. It is estimated that 300 MW of radiation in the divertor and SOL will be necessary to achieve this solution. Measurement of the magnitude and distribution of this radiated power with bolometry will be important for understanding and controlling the nER divertor. Present experiments have shown intense regions of radiation both in the divertor near the separatrix and in the X-point region. The task of a divertor bolometer system will be to measure the distribution and magnitude of this radiation. First, radiation measurements can be used …

The authors discuss here effects which define the steady-state rms energy spread of a microbunch in a storage ring. It is implied that the longitudinal microwave instability is controlled by low {alpha} lattice. In this case the coherent synchrotron radiation, if exists, may be the main factor defining the bunch temperature. Another effect comes from the fact that a nonlinear momentum compaction of such lattices makes Haissinskii equation not applicable, and the coherent synchrotron radiation may effect not only bunch lengthening but the energy spread as well.

The renewal of the Ulysses mission to the year 2001, and the failure of Mars Observer, once more leave the Interplanetary Network with only two widely spaced components. We have therefore developed and begun to build a small GRB detector for the Russian Mars `96 mission. A prototype has now been delivered to Russia for spacecraft tests. Three interesting features of this experiment are first, that it measures both particles and gamma rays, second, that it is not much larger than a Walkman (hence the name), and third, that it is being constructed with support only from discretionary funds at a numbs of institutes. We discuss the types of measurements that Burstman will make, as well as the quantity and quality of the small error boxes that will be obtained during the two year (nominal) Mars `96 mission.

The production and transport of the photoneutrons from the giant-dipoleresonance reaction have been implemented in a coupled EGS4-MORSE code. The total neutron yield (including both the direct neutron and evaporation neutron components) is calculated by folding the photoneutron yield cross sections with the photon track length distribution in the target. Empirical algorithms based on the measurements have been developed to estimate the fraction and energy of the direct neutron component for each photon. The statistical theory in the EVAP4 code, incorporated as a MORSE subroutine, is used to determine the energies of the evaporation neutrons. These represent major improvements over other calculations that assumed no direct neutrons, a constant fraction of direct neutrons, monoenergetic direct neutron, or a constant nuclear temperature for the evaporation neutrons. It was also assumed that the slow neutrons (< 2.5 MeV) are emitted isotropically and the fast neutrons are emitted anisotropically in the form of 1+Csin{sup 2}{theta}, which have a peak emission at 900. Comparisons between the calculated and the measured photoneutron results (spectra of the direct, evaporation and total neutrons; nuclear temperatures; direct neutron fractions) for materials of lead, tungsten, tantalum and copper have been made. The results show that the empirical algorithms, albeit …

The Fernald Environmental Management Project (FEMP) is a former uranium processing facility currently under remediation pursuant to the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act as amended (CERCLA). Contamination at the FEMP consists of low-level radioactivity, hazardous substances, hazardous wastes and/or mixed wastes. Regulations promulgated under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act as amended (RCRA) are evaluated as applicable or relevant and appropriate requirements (ARARs) for remediation of the FEMP. Historically, joint CERCLA-RCRA guidance dictated that hazardous waste could not be treated, or moved out of the designated area of contiguous contamination (AOC), without triggering land disposal restrictions (LDRs) or minimum technology requirements (MTRs). To avoid invoking these stringent requirements, in situ capping was chosen as the lower cost remedy at many sites, although on-site disposal and/or treatment of hazardous wastes would have been more protective. The Corrective Action Management Units (CAMUs) and Temporary Units (TUs) Final Rule [58 FR 8658, Vol. 58, No. 29, hereinafter the {open_quotes}CAMU Rule{close_quotes}], promulgated on February 16, 1993, provides facilities regulated under RCRA corrective action authority with greater flexibility to move, treat, and dispose of wastes on site without triggering LDRs or MTRs, thereby encouraging application of innovative technologies and more protective remedies. The …

None

Irradiation from internal emitters, or internally deposited radionuclides, is an important component of radiation exposures encountered in the workplace, home, or general environment. Long-term studies of human populations exposed to various internal emitters by different routes of exposure are producing critical information for the protection of workers and members of the general public. The purpose of this report is to examine recent developments and discuss their potential importance for understanding lifetime cancer risks from internal emitters. The major populations of persons being studied for lifetime health effects from internally deposited radionuclides are well known: Lung cancer in underground miners who inhaled Rn progeny, liver cancer from persons injected with the Th-containing radiographic contrast medium Thorotrast, bone cancer from occupational or medical intakes of {sup 226}Ra or medical injections of {sup 224}Ra, and thyroid cancer from exposures to iodine radionuclides in the environment or for medical purposes.

Capacitive deionization with carbon aerogel electrodes is an efficient and economical new process for removing salt and impurities from water. Carbon aerogel is a material that enables the successful purification of water because of its high surface area, optimum pore size, and low electrical resistivity. The electrodes are maintained at a potential difference of about one volt; ions are removed from the water by the imposed electrostatic field and retained on the electrode surface until the polarity is reversed. The capacitive deionization of water with a stack of carbon aerogel electrodes has been successfully demonstrated. The overall process offers advantages when compared to conventional water-purification methods, requiring neither pumps, membranes, distillation columns, nor thermal heaters. Consequently, the overall process is both robust and energy efficient. The current state of technology development, commercialization, and potential applications of this process are reviewed.

The Control Device API (CDEV) is a highly modulated and extensible object-oriented C++ class library that provides a standard interface to one or more underlying control or data acquisition packages through a common framework into which system developers can customize code. It defines a set of abstract classes from which a new CDEV servicelayer can be developed by inheritance and accessed with the same API through run time dynamic binding. All I/O in the system is handled as synchronous or asynchronous messages to devices that may span multiple services. CDEV routes messages to appropriate services by a name service and dispatches multiple services to handle service specific I/O events. In addition, CDEV handles data transfer through a data object that may contain multiple tagges values of different types, allowing flexible I/O between clients and servers. This paper presents the design, implementation and current status of CDEV, and shows that CDEV can be a starting point to achieve the goal of sharing software in control system applications.

B physics, during these years, has become feasible at hadron colliders. Many results are coming from the CDF experiment which runs at the Tevatron collider where protons and antiprotons collide at center-of-mass energy of 1.8 TeV. The CDF detector is described in detail elsewhere. The b production cross section, {sigma}{sub b} {approximately}30{mu}m for {vert_bar}{eta}{vert_bar} < 1, is quite large at the Tevatron, but the total inelastic cross section is about three order of magnitude larger. For this reason the trigger quality is of great importance in order to find B decay products. All B triggers at CDF are based on leptons.