Video footage from the KXAS-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, to accompany a news story.

Video footage from the KXAS-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, to accompany a news story.

Video footage from the KXAS-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, to accompany a news story.

Photograph used for a story in the Daily Oklahoman newspaper. Caption: "Jan and Mark Johnson and Nancy and Larry Herzel, from left, check the auction items list at the benefit for the Hospital Hospitality House."

Photograph used for a story in the Daily Oklahoman newspaper. Caption: "OSU's Jeroid Johnson had lots to celebrate Saturday night."

This paper overviews applications of desiccant technology for dehumidifying commercial and institutional buildings. Because of various market, policy, and regulatory factors, this technology is especially attractive for dehumidification applications in the I990s.

Wind affects the radon-222 entry rate from soil into buildings and the resulting indoor concentrations. To investigate this phenomenon, we employ a previously tested three-dimensional numerical model of soil-gas Bow around houses, a commercial computational fluid dynamics code, an established model for determining ventilation rates in the presence of wind, and new wind tunnel results for the ground-surface pressure field caused by wind. These tools and data, applied under steady-state conditions to a prototypical residential building, allow us (1) to determine the complex soil-gas flow patterns that result from the presence of wind-generated ground-surface pressures, (2) to evaluate the effect of these flows on the radon concentration in the soil, and (3) to calculate the effect of wind on the radon entry rate and indoor concentration. For a broad range of soil permeabilities, two wind speeds, and two wind directions, we quantify the"flushing" effect of wind on the radon in the soil surrounding a house, and the consequent sharp decrease in radon entry rates. Experimental measurements of the time-dependent radon concentration in soil gas beneath houses confirm the existence of wind-induced flushing. Comparisons are made to modeling predictions obtained while ignoring the effect of the wind-generated ground-surface pressures. These investigations …

In DIII-D the authors have investigated the long pulse evolution of high poloidal beta ({sub beta}{sub p}), double-null diverted H-mode discharges, which exhibit high bootstrap current fractions attractive for a reactor. At low currents I{sub p}, the current profile evolved over several seconds and the on-axis safety factor (q{sub 0}) increased. When q{sub 0} increased above {approximately}2, the MHD character changed from an m/n = 2/1 to an m/n = 3/1 internal kink mode, where m(n) are poloidal (toroidal) mode numbers, which then disappeared with further increases in q{sub 0}. Coincident with a strong reduction of fluctuations, the authors observed enhanced core confinement, leading to strong density peaking, a further rise in {beta}{sub p}, and a bootstrap current increasing to I{sub boot}/I{sub p} {approx} 0.8, peaked within the core. Ideal MHD calculations showed access to second stability during the density rise. During the enhanced performance phase core particle lifetime ({tau}{sub p}) and global energy lifetime ({tau}{sub E}) increased by factors of 2 and 1.2 respectively. Transport analysis showed that core particle and thermal diffusivities D{sub e} and {chi}{sub eff} approached neoclassical values. During the low current experiments, large losses of fast ions (typically {approximately}50% at 0.4 MA) were observed; at …

This report summarizes, for the 12-month period (January through December 1993), the available dynamic hydrologic data collected, primarily, on the White Oak Creek (WOC) watershed along with information collected on the surface flow systems which affect the quality or quantity of surface water. Identification of spatial and temporal trends in hydrologic parameters and mechanisms that affect the movement of contaminants supports the development of interim corrective measures and remedial restoration alternatives. In addition, hydrologic monitoring supports long-term assessment of the effectiveness of remedial actions in limiting the transport of contaminants across Waste Area Grouping (WAG) boundaries and ultimately to the off-site environment. For these reasons, it is of paramount importance to the Environmental Restoration Program (ERP) to collect and report hydrologic data, an activity that contributes to the Site Investigations (SI) component of the ERP. This report provides and describes sources of hydrologic data for Environmental Restoration activities that use monitoring data to quantify and assess the impact from releases of contaminants from ORNL WAGs.

Research in the area of advanced batteries for electric-vehicle applications has increased steadily since the 1990 zero-emission-vehicle mandate of the California Air Resources Board. Due to their design flexibility and potentially high energy and power densities, lithium/polymer batteries are an emerging technology for electric-vehicle applications. Thermal modeling of lithium/polymer batteries is particularly important because the transport properties of the system depend exponentially on temperature. Two models have been presented for assessment of the thermal behavior of lithium/polymer batteries. The one-cell model predicts the cell potential, the concentration profiles, and the heat-generation rate during discharge. The cell-stack model predicts temperature profiles and heat transfer limitations of the battery. Due to the variation of ionic conductivity and salt diffusion coefficient with temperature, the performance of the lithium/polymer battery is greatly affected by temperature. Because of this variation, it is important to optimize the cell operating temperature and design a thermal management system for the battery. Since the thermal conductivity of the polymer electrolyte is very low, heat is not easily conducted in the direction perpendicular to cell layers. Temperature profiles in the cells are not as significant as expected because heat-generation rates in warmer areas of the cell stack are lower than …

The Department of Energy`s (DOE) Hanford site near Richland, Washington is being cleaned up after 50 years of nuclear materials production. One of the most serious problems at the site is the waste stored in single-shell underground storage tanks. There are 149 of these tanks containing the spent fuel residue remaining after the fuel is dissolved in acid and the desired materials (primarily plutonium and uranium) are separated out. The tanks are upright cylinders 75 ft. in diameter with domed tops. They are made of reinforced concrete, have steel liners, and each tank is buried under 7--12 ft. of overburden. The tanks are up to 40-ft. high, and have capacities of 500,000, 750,000, or 1,000,000 gallons of waste. As many as one-third of these tanks are known or suspected to leak. The waste form contained in the tanks varies in consistency from liquid supernatant to peanut-butter-like gels and sludges to hard salt cake (perhaps as hard as low-grade concrete). The current waste retrieval plan is to insert a large long-reach manipulator through a hole cut in the top of the tank, and use a variety of end-effectors to mobilize the waste and remove it from the tank. PNL has, with …

The two landfills of specific interest are the Chemical Waste Landfill (CWL) and the Mixed Waste Landfill (MWL), both located at Sandia National Laboratory. The work is comprised of two subtasks: (1) In-Situ Barriers and (2) In-Situ Stabilization of Contaminated Soils. The main environmental concern at the CWL is a chromium plume resulting from disposal of chromic acid and chromic sulfuric acid into unlined pits. This program has investigated means of in-situ stabilization of chromium contaminated soils and placement of containment barriers around the CWL. The MWL contains a plume of tritiated water. In-situ immobilization of tritiated water with cementitious grouts was not considered to be a method with a high probability of success and was not pursued. This is discussed further in Section 5.0. Containment barriers for the tritium plume were investigated. FY 94 work focused on stabilization of chromium contaminated soil with blast furnace slag modified grouts to bypass the stage of pre-reduction of Cr(6), barriers for tritiated water containment at the MWL, continued study of barriers for the CWL, and jet grouting field trials for CWL barriers at an uncontaminated site at SNL. Cores from the FY 93 permeation grouting field trails were also tested in FY …

A tutorial presentation is made on topics related to the measurement of charged particle beam currents. The fundamental physics of electricity and magnetism pertinent to the problem is reviewed. The physics is presented with a stress on its interpretation from an electrical circuit theory point of view. The operation of devices including video pulse current transformers, direct current transformers, and gigahertz bandwidth wall current style transformers is described. Design examples are given for each of these types of devices. Sensitivity, frequency response, and physical environment are typical parameters which influence the design of these instruments in any particular application. Practical engineering considerations, potential pitfalls, and performance limitations are discussed.

We have developed a new design for a cryogenically cooled monochromator employing a thin-crystal strategy which is capable of handling the central-cone power of the Advanced Photon Source`s Undulator A at closed gap and at the full design current of 300 mA. We have designed and fabricated a Si (111) crystal which has a thin section where the x-rays hit and has internal cooling channels. A invar manifold has also been designed and it will be attached to the Si via In gaskets. We have done detailed modeling, both with approximate analytical and with finite element calculations. The results shown that our design has negligible thermal strain even for closed gap operation.

In the present work the authors present simulations which show that the hollow current profile can be maintained in quasi-steady state through a self-consistently determined combination of bootstrap current and neutral beam and rf current drive. Controllability of the q profile is demonstrated by eliminating low m/n mode number instabilities from these discharges by maintaining q > 1.5 at all times, starting from appropriate initial conditions. At moderately high {beta}{sub p}, the bootstrap current can be a substantial fraction of the total current and the ability to maintain the proper total current density profile depends on the bootstrap current profile and the availability of suitable localized heating and current drive. In these simulations, they use electron cyclotron heating, ion cyclotron heating, and electron cyclotron and fast wave current drive. The ability to maintain the profiles is demonstrated using several energy transport models. Self-consistent transport simulations are used to model the SSC discharges using the ONETWO transport code coupled to rf heating and current drive packages FASTWAVE and TORAY. To accurately model inductive and driven current profile evolution, the additional source terms that arise in Faraday`s law due to internal flux surface motion are included by coupling the transport calculations to …

The input files to the P/Thermal computer code are documented for the thermal hydraulic analysis of the Multi-Function Waste Tank Facility Title II design analysis.

Development of useful high-critical-temperature superconductors requires synthesis of superconducting compounds; fabrication of wires, tapes, and films from these compounds; production of composite structures that incorporate stabilizers or insulators; and design and testing of efficient components. This report describes technical progress of research and development efforts aimed at producing superconducting components in the Y-Ba-Cu, (Bi,Pb)-Sr-Ca-Cu, (Tl,Pb,Bt)-(Ba,Sr)-Ca-Cu. and Hg-Ba-Ca-Cu-0 oxide systems. Topics discussed are synthesis and heat treatment of high-Tc superconductors, formation of monolithic and composite conductors. characterization of structures and superconducting and mechanical properties, and fabrication and testing of prototype components. Collaborations with industry and academia are documented.

At the US Department of Energy`s Hanford Site near Richland, Washington, underground radioactive contamination exists as the result of leaks, spills, and intentional disposal of waste products from plutonium-production operations. Characterizing these contaminants in preparation for environmental remediation is a major effort now in progress. In this paper, a cylindrical (15 {times} 61 mm) CsI(Tl) scintillation detector with two side-mounted photodiodes has been developed to collect spectral gamma-ray data in subsurface contaminated formations at the U.S. Department of Energy`s Hanford Site. It operates inside small-diameter, thick-wall steel pipes pushed into the ground to depths up to 20 m by a cone penetrometer. The detector provides a rugged, efficient, magnetic-field-insensitive means for identifying gamma-ray-emitting contaminants (mainly {sup 137}Cs and {sup 60}Co). Mounting two 3 x 30-mm photodiodes end-to-end on a flat area along the detector`s side provides efficient light collection over the length of the detector.

It is shown that a decreasing magnetic field profile in reversed-field pinch plasmas leads to formation of an anisotropic electron distribution function at the plasma edge. The mechanism is the conservation of the magnetic moment and the energy of electrons that collisionlessly travel outward in a stochastic magnetic field. As a result, the electrons have high parallel energies and low perpendicular energies at the edge. The details of the distribution function correspond well to experimental results.

Trace quantities of airborne herbicide residues were collected on adsorbent bed cartridges and were subsequently extracted from the adsorbent using supercritical carbon dioxide. An apparatus was constructed to facilitate the extraction and recovery of the desired analytes. The resulting extracts were analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) or high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques. Results are presented for a series of analytes representative of common commercial pesticides or herbicides.

This final report summarizes the work performed by the Space and Technology Division of the TRW Space and Electronics Group for the U.S. Department of Energy, Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center for the Econoseed process. This process involves the economical recovery and regeneration of potassium seed used in the MHD channel. The contract period of performance extended from 1987 through 1994 and was divided into two phases. The Phase II test results are the subject of this Final Report. However, the Phase I test results are presented in summary form in Section 2.3 of this Final Report. The Econoseed process involves the treatment of the potassium sulfate in spent MHD seed with an aqueous calcium formate solution in a continuously stirred reactor system to solubilize, as potassium formate, the potassium content of the seed and to precipitate and recover the sulfate as calcium sulfate. The slurry product from this reaction is centrifuged to separate the calcium sulfate and insoluble seed constituents from the potassium formate solution. The dilute solids-free potassium formate solution is then concentrated in an evaporator. The concentrated potassium formate product is a liquid which can be recycled as a spray into the MHD channel. Calcium formate is the …

Decreases in historical interstitial liquid level measurements in tank SX-104 were compared to predictions of a numerical model based upon diffusion of water through a porous crust. The analysis showed that observed level decreases could be explained by evaporation.

We have tested T2DM, the dispersion module of TOUGH2, on two classic flow problems: (1) the seawater intrusion problem of Henry (1964); and (2) the pure solutal free convection problem of Elder (1967). T2DM produces results in agreement with prior work for similar spatial discretizations. In the Henry problem, finer spatial discretization allows the seawater tongue to penetrate slightly farther without affecting the overall flow dynamics. In the strongly coupled pure solutal free convection problem of Elder, results produced by T2DM using high-resolution grids differ markedly from lower-resolution results. These high-resolution simulations agree closely with laboratory experiments.

This guide presents the features of the IBM SP1 installed in the Mathematics and Computer Science Division at Argonne National Laboratory. The guide describes the available hardware and software, access policies, and hints for using the system productively.